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	Manichaeism
		Manichaeism is a gnostic religion that originated in Babylonia in the 3d century AD.
		Manichaeism, which denied the reality of Christ's body and rejected the notion of free will, adapted from Christianity baptism, the Eucharist, and a third sacrament of remission of sins at the time of death.
		Manichaeism disappeared in the West in about the 6th century, although its doctrines reappeared in the teachings of the Bogomils, Albigenses, and other sects during the Middle Ages.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/manichae.htm (1457 words)

	Manichaeism - LoveToKnow 1911
		An asceticism so strict and painful as that demanded by Manichaeism could only be practised by few; hence the religion must have abandoned all attempts at an extensive propaganda had it not conceded the principle of a twofold morality.
		It is certain that Manichaeism, in those districts where it was brought much into contact with Christianity, became additionally influenced by the latter at a very early period.
		Manichaeism indeed, though it applies the title "redeemer" to Mani, has really no knowledge of a redeemer, but only of a physical and gnostic process of redemption; on the other hand, it possesses in Mani the supreme prophet of God.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Manichaeism (7678 words)

	Encyclopaedia Britannica: Manichaeism
		When East Turkistan was conquered in the 8th century by the Uighur Turks, one of their leaders adopted Manichaeism and it remained the state religion of the Uighur kingdom until its overthrow in 840.
		Manichaeism itself probably survived in East Turkistan until the Mongol invasion in the 13th century.
		Lost after Manichaeism became extinct in the Middle Ages, portions of the Manichaean scriptures were rediscovered in the 20th century, mainly in Chinese Turkistan and Egypt.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~sbriggs/Britannica/manichaeism.htm (1053 words)

	manichaeism: marcionites reborn
		Manichaeism is very important to our study because it is not only closely connected with Gnosticism but provided for searchers after truth an ethical religious system of through whereby they could live.
		Yet even considered as a separate religion, Manichaeism must be included here, because of its connection with and influence on Christian doctrines, both "orthodox" and "heretical", and because of the effect it had on Christians contemporary with it and on their descendants of later ages.
		From the end of the fifth century Manichaeism could be said to have "gone underground" until it reappeared among the Cathars in southern France and Spain in the eleventh century.
	firstnewtestament.netfirms.com /manichaeism.htm (3603 words)

	MANICHAEISM. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Basic to the religion’s doctrine was the conflicting dualism between the realm of God, represented by light and by spiritual enlightenment, and the realm of Satan, symbolized by darkness and by the world of material things.
		Little is heard of the Manichees in the West after the 6th cent., but their doctrines reappear in the medieval heresies of the Cathari, Albigenses, and Bogomils.
		The prime sources for the study of Manichaeism are the so-called Turfan (Turpan) texts, named after the Dunhuang region where they were found in 1904–5.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ma/Manichae.html (607 words)

	An Introduction to Manichaeism - (CAIS)
		From these we can conclude that "Manichaeism was not only an offshoot of Zoroastrianism in a way, and the parent of various heretical movements in Christianity, but was also a factor for centuries in the religious life of Central and Eastern Asia".
		In the 8th century a vast area of Central Asia was conquered by the Uigur Turks; and in 762 one of their rulers adopted Manichaeism, which became the state religion of this huge kingdom until its overthrow by the Kirghiz in 840.
		Manichaeism probably survived in Eastern Turkistan till the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, maintaining itself most strongly in and around Qocho (near modern Turfan), which remained a petty Uigur principality.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Religions/iranian/Manichaeism/manichaeism.htm (5014 words)

	Augustine
		Manichaeism was, in the words of Peter Brown, "a small sect with a sinister reputation (Augustine, London: Faber and Faber, 1967, 46)." The founder of the movement, Mani, was born on 14 April 216 in Babylonia.
		According to Bonner, Manichaeism was eclectic — a blend of dualism (borrowed from Zoroastrianism), reincarnation and a strict rule of life (possibly taken from Buddhism), and a regard for the name of Jesus (lifted from Christianity).
		He suggests that Manichaeism impressed Augustine, first, because of the sheer massive structure of the system and, second, because of the Manichees successful (at least in the eyes of the young Augustine) attacks on the Catholic scriptures, especially the Old Testament.
	www.fpcjackson.org /resources/church_history/augustin.htm (1648 words)

	University of Helsinki: Department of Biblical Studies - Gnosticism and Early Christian Culture
		Manichaeism, which appeared in the third century, is to be considered one of the great world religions alongside Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
		Manichaeism was a religion of the book with its own canon of scripture but, most interestingly, it was Mani himself as the founder of the faith who compiled and canonised the sacred writings.
		Manichaeism was a strongly dualistic religion in which existence was seen as the battleground between good and evil, and the worlds of light and darkness.
	www.helsinki.fi /teol/hyel/gnosti/english/developments.html (1269 words)

	Manichaen Input to Chinese Culture and Art
		Manichaeism was propounded by a cultural reformer called Mani who was born in 216 AD in Cteshipan in Babylonia which was then part of Persia.
		Manichaeism was a typical trans-regional and trans-cultural religious movement.
		Chinese scholars have begun to trace the genesis of Manichaeism in China and discovered the presence of its culture as early as the post-han period, around the 4th century.
	www.ibiblio.org /radha/rpub014.htm (1380 words)

	The Holy Order of O:N:E:
		Manichaeism maintained, as have all other religions throughout time as it is known, ways of expressing its beliefs in the form of action, what may be called ritual.
		Manichaeism, on the other hand, views the world as a place of filth, of impureness due to the invasion of the Kingdom of Darkness into Light.
		This is because Manichaeism thrived in Asia for a millennium after it was exterminated in the West, excluding neo-Manichaean movements such as the Bogmolis in Eastern Europe.
	essenes.net /manigreywold.html (7169 words)

	Thelemapedia: The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick \| Manichaeism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		He claimed to be the Paraclete, as promised in the New Testament: the Last Prophet and Seal of the Prophets that finalized a succession of men guided by God and included figures such as Zoroaster, Hermes, Plato, Buddha, and Jesus.
		While Manichaeism was spreading, the large existing religious groups such as Christianity and Zoroastrianism were competing for greater political and social power.
		Manichaeism spread with extraordinary rapidity throughout both the east and west.
	www.thelemapedia.org /index.php/Manichaeism (1078 words)

	Manichaeism and true Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Manichaeism was anti-Jewish and dualistic, while Mohammedanism was pseudo-Jewish and severely and fanatically monotheistic.
		The sources, origin and teachings of Manichaeism are to some extent obscure, though it is obviously connected with the Persian Manes (circa 215-275 A.D.), who in the middle of the third century proclaimed himself a prophet, enunciated his new doctrine and was finally executed.
		Manichaeism is a compound of dualistic, pantheistic, Gnostic, and ascetic elements, combined with a fantastic philosophy of nature.
	www.tecmalta.org /tft323.htm (1410 words)

	Manichaeism, a Universalist Faith
		The founder of Manichaeism, Mani, is believed to have been the son of Parthian royalty, born in a village near Ctesiphon and a boy when Ardashir overthrew Parthian rule.
		He invited Mani to speak to him in person, and he granted that Manichaeism could be taught freely through the empire, Shapur hoping perhaps that his support of Manichaeism might contribute to a wider spectrum of loyalty.
		Manichaeism was criticized for not identifying itself with the Sassanid Empire, and Persia's landed elite saw Manichaeism as a threat because its power base was people of the cities and merchants.
	fsmitha.com /h1/ch22.htm (1996 words)

	Manichaeism - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		MANICHAEISM [Manichaeism] or Manichaeanism, religion founded by Mani (c.216-c.276).
		Mani (called Manes by the Greeks and Romans) was born near Baghdad, probably of Persian parents; his father may have been a member of the Mandaeans.
		The prime sources for the study of Manichaeism are the so-called Turfan (Turpan) texts, named after the Dunhuang region where they were found in 1904-5.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-manichae.html (732 words)

	Sprit Matter; Mani & Manichaeism (CAIS)
		Accounts differ as to whether Sahpur I actually converted to Manichaeism, but it remains clear that he was sufficiently impressed by Mani to make him a member of his court and grant him permission to preach his doctrine within the state, much to the annoyance of the Zoroastrians.
		Manichaeism was selected as their state religion in AD.762.
		He left Manichaeism as he felt unsatisfied by what he saw as a hypocritical hierarchy in relation to the Elect and Hearers and he was not impressed by what he called their "pseudo-scientifical" claims of knowledge.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Religions/iranian/Manichaeism/man_manichaeaism.htm (1758 words)

	Manichaeism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		During the Roman Empire, Manichaeism got a strong position in North Africa —; St. Augustine was a Manichaean for 9 years before his conversion to Christianity.
		Manichaeism is the largest and most important example of Gnosticism.
		Central in the Manichaean teaching was dualism, that the world itself, and all creatures, was part of a battle between the good, represented by God, and the bad, the darkness, represented by a power driven by envy and lust.
	i-cias.com /e.o/manichae.htm (667 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, Vol. IV
		In Manichaeism the creation is accounted for by the conflict in which Primordial Man was beaten by the powers of Darkness and suffered the mixing of his elements with the elements of darkness.
		Manichaeism regarded actual fire and water as made up of a mixture of elements of light and darkness, and so, as by no means wholly pure.
		Manichaeism and Neo-Platonism antagonized the Christianity of the fourth and fifth centuries from opposite sides, and those minds for whom Platonism had no charms were almost sure to be attracted by the theosophy of Mani.
	www.bible.ca /history/fathers/NPNF1-04/npnf1-04-04.htm (14249 words)

	The Invisible Basilica: Mani
		In the doctrine of Manichaeism, "The Teaching of Light" as it was called, the Universe was originally divided between two eternal, uncreated, and utterly irreconcilable principles: Light and Darkness.
		Manichaeism ultimately failed in Europe and the Middle East by its inability to compete with Islam and Christianity.
		Manichaeism continued to flourish in the barren plains of Central Asia, where it became centered at the city of Turfan in what is now northwest China.
	www.hermetic.com /sabazius/mani.htm (3852 words)

	The Religion of Light: Mani and Manichaeism - David J.Levy
		Manichaeism, one of the most powerful but least understood religious forces in the history of Western civilization, has been a topic of considerable research during the last thirty years.
		Manichaeism has usually been known through its influence on other religions, particularly Christianity and the widespread medieval Christian heresy of Albigensianism.
		It may be equally noteworthy that Manichaeism entered medieval Europe with the Cathar (later called Albigensian) heresy as an alternative to institutionalized Christianity.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1986/december/Sa10373.htm (278 words)

	Manichaeism
		Manichaeism foi tratado por muito tempo como um heresy christian, mas compreende-se mais claramente como uma religião independente, desenhando nos recursos diversos do christianity, do Zoroastrianism, e do Buddhism.
		A essência de Manichaeism era o princípio de Dualism absoluto: o conflito primal entre o deus, representado a luz e o espírito, pelo e por Satan, representados a escuridão e o mundo material.
		Manichaeism, que negou a realidade do corpo de Christ e rejeitou a noção da vontade livre, adaptou-se do baptism do christianity, do Eucharist, e de um terceiro sacrament do remission dos sins na altura da morte.
	mb-soft.com /believe/ttn/manichae.htm (1160 words)

	AUGUSTINE AND MANICHAEISM
		His subsequent attacks on Manichaeism are a major source of information, but of course they are polemic against the system, not exposition of it.
		In the Roman empire, Manichaeism was regarded by Christians as heretical and by the state as a dangerous import from the rival power, Persia (Iran).
		Manichaeism also responded to his need, instilled by his childhood, for the name of Christ, and his initial distaste for the Christian scriptures (3.4.8-6.10).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~rdwallin/syl/GreatBooks/202.W99/Augustine/AugManich.htm (1020 words)

	CliffsNotes::St. Augustine's Confessions:Book Summary and Study Guide
		Manichaeism was actually one of several Gnostic religions that flourished during this period.
		Like all Gnostic religions, Manichaeism held that darkness and the physical world were manifestations of evil, while light was a manifestation of good.
		By the sixth century, Manichaeism had largely disappeared in the western part of the empire, although it survived well into the 14th century in parts of China, and religions similar to Manichaeism reappeared in Europe during the Middle Ages.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-166,pageNum-6.html (875 words)

	MANICHAEISM - Online Information article about MANICHAEISM
		Mamchaean ethics is not merely negative, how-ever, since it is necessary to cherish, strengthen and purify the elements of light, as well as free oneself from the elements of darkness.
		asceticism so strict and painful as that demanded by Manichaeism could only be practised by few; hence the religion must have abandoned all attempts at an extensive propaganda had it not conceded the principle of a twofold morality.
		Manichaeism indeed, though it applies the title " redeemer " to Mani, has really no knowledge of a redeemer, but only of a physical and gnostic process of redemption; on the other hand, it possesses in Mani the supreme prophet of God.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MAL_MAR/MANICHAEISM.html (6899 words)

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