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Topic: Maniraptora

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	Maniraptoran dinosaurs
		The clade Maniraptora (which is defined as containing all dinosaurs closer to birds than to ornithomimids) is the group of theropod dinosaurs that many paleontologists believe birds were derived from some 150 or so million years ago, in the Jurassic period.
		There is much convergent evolution apparent in Maniraptora, which makes the resolution of their phylogeny difficult; a problem compounded by their poor fossil record.
		Other characteristics present in typical maniraptorans include a fused clavicle (furcula, or "collar bone") and sternum ("breast bone"), a pubis (part of the pelvis) that points downwards rather than forwards as in typical saurischians, a shortened and distally stiffened tail, long arms, and a manus (hand) which is larger than the pes (foot).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/maniraptora.html (278 words)

	Coelurosauria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coelurosauria is a group of theropod dinosaurs that includes the subgroups Tyrannosauridae, Ornithomimidae, and Maniraptora.
		Most coelurosaurs are bipedal predators, and the group houses some of the largest (Tyrannosaurus rex) and smallest (Microraptor gui) carnivorous dinosaurs discovered thus far.
		Modern birds are classified by most palaeontologists as an extant group of coelurosaurs (in the subgroup Maniraptora).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coelurosaur (137 words)

	maniraptora
		Maniraptora is the sister group to Arctometatarsalia and together with it makes up Maniraptoriformes.
		Bradycneme is based on a poorly-preserved distal tibiotarsus (tibia and fused ankle elements), originally thought to belong to an owl.
		This has some resemblance to corresponding elements in the troodontids, but cannot be classified beyond Maniraptora indeterminate.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jstweet1/maniraptora.htm (1401 words)

	Bird - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Birds are generally considered to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs.
		Specifically, birds are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids.
		The exact boundary between dinosaurs and birds is unclear, especially with the recent discoveries in North-east China (Liaoning Province) demonstrating that many small theropod dinosaurs had feathers.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Bird (2085 words)

	DLESE description of Maniraptora ("Seizing Hands"): Birds and their Closest Relatives
		This site describes the clade Maniraptora (which is defined as containing all dinosaurs closer to birds than to ornithomimids).
		An explanation is given as to why there is difficulty with this classification and weblinks explore each of the major groups of Maniraptora.
		All materials appearing on the UCMP Web Servers may not be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher and in no case for profit.
	www.dlese.org /dds/catalog_DLESE-000-000-004-956.htm (165 words)

	maniraptora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Maniraptora is the sister group to Arctometatarsalia and together with it makes up Maniraptoriformes.
		Bradycneme is based on a poorly-preserved distal tibiotarsus (tibia and fused ankle elements), originally thought to belong to an owl.
		This has some resemblance to corresponding elements in the troodontids, but cannot be classified beyond Maniraptora indeterminate.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/maniraptora.htm (1901 words)

	Maniraptora - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Maniraptora is a group used in biological classification to cover the birds and the dinosaurs that were related to them.
		It is a sister group to Arctometatarsalia, and contains the subgroups Deinonychosauria, Oviraptorosauria, Therizinosauria, in addition to Aves (birds).
		This page was last modified 09:15, 3 May 2005.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Maniraptor (146 words)

	MANIRAPTORA incertae sedis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Dinosaurs in this category are members of the Maniraptora or advanced theropods within the Coelurosauria.
		However, they cannot be classified with sufficient accuracy to place them in any of the maniraptoran families (dromaeosaurids, oviraptorids, caenagnathids or therizinosaurids).
		The name means "hand snatchers" and refers to the derived "grabby" hands of these dinosaurs.
	www.dinoruss.com /de_4/5c3e21e.htm (52 words)

	DinoData Dinosaurs Classification Maniraptora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The name means "hand snatchers" and refers to the derived "grabby" hands of these dinosaurs.The clade Maniraptora is defined as containing all dinosaurs closer to birds than to ornithomimids paleontologists believe modern birds derived from this group of theropod dinosaurs.
		According to phylogenetic taxonomy, birds are by definition maniraptorans, and the other maniraptorans are their closest relatives.
		Maniraptorans are united by the possession of modified elements in the wrist; the semilunate carpal is a bone unique to this group along with other modifications of the forelimb, it makes the flight stroke in birds possible.
	www.dinodata.net /Dd/Namelist/CLASSIF/Maniraptora.htm (347 words)

	Welcome to Maniraptora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Maniraptora are the class of dinosaurs from which birds are believed to be descended.
		I was a volunteer at the Field Museum in Chicago, and my specialty was dinosaurs.
		Like all web sites and airports, Maniraptora is a work in progress.
	www.maniraptora.com /index.html (170 words)

	PROTARCHAEOPTERYX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Protarcheopteryx has smaller forelimbs and heavier rear limbs than Archaeopteryx, and is larger overall, as well as showing good feather impressions.
		When first discovered it was considered an early bird, but more recent analysis places it within Maniraptora as a definite feathered theropod.
		The first specimen is badly crushed, but a second is in much better condition and shows the feathers associated with the specimen along the tail and wrist.
	www.dinoruss.com /de_4/5a6b334.htm (129 words)

	Archaeopteryx - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A posterolateral flange of the proximal phalanx of digit III, characteristic of most birds and the most par-avian Maniraptora, is also absent.
		Digit II is the most robust, heralding the more advanced avian condition of the manus and relfecing a shift in the role of the hand as a grasping, raking implement, to one primarily used for supporting the remigial fan and climbing (Zhou and Martin 1999).
		And in turn, this question invariably comes down to two alternatives: either Archaeopteryx is derived from "thecodonts"; (a paraphyletic hodgepodge of basal and derived archosaurs), or Archaeopteryx is the phylogenetic offspring of Maniraptora.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Archaeopteryx (8615 words)

	Maniraptora - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Maniraptora is the crown clade of Maniraptoriformes, and holophyly thereof is underwritten by the following characters:
		Additional synapomorphies of Maniraptora include feathery integument, as evidenced by the latest finds from the Cretaceous Yixian lagerstatten of China.
		This page was last modified 00:14, 6 October 2003.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php?title=Maniraptora&printable=yes (64 words)

	Mailgate: sci.bio.systematics: Higher taxa (Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812)--who cares? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, when different workers presently working on a group use the same name for groups that differ in content (one more inclusive than the other), it helps communication to distinguish them.
		For instance Maniraptora "sensu Sereno" differs in content from Maniraptora used by most other dinosaur workers.
		This kind of thing is much more important than noting that Vertebrata was named by Cuvier in 1812.
	www.mailgate.org /sci/sci.bio.systematics/msg00868.html (213 words)

	math lessons - Cryptovolans
		Current evidence for this theory is inconclusive, and some of the modern bird-like features in Crytovolans may have evolved independently.
		Regardless of whether dromaeosaurs are a sister group to birds or actual members of Aves, both groups are part of the Maniraptora suborder and are ultimately theropod dinosaurs.
		Many think that Cryptovolans is a junior synonym of Microraptor.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Cryptovolans (228 words)

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