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Topic: Manila Galleon

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	Galleon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The galleon was powered entirely by sail, carried on three to five masts, with a lateen sail continuing to be used on the last (usually third) mast.
		Galleons were constructed from oak (for the keel), pine (for the masts) and various hardwoods for hull and decking.
		The galleon continued to be used until the late 18th century, when the clipper and man of war rendered it obsolete for trade and warfare respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galleon (587 words)

	Manila, Philippines
		Whenever Manila is mentioned, the speaker actually refers--sometimes unknowingly--to a vast conglomeration of 12 cities and five municipalities.
		This is where the Mayor of the City of Manila holds office and runs the affairs of such districts as Quiapo, Santa Cruz, Binondo and San Nicolas, all of which are situated further north across the Pasig River.
		Under the Japanese Occupation, Manila underwent the horrors of modern warfare and by the time it was over the entire city lay in ruins, suffering the worst devastation after Warsaw, Poland.
	worldfacts.us /Philippines-Manila.htm (2463 words)

	Galleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Galleons were a natural evolution of the caravel and carrack (or nao).
		In Portugal at least, carracks were usually very large ships for their time (often over 1000 tons), while galleons were mostly under 500 tons, although larger ones were built.
		The galleon was powered entirely by sail, carried on three to five masts.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Galleon.htm (538 words)

	The Manila Galleons - TreasureExpeditions.com: Archaeology, Treasure Hunting & Shipwreck Recovery
		Because the Manila trade was becoming so lucrative, Spanish merchants back home complained of lost profits and a law was passed in 1593 allowing only two ships to sail each year from either port, with one in reserve in both Acapulco and Manila.
		One example of the perilous voyage was that of the Manila galleon San Jose, which was found drifting off the Mexican coast during the mid 17th century, over a year after she left Manila.
		Most of the Manila galleons were eventually built in the Philippines at the Cavite shipyards and also at palantiau, and though they used the European design, they were sturdier, being built from the abundance of hardwoods available there, such as teak and mahogany.
	www.treasureexpeditions.com /The-Manila-Galleons.htm (2372 words)

	Tourist Center: Information on Manila (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Manila is the capital city of the Philippines.
		The City of Manila has an area of 38.3 sqare kilometer; it is located on the west coast of the Philippine main island of Luzon, surrounded by fertile plains.
		Manila is home and working place to nearly 2 million industrious, charming and hospitable people; likewise the city is the haven of approximately 3 million day time transients.
	www.touristcenter.com.ph /information/manila.html (1008 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Manila Galleons carried back to Europe, by way of California’s coast, splendid treasures that were highly prized in Europe.
		Between 1565 and 1815, the Manila Galleon trade carried the treasures of the Orient to the west via Mexico, in exchange for New World silver and manufactured goods from Europe.
		Stories of sunken galleons and buried treasure have sparked the imagination since the 1500s and have lead people on life long treasure hunts in the hopes of recovering the lost treasures of the Orient.
	www.rain.org /campinternet/channelhistory/expedition2/orient.html (189 words)

	SEAMEO INNOTECH 8th International Conference
		Manila is today the political, economic, social, educational, cultural and recreational hub of the Philippines -- and offers a kaleidoscopic variety of experiences for the international visitor.
		As a port on the epic Galleon Trade, Manila played a key role in facilitating international trade between the Americas, Europe, Arabia, China, India and the Malay Archipelago.
		Four hundred years of Spanish rule and more than 50 years of American influence has transformed it into one of the most attractive cities in Asia with a cosmopolitan outlook, and with just the right combination of facilities, attractions and heart-warming hospitality for any international event.
	www.geocities.com /newlearnings/abou.htm (155 words)

	Filipino-Mexican-South American Connection
		While it is common knowledge that their mangoes came from Manila, it comes as a surprise to me that the coconut tree, which they call palmera, also originated from the Philippines.
		In the second decade of the 18th century, Manila officials complained to the crown that the reduction by 100,000 pesos in the subsidy was unfair and causing hardship in insular administration.
		Not knowing that a revolution had broken out in Mexico, authorities in Manila had dispatched in 1811 the Magallanes to Acapulco, where it became stranded in the harbor, and was able to return only four years later to become the last of the galleons to cross the Pacific.
	filipinokastila.tripod.com /FilMex.html (8548 words)

	Lakbay.Net - PCVC-CIT
		Manila is today the political, economic, social, educational, cultural and recreational hub of the Philippines - and offers a kaleidoscopic variety of experiences for the MICE visitor.
		The Meetings Make Manila campaign is a concerted effort by select group venue owners, hotels, tourist transport operators, Philippine Airlines and other private and public sector entities all coordinated by the Department of Tourism (DOT) and the Philippine Convention & Visitors Corporation (PCVC).
		Manila is the gateway to numerous island resorts throughout the Philippines.
	www.lakbay.net /mmmanila_phils/home.html (322 words)

	Common-place: Pacific Overtures
		The number of galleons involved in each crossing varied from one to as many as four, and, after considerable trial and error and at much human and material cost (many vessels were lost at sea during the history of the trade) both the eastward and westward Pacific routes became relatively standardized.
		Manila, for example, was the target of frequent raids by the Dutch—emanating from Dutch strongholds in the East Indies—until the middle of the seventeenth century, and Spanish coastal settlements from Peru through New Spain always had to be on the ready because of foreign marauders.
		And, as we have seen, this all began with Europe’s Pacific overtures in the sixteenth century—Magalhaes, the Manila Galleon, and all that—unless, of course, it actually began, as Gavin Menzies contends, with the Chinese "discovery" of America in the early fifteenth century.
	www.common-place.org /vol-05/no-02/coclanis/index.shtml (2574 words)

	Manila -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It is located on Luzon Island and spreads along the eastern shore of Manila Bay at the mouth of the Pasig River.
		Manila is the centre of commerce and finance in the Philippines.
		The Manila metropolitan area is by far the largest in the country.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9108482?tocId=9108482 (695 words)

	Pacific News Service > News > China-Manila-Mexico Galleon Trade Artifact Exhibit in Monterey
		The Manila Galleon was the single biggest piece of evidence attesting to the importance of the Philippines to Spain then.
		Manila became a trading and transshipment port for Spain where men and merchandise could be picked up and transported to Acapulco, Mexico.
		Singer wrote that over 40 galleons were lost while carrying some of the richest cargoes on the high seas.
	news.ncmonline.com /news/view_article.html?article_id=dd25b40ff1b53d199247d3b2d64eccbd (760 words)

	The sacking of the galleon Santa Ana
		The galleon was under the command of Tomás de Alzola and it had left the port of Cavite the last week of June, some four-and-a-half months earlier.
		Galleons tended to be overloaded with undeclared goods put on board with the assistance of corrupt port masters.
		In spite of the fact that Francis Drake has attacked towns and ships along New Spain and Peru nine years earlier, the Spaniards were confident that they owned the Pacific and that no harm, other than from nature, can come to ships that sailed under her flag in that ocean.
	www.bibingka.com /sst/santana/santana.htm (1544 words)

	Journal of San Diego History
		Even after the establishment of the Manila galleon route from the Philippines to the California coast and Acapulco by Fray Andrés de Urdaneta in 1565, the protective qualities of San Diego Bay were forgotten.
		Drake's presence, nonetheless was cause for alarm to Spain, for the Manila galleons, with their light armament and crews exhausted by the time California was sighted, were easy prey to foreign intruders.
		Thus, it was necessary for Spain to seek a safe port for the Manila ships on the California coast where they might recover their crews to join in combat with a potential attacker.
	www.sandiegohistory.org /journal/72spring/vizcaino.htm (4254 words)

	CBS - The Amazing Race
		Considered one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Asia, Manila serves as capital, main port, and center of government, commerce, industry and culture for the Philippines.
		By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Manila was a busy port, trading with China, Hindu empires in Sumatra and Java, and powerful Arabs.
		Pagsanjan, in the Laguna Province about 44 miles southwest of Manila, is well worth the trip for anyone wanting to add a little adventure to their itinerary.
	www.cbs.com /primetime/amazing_race5/show/episode11/destinations.shtml (824 words)

	IDEAS. Articles.
		With this in mind, little attention has been given concerning the importance of the Manila Galleons and their involvement in a highly developed trade system that was the first to link the continents of the Americas with Asia in a direct exchange.
		[iii] The significance of the Manila Galleons from a world history perspective is that they truly relied on the development of two regions that had not previously been in contact or in a direct exchange of goods.
		Manila was important for the establishment of trade for several reasons.
	ideas.union.edu /articles.php?action=read&id=19 (6311 words)

	Chronological Table, 19 th Century
		Manila port was unrestictedly opened to foreign trade.
		The "Carriedo" endowment water-supply for Manila was established.
		Investiture in Manila of Sultan Harun Narrasid (Sept. 24).
	www.univie.ac.at /voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/chrono4.htm (500 words)

	Manila galleon -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Spanish sailing vessel that made an annual round trip (one vessel per year) across the Pacific between Manila, in the Philippines, and Acapulco, in present Mexico, during the period 1565–1815.
		They were the sole means of communication between Spain and its Philippine colony and served as an economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila.
		Located in the southwest of Luzon Island on Manila Bay, it has long been known as the “pearl of the Orient.” Metropolitan Manila, or National Capital Region, was formed in 1975 when four cities—Manila, Quezon City, Pasay, and Caloocan—and 13 municipalities merged.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050547?tocId=9050547 (720 words)

	The Manila Yacht Club \| Philippines' Premiere Sailing Club
		Saturday, 26 November 2005 11:22 AM About Us The Manila Yacht Club, considered to be a social and sporting Mecca, is a members only club.
		It came to be known as it is today when then President Fidel V. Ramos requested the Manila Yacht Club to hold an international regatta during the APEC Summit held in the country in 1997.
		The Manila Yacht Club is affiliated with the Philippine Sailing Association and aims to race competitively in local and international sailing events.
	www.manilayachtclub.org (842 words)

	The characters on the galleon Esperanza
		Before Galli was able to make the return trip from Manila to Acapulco, he died and Unamuno assumed command of the expedition.
		Unamuno was again reminded by the Audiencia in Manila that he should not stop by Macao on his return trip under penalty of death.
		Manila sent Captain Juan de Argumedo to Macao to recover the ships and arrest Unamuno and his men.
	www.bibingka.com /sst/esperanza/chars.htm (636 words)

	Manila Galleons
		For 250 years, from 1565 until 1815, Spanish galleons laden with the riches of the Orient--silks, porcelain, and spices--sailed annually from Manila in the Philippines bound for Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico.
		The galleons needed a port of refuge along the California coast where they could restock vital supplies and make repairs after the long trans-Pacific journey.
		Spanish galleons continued to sail down the coast on their annual voyages.
	www.mms.gov /omm/pacific/kids/manilagalleons.htm (1002 words)

	Filipinos in Liverpool, Part 3
		A cablegram from Manila led to Rizal's arrest shortly after the steamer reached the Mediterranean, so he was placed on the returning steamer at Barcelona.
		Manila fell but not without spirited resistance by defenders of the prince of church.
		It was not only his piracy of the Manila Galleon trade the infuriated the Iberian kingdom but his return to England marked the second circumnavigation of the word that.
	www.filipinohome.com /02_12_15liverpool.html (1895 words)

	Text Mates - The Online Source of Text Messages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		They are the members of the prestigious Manila Yacht Club (MYC), the weekend hideaway of Manila's sea loving elite.
		Conveniently tucked at the banks of Manila Bay just beside the CCP complex and the Philippine Navy headquarters, the 73-year-old club houses the yachts, cruisers, and boats of its affluent and passionate constituents.
		The news quickly spread from the seawalls of the Manila Yacht Club and surprised the whole country.
	www.geocities.com /txtm8s/articles/yacht.html (451 words)

	The Mystery of Manila's Octagonal Cemetery
		The year the cemetery plan was submitted to the Spanish government in Manila, the authorities had already been for several years embroiled in sporadic but bitter fighting with Filipino insurgents.
		It was with these traders that the Spanish developed the lucrative Manila galleon trade shipping Chinese silk, porcelain, spices, furniture, secular and religious jewelry and many other goods to Europe via Mexico.
		A colony far from its homeland, the Spanish in Manila were subject to threats of attack from other empire-seeking European as well as Asian nations.
	www.aenet.org /philip/octagon.htm (1416 words)

	[No title]
		Manila came to be essentially an intermediary between China and New Spain and Laufer reviews both the development of this trade and the recurrent friction between Chinese and Spaniards.
		They do this by observing the world supply and demand for silver, which was pouring into China by the late sixteenth century because its value there was twice that in the rest of the world, leading to substantial increases in mining in both Spanish America and Japan.
		Three diverse articles conclude the volume: Maria Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo (1966) on the eighteenth-century Philippine economy, John McMaster (1959) on the flight of Mexican pesos to Asia, and Benito Legarda's (1955) survey of the Manila Galleon trade from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century.
	www.datasync.com /~woodward/htm/pacific.htm (1005 words)

	Sebastián Vizcaíno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		His specific mission was to find a safe harbor for the Manila galleons.
		The viceroy, pleased that a fine new port would bear his name, awarded Vizcaíno the command of the next Manila galleon.
		The new viceroy doubted Vizcaíno's veracity and revoked the award of the galleon.
	www.californiahistory.net /3_PAGES/manilla_vizcaino.htm (235 words)

	Orange Blossom Going, Cinnamon Returning
		The galleon was loaded with cargo in the Orient, and set sail again for the Western world.
		AGI As from the end of the 18th century, the vessels of the Spanish armada sailing for the Philippines followed the route which passed round Africa and across the Indian Ocean, which was different from the route followed by the Manila galleon which crossed the Atlantic to America, and then crossed the Pacific.
		The galleon reached Acapulco in December or January after a long voyage.
	www.aenet.org /manila-expo/page25.htm (670 words)

	Acapulco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For more than 200 years after that, a special yearly trading ship, known to the English as the Manila Galleon, set sail from Acapulco for the Manila and the Orient.
		In 1579, Francis Drake attacked but failed to capture the Galleon, but in 1587, off Cabo San Lucas, Thomas Cavendish seized the Santa Anna.
		The War of Independence (1820-21) stopped the Manila Galleon forever, sending Acapulco into a century-long slumber.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Acapulco.htm (739 words)

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