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Topic: Manikongo

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	Angola - Ndongo Kingdom
		Their ruler, who was tributary to the manikongo, was called the ngola a kiluanje.
		It was the first part of the title, its pronunciation changed to "Angola," by which the Portuguese referred to the entire area.
		Although officially ignored by Lisbon, the Angolan colony was the center of disputes, usually concerning the slave trade, between local Portuguese traders and the Mbundu people, who inhabited Ndongo.
	countrystudies.us /angola/6.htm (499 words)

	Kongo, kingdom of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Kongo was ruled by the manikongo, or king, and was divided into six provinces, each administered by a governor appointed by the manikongo.
		The next manikongo, Afonso I (reigned 1505–43), was raised as a Christian and attempted to convert the kingdom to Christianity and European ways.
		In 1641, Manikongo Garcia II allied himself with the Dutch in an attempt to control Portuguese slave traders, but in 1665 a Portuguese force decisively defeated the army of Kongo and from that time onward the manikongo was little more than a vassal of Portugal.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ko/Kongo-ki.html (396 words)

	Pedantry: Dona Beatriz and African Social Democracy
		The Manikongo, effectively controlled by Catholic missionaries in the employ of the Portuguese state, had become the puppet ruler of what was little more than a slave factory.
		Since Beatriz could communicate with God, she was held to be rightfully able to select the manikongo.
		This put her in direct conflict with the Portuguese, the Catholic hierarchy and the Manikongo.
	fistfulofeuros.net /pedantry/archives/000343.html (1567 words)

	Kongo - Wikinfo
		The empire consisted of six provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo of the Bakongo people, but its sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states as well.
		In 1483, he visited Manikongo Nzinga in his capital, Mbanza, and persuaded the king to open his country to the Portuguese.
		Catholic missionaries arrived in 1490, and ten years later the Manikongo himself was baptized and assumed the name Afonso.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Kongo (1288 words)

	Kongo
		The empire consisted of six provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo of the Bakongo people, but its sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states as well.
		In 1483, he visited Manikongo Nzinga in his capital, Mbanza, and persuaded the king to open his country to the Portuguese.
		Catholic missionaries arrived in 1490, and ten years later the Manikongo himself was baptized and assumed the name Afonso.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ko/Kongo.html (390 words)

	Kongo
		The empire consisted of six provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo of the Bakongo people, but its sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states as well.
		In 1483, he visited Manikongo Nzinga in his capital, Mbanza, and persuaded the king to open his country to the Portuguese.
		Catholic missionaries arrived in 1490, and ten years later the Manikongo himself was baptized and assumed the name Afonso.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/k/ko/kongo.html (436 words)

	Africa's Ancient Empires - Kongo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The titular ruler of the Kong Empire was the Manikongo with his capital in Mbanza.
		The Manikongo was elected by a council of six headed by the Marquess of Vunta (Mani Kabunga, head of the Crown Council).
		While the Manikongo dynasty continued through to the 20th century it was largely a ceremonial affair within the Portuguese colony of Angola.
	www.clickafrique.com /Magazine/ST010/CP0000000005.aspx (530 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Kingdom of Kongo - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The kingdom consisted of several core provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo (sixteenth century spelling of 'Mwene Kongo) of the Bakongo (Kongo peoples, also known as the Essikongo), but its sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states such as Ngoyo, Kakongo, Ndongo and Matamba as well.
		Manikongo Bernardo II was put on the throne afterwards and reigned until 1566.
		From 1567 to 1568, Henrique II came to the throne, and was drawn into a war in the eastern part of the country where he was killed, leaving the government in the hands of his stepson Álvaro Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Kingdom_of_Kongo (8462 words)

	Kongo
		The empire consisted of six provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo of the Bakongo (Kongo peoples), but its Sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states as well.
		In 1483, he visited Manikongo Nzinga in his capital, Mbanza, and persuaded the king to open his country to the Portuguese.
		Catholic missionaries arrived in 1490, and ten years later the Manikongo himself was baptized and assumed the name Afonso.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/ko/Kongo.htm (477 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		Having made contact with each other, the two kings - Nzinga a Nkuwu, the Manikongo, (or king of the Kongo), and King Joao II of Portugal began what in later years under their successors was to become an intensely religious relationship.
		The Manikongo was baptised Dom Joao I (the same name as his Portuguese counterpart), along with his son, Nzinga Mbemba, who became Affonso.
		The head of the Manikongo was cut off and put in the chapel situated on the bay of Luanda.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10chapter4.shtml (1389 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		The people of the area thus gradually became one and were ruled by leaders with both religious and political authority.
		By the middle of the fifteenth century, the manikongo (Kongo king) ruled the lands of northern Angola and the north bank of the Congo River (present-day Congo and Zaire).
		By the 1520s, most of the missionaries had returned to Portugal, and most of the remaining whites were slave traders who disregarded the authority of the manikongo's.
	www.palo.org /palo/kongo-kingdom.html (973 words)

	Manikongo information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Manikongo was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that existed from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries and consisted of land in present-day Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		The Manikongo's seat of power was M'banza-Kongo, the present-day capital of Zaire Province in Angola, from where he would appoint govenors for the six provinces in the Kingdom and receive tribute from neighbouring subjects.
		Eventually, in 1665, both the Kingdom and position of Manikongo were ended after the Kingdom's army was defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Mbwila.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Manikongo (158 words)

	Angola - MSN Encarta
		The ruler of the state welcomed the newcomers, and in 1491 Portuguese traders and missionaries bearing gifts were sent to the court of Manikongo (king) Nzinga Nkuwu (reigned about 1482-1505), who converted to Christianity, as did the succeeding manikongo, Afonso I (reigned 1505-1543), who also accepted Portuguese guidance in the administration of his realm.
		The slave traffic, aided by local chiefs, gradually undermined the authority of the manikongo, and 25 years after Afonso’s death the Kongo state succumbed to the onslaught of the Jaga, a fierce nomadic people from the east.
		The Portuguese, meanwhile, had extended their reach southward to the area around and south of present-day Luanda, over which they soon claimed colonial authority; it was the title of the local ruler, ngola, that became the name of the country.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571092_7/Angola.html (1297 words)

	AFONSO I, Angola/Congo/Zaire/Dem. Rep. of Congo, Catholic
		Manikongo Afonso I, the greatest king of the Kongo, reigned from 1506 to 1545.
		He worked with the Portuguese to bring Christianity to the Kingdom - which was located in the area of present day Angola, Congo, and Zaire - and was the first African king to be recognized in Europe.
		Afonso was born Mvemba Nzinga and son of the manikongo - the king - of the Kongo, who in 1482 made the first contact with the Portuguese.
	www.dacb.org /stories/congo/afonso1.html (675 words)

	Angola (country) - MSN Encarta
		The ruler of the state welcomed the newcomers, and in 1491 Portuguese traders and missionaries bearing gifts were sent to the court of Manikongo (“king”) Nzinga Nkuwu, who converted to Christianity.
		Also converting was the succeeding manikongo, Afonso I, who also accepted Portuguese guidance in the administration of his realm.
		The slave traffic, aided by local chiefs, gradually undermined the authority of the manikongo, and 25 years after Afonso’s death the state succumbed to the onslaught of the Jaga, a fierce group of nomads from the east.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571092_6/Angola_(country).html (686 words)

	Nzinga Nkuwu Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		In reality the manikongo's state was rather less stable and less substantial than the Portuguese supposed.
		Meanwhile, the consequences of confrontation between deeply differing cultures and policies were felt in the rise of division and factionalism in the manikongo's court.
		The latter son prevailed, and João I, persuaded by the demands of his polygamous court, lapsed from Christianity, exiled his son Affonso to a distant province with his mother and loyal Portuguese advisers, and resumed the original aspect of Nzinga Nkuwu.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/nzinga-nkuwu (752 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Kongo
		The empire consisted of six provinces ruled by a monarch, the Manikongo of the Bakongo (Kongo peoples), but its sphere of influence extended to the neighboring states as well.
		In his travels along the African coast in the 1480s, Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão first encountered stories of a great empire that controlled trade in the region.
		This began taking its toll on the Empire, and in 1526, the Manikongo wrote to King João of Portugal, imploring him to put a stop to the practice.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=kongo (469 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This led to the formation of a kingdom led by a king or Manikongo and the establishment of a capital called Mbanza Kongo.
		The sovereignty of the Manikongo was exercised through a number of governors.
		The Manikongo, Nzinga a Nkuwu (5th kind of the Kongo that died in 1506), had a fascination with Christianity which the Portuguese brought with them and was baptized King João I. During his reign there is little evidence of exportation of large amounts of slaves.
	www.palomayombe.com /history.html (2107 words)

	The Ba'kongo Nation From the Crystal Mountains of Congo, West Central Africa
		The King of this nation carried the title ManiKongo, and was the Paramount Chief of six subjugated regions: Soyo, Mpemba (where the capital of Mbanza was located), Mbamba, Mpangu, Mbata, and Nsundi.
		The Bongo followed the Congo eastward and federated the regions from the Atlantic to the East; North to the Ogowe River in Gabon, West to Beteke Plateau in Zaire (near where the Kwango river meets the Congo), and South to the Kwanza River in modern Angola.
		The ManiKongo used a strategic blend of military conquest and marriage of the daughters of nobility to unite his nation.
	www.blackherbals.com /bakongo_nation_crystal_mountain_congo.htm (4488 words)

	Kingdoms of Angola
		Elders from among eligible members of the Kimpanzu or the Kimulazu clans elected the Manikongo.
		The capital of Kongo was the Mbanza Congo,which during the colonial period of Angola was named São Salvador.
		In 1641, Manikongo Garcia II allied with the Dutch to defeat the Portuguese slave traders but the alliance was broken in 1665 when the Portuguese won in the Battle of Mbwila.
	www.bjornthegreat.com /angola/ancient/kingdoms.php (1656 words)

	ANGOLA,
		The ruler of the state welcomed the newcomers, and in 1491 Portuguese traders and missionaries bearing gifts were sent to the court of Manikongo (“king”) Nzinga Nkuwu (r.
		The slave traffic, aided by local chiefs, gradually undermined the authority of the manikongo, and 25 years after Afonso’s death the state succumbed to the onslaught of the Jaga, a belligerent horde of nomads from the east.
		The Portuguese, meanwhile, had extended their reach southward to the area around and south of present Luanda, over which they soon claimed colonial authority; it was the title of the local ruler, ngola, that became the name of the country.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=201093 (2895 words)

	Congo encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Congo politics and officials, Congo History. Travel to Congo
		While the Angolan Civil War largely ended in 2002, an armed struggle persists in the exclave of Cabinda, where some of the factions have proclaimed an independent Republic of Cabinda, with offices in Paris.
		Portuguese explorers, missionaries and traders arrived at the mouth of the Congo (or Nzere) river in the mid-15th century, making contact with the powerful King of the Congo (Manikongo).
		The Manikongo controlled much of the region through affiliation with smaller kingdoms, such as the Kingdoms of Ngoyo, Loango and Cacongo in present-day Cabinda.
	www.congoiworld.com /wiki-Portuguese_Congo (1028 words)

	The PanAfrican Journal
		Friendly relations were established with the Kongo kingdom of the interior and the voluntary conversion to Christianity began, with the Manikongo (the head of the Kongolese) and his family among the first converts.
		Nonetheless the Jaga were extraordinary military tacticians and succeeded in driving the Manikongo and the Portuguese from the capital.
		The Manikongo, to no avail, appealed to John III, the Portuguese king that purported to oppose and prohibit the slave trade.
	www.fiu.edu /~bgso/articles/1100/01nov2000.htm (2686 words)

	M'banza-Kongo at AllExperts
		M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, which at its peak reached from southern Africa's Atlantic coast into the Nkisi River.
		The Jalankuwo, the Manikongo's judgement tree, can still be found in the downtown area of the city, on the grounds of the royal palace and present day Royal Museum.
		It is also known for the ruins of its cathedral (built in 1549), which many Angolans claim is the oldest church in sub-Saharan Africa.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/m/m'banza-kongo.htm (562 words)

	Kongo Empire - Information at Halfvalue.com
		A pre-designated nelumbo (heir) to the manikongo would be voted on then crowned by a Catholic priest.
		From 1567 to 1568, Henrique II came to the throne, and was drawn into a war in the eastern part of the country where he was killed, leaving the government in the hands of his stepson Alvaro Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba.
		Manikongos during the Civil War After the Battle of Mbwila or Battle of Ulanga, the kingdom Kongo was emersed in a brutal civil war which resulted in the destruction of SÃ£o Salvador in 1678.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Kongo_Empire (8398 words)

	HB Magazine: Our Humanity - Robbing the Congo I: A deal with the Devil (Part I of IV) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This was the Kongo Kingdom, evolved in the late 14th century when a bundle of Iron Age chiefhoods joined into a federation governed by a king.
		His seizure of the throne was a clear violation of tradition contingent upon the imported European notion of primogeniture and backed by Portuguese cavalry and rifles.
		Instead of seeking a ban he now announced that no slave would be sold without an official inquiry and that all exports must be authorized by him; traders in breach of these rules would have their cargo confiscated.
	humanity.humanbeams.com /hr605tangenes-congo1.php (2327 words)

	The real costs of slavery - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Of course the Spaniards were led to that by the iniquitous Portuguese who, "as it is said of some ferocious animals, that the first taste of blood gave rise to the thirst for more and the traffic in slaves soon enhanced their African discoveries".
		I have already remarked in earlier columns, of the complaints of the Manikongo, who ruled at that time an area larger than Europe including the two Congos and Angola.
		So, one may sympathise with the Manikongo who thought he was dealing with civilised people when he first allowed the ferocious Portuguese to trade in his territory only to discover that they were busy corrupting his people, subverting his rule and trying to kill him.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /columns/html/20070414T140000-0500_121715_OBS_THE_REAL_COSTS_OF_SLAVERY_.asp (1482 words)

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