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Topic: Manned mission

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	Human spaceflight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Traditionally, these endeavours have been referred to as manned space missions, although today some prefer to use the term crewed or piloted space missions because they consider manned to be sexist, though it only denotes gender in one of several definitions of the word.
		The first mission beyond Earth orbit was Apollo 8 in which the crew orbited the Moon, the next Apollo 10 which tested the lunar landing craft in lunar orbit without actually landing.
		The missions that landed were Apollo 11-17, except 13, hence together six missions, with each time three astronauts of which two landed on the Moon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manned_space_mission (582 words)

	Chronology of Manned Space Missions
		This mission was a dress rehearsal for a lunar landing.
		The third manned lunar landing was aborted due to an explosion aboard the command module on April 13.
		The mission ended in tragedy when all three cosmonauts were killed by a sudden cabin leak on Yantar prior to their return to Earth.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/space_missions/manned_table.html (3072 words)

	Mars Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Manned Martian missions can solve the fundamental scientific issues of planetary evolution, climate change, and especially the origin of life within a reasonable time frame.
		A manned flyby of the planet has returns that are likely to be so small, it may well turn out to be the first and last Manned Martian Mission.
		There follows a manned sortie to Phobos, the other small moon, to obtain samples, investigate its structure, and eventually figure out if the moons are related, and puzzle out their origin.
	www.sepp.org /Ph-Dproject.htm (2514 words)

	SPACE.com -- Bush to Announce Missions to Mars, Moon
		Long-term missions will need to be self-sustaining because they will be too far away to resupply.
		It was the Columbia accident that helped force a discussion of where NASA should venture beyond the three remaining space shuttles and the international space station.
		Bush's father, on the 20th anniversary of the first manned moon landing, made a similar call for lunar colonies and a Mars expedition.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/bush_mars_040108.html (1050 words)

	List Of Human Spaceflights Chronologically [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was the second manned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle and the first manned flight of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM).
		Apollo 14 Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the moon.
		It was the 37th shuttle mission, and carried a payload for the U.S. Department of Defense.
	www.wikimirror.com /List_of_human_spaceflights_chronologically (11313 words)

	Korelev's Lunar Mission Profile
		How much of the mission profile was changed by the political and ministerial technocratic leadership is unclear except that L. Brezhnev, First Secretary of the CPSU, ordered that once an unmanned Nl-L3 had flown successfully, Mishin was to fly the next mission manned.
		The unmanned and manned Lunar Cabins were to land inside a five km target ellipse as the primary landing zone on fairly flat terrain.
		Whether the mission was to be stretched over two months, which is most probable, or just have several days between launches is unclear as both were in principle possible as long as the vehicles were preprepared.
	www.fas.org /irp/imint/96vol38_vick.htm (1071 words)

	Is there a mission to Mars planned?
		For unmanned missions, it is more practical to use Venus for a gravitational assist because of its stronger gravity and higher speed.
		Two years later a manned spacecraft and another unmanned ERV blast of for the Red Planet; the astronauts head for the previous landing site, while the unmanned craft prepares for the next manned mission, scheduled to arrive in another two years.
		The manned craft is attached with a tether to the life-support systems that is sent at the same time.
	www.geocities.com /marsterraforming/mannedmissions.html (1708 words)

	SPACE.com -- India Rethinks Manned Lunar Mission
		Although he did not rule out the manned mission completely, he indicated that the ISRO no longer favors it.
		Instrument-based study "is less expensive, more reliable and it can be for a longer duration,'' than a manned mission, he said.
		A manned mission would take seven to 10 years to accomplish, and would cost at least $2.2 billion.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/india_moon_040812.html (351 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Russia proposes manned Mars mission by 2015
		The mission would take about 440 days to complete, he said, with three astronauts visiting the surface of the planet for a period of two months.
		Although NASA currently has no plans for a manned mission to Mars, it recently commissioned the National Research Council to identify the data needed for such a mission to be launched.
		Fresh speculation about the manned missions to the red planet followed the discovery of massive reserves of water ice beneath the planet's surface in March this year.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2511 (460 words)

	1998MarsPapers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When interest in the manned Moon program began to subside in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, due to other society interest (the Vietnam War, civil rights, and civil unrest in nations cities) and the competition of resources brought on by these issues, the program was substantially reduced in scope and cancelled abruptly.
		Due to the complexity, scope, and likely international aspects of a future manned Mars mission, and the inherent capabilities associated with the QRM process to properly access, track and communicate technical risk of such a mission, is it is essential that it be used as soon as possible.
		A future manned Mars mission will be neither cost-free nor risk-free, but will be well within the gasp of groups of men and women, and nation-states who are bold enough to venture forth from the world and to continue mankind’s destiny to explore.
	www.marssociety.org /content/proceedings1998/mar98068.htm (6544 words)

	spl's soaplog » Manned Mission to Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If we could colonize Mars, then manned missions would be understandable, but as I explained previously, to properly colonize Mars is impossible because of the low gravity.
		However, robotic missions have a GREATER dependency on computers (no humans on board to do tasks, therefore the tasks must be computer-controlled instead), therefore an UNmanned mission has GREATER potential for computer advancement.
		I claim that a manned mission to Mars is less efficient at achieving the goal than other missions that could be conducted.
	spl.haxial.net /weblog/index.php?p=50 (792 words)

	CNN.com - Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond - Jan. 15, 2004
		The president did not announce a date for a Mars mission, but administration sources said the earliest date for a journey to the red planet would be 2030.
		Also, NASA will begin sending a series of robotic missions to the moon beginning in 2008 to conduct research and prepare for future missions, and research will be conducted on the space station on the long-term effects of extended space travel on human physiology.
		Bush also made his case for why manned exploration is needed, rather than sending unmanned missions, such as the Mars rover, Spirit, currently sending information back from the red planet.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/01/14/bush.space (1220 words)

	Manned Mars Vehicle System (MMVS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The project will be a manned mission to Mars using the optimum combination of the "Mars Direct" approach proposed by Robert Zubrin, and the NASA Reference Mission.
		The mission is to send a manned spacecraft to land on the planet Mars and after the crew explores Mars to return the crew safely to Earth.
		A manned lander is launched and lands in close proximity to the cargo lander.
	www.ilc-usn.net /mmtomars.htm (834 words)

	PERMANENT - Mission Concepts - 1st Manned Near-Earth Asteroid Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A first mission, however modest, would open the floodgates to investment and competition - a "space race" between private companies, and the owner of the first mission would have a huge lead on the competition as well as be in a strong position to sell to the competition.
		One may note on the WWW sites of some private space mission scenarios that one of their sponsors is a beef jerky company, which may surprise some people as being a company unrelated to space.
		First of all, a manned mission would be able to accomplish far more - we just don't have the robotics technology that can replace humans, in terms of adaptability and versatility.
	www.permanent.com /m-1stmis.htm (5829 words)

	RedNova News - Space - India Debates Manned Space Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The mission, to place a 525 kilogram (1,125 pound) orbiter using an indigenously-built polar satellite launch vehicle, is slated to cost the agency 83 million dollars.
		Critics have slammed the mission saying it is outdated and the organisation was wasting its money from a limited budget of 25 billion rupees (543 million dollars) allotted by the government.
		But ISRO chief Nair defended the mission and said it would spur the Indian scientific community and probe the physical characteristics of the lunar surface in greater depth than previous missions by other nations.
	www.rednova.com /news/display?id=104976 (752 words)

	ESA Portal - Press Releases - ESA's longest manned mission set for lift off
		The prime crew consists of ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter and Russian cosmonauts Sergei Avdeev and Yuri Gidzenko, the back-up crew of ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang and Russian cosmonauts Gennadi Manakov and Pavel Vinogradov.
		The prime crew is expected to be confirmed formally for the mission on 2 September.
		Information on the mission: The confirmation of the launch and status of the mission will be announced via press releases issued by ESA Public Relations Division, Paris.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/Pr_31_1995_p_EN.html (1034 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Manned Mars mission some way off
		Although the discovery of vast ice reserves brings forward the prospect of a manned landing on Mars, the American space agency (Nasa) is in no hurry to embark on a formal effort.
		But the idea of a manned mission to the Red Planet is always there as the unstated climax to a series of ever more sophisticated robotic missions - probes that will roam across the Martian surface and bring back rocks to Earth for analysis.
		Be assured, a manned mission will take time to devise and execute - something like 20 years in the current climate.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2010799.stm (1489 words)

	Shenzhou-5 May Carry Out First Chinese Manned Mission
		This included assessing the functionality, reliability and safety of each manned spaceflight system; coordination among different systems; the spacecraft environment for manned flight; the effectiveness of the improved measures that have been implemented; the escape and emergency life support systems; and the capability of the launcher's redundant control system.
		Su, who is responsible for yuhangyuan selection and training, and their space medical monitoring and protection, said that based on preliminary data from the mission, space officials were very satisfied with the parameters of the environment inside the modules.
		Qi said that everyone involved in the manned space project was striving for the perfect operation of the launcher and spacecraft.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/china-02zi.html (2071 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM
		In order to increase safety it was decided early on to launch an unmanned N1/L3 precursor mission to the proposed site of the first manned landing, leaving a backup LK on the lunar surface in case the moonwalking cosmonaut's own vehicle suffered damage during landing.
		It could fly missions lasting several weeks, and variants of it would be used to fly around the Moon (the L1) and to be the mother craft for the manned lunar lander (LOK).
		The first lunar-landing mission would be commanded by the Voskhod 2 veteran, Alexei Leonov, with Oleg Makarov serving as the LOK pilot in lunar orbit.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm (9269 words)

	The Mars Society - Main Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While not all our mission objectives were achieved, it was not for lack of hard work or vision.
		We are as satisfied with the effort we applied to Mission Support assignments and secondary objectives as the progress we made in achieving our individual research goals.
		All our research objectives were applicable to actual human Mars missions, from the field research conducted on the analogue Mars surface to the logistics and operational projects, and from Hab maintenance to star- gazing.
	www.marssociety.org (2097 words)

	Manned Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		LONDON (Nov 29, 1996) -- The U.S. space agency NASA is working on plans to send astronauts to Mars within eight years of getting the political go-ahead for a manned mission, the head of the team was quoted as saying on Friday [Nov 29].
		Officially, it said, NASA claimed that manned flights were not on the agenda and was relying on robots to find out more about Earth's closest neighbour in the solar system.
		NASA is due to launch its Pathfinder mission on Monday [Dec 2], which is designed to take a Mars Rover to the planet to look for signs of current or previous life.
	www.v-j-enterprises.com /marmisn.html (295 words)

	Possibility of water on Mars spurs talk of a manned visit \| csmonitor.com
		He estimates that the water content may be as high as 60 percent by volume, meaning that a bucketful of material from this layer would yield more than half a bucket of water when melted.
		As a result, he explains, large quantities of accessible water on Mars could drastically cut the cost and time required to mount a mission to the red planet by reducing the amount of material, including hydrogen, that would have to be launched from Earth.
		The orbiter also is slated to act as a radio-relay station for Mars missions planned for next year and 2004.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0530/p02s01-ussc.html (923 words)

	NASA-LANL Manned Mars Mission 1985
		Joint Los Alamos/NASA design for a quick Mars flyby mission using hardware planned for development by NASA in the 1990's, produced at the urging of a Congressman in response to a perceived Soviet Mars expedition plan.
		The crash program was in response to the possibility that the Soviet Union might mount a manned Mars expedition as early as 1992 using its new Energia booster and experience with the Mir station.
		A year-long flyby mission would be launched, requiring a 350 tonne spacecraft in low earth orbit.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/nasn1985.htm (472 words)

	Cydonia - Mars: The First Manned Mission - from CD-ROM Access
		Your mission is to travel to the Cydonia Mensae region of Mars to survey the planet for the prospect of human colonization.
		Communications with mission control are lost and as the only uninjured crew member, you are challenged to locate and eliminate the force field that has you trapped on the surface.
		"Cast as the only crew member to walk away from the crash landing of the first manned mission to Mars, you have to explore the red planet in an attempt to turn off the electromagnetic force field that caused the crash of your ship.
	www.cdaccess.com /html/pc/cydonia.htm (398 words)

	Iraq war costs "could have funded manned mission to Mars": Russian expert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If the United States had directed the money spent on the war in Iraq to a Mars project, a manned expedition to the Red Planet could be set up within five years, a top Russian space official said Monday.
		Moroz's comments came as a US robot which landed on Mars on Saturday began sending back high-resolution colour pictures of the planet's surface prior to a three-month exploration mission during which it is hoped to detect possible signs of microscopic life.
		The NASA (US space agency) mission cost 820 million dollars, compared with the several tens of billions of dollars that the US-led war in Iraq is believed to have cost, not including reconstruction costs.
	www.marsdaily.com /2004/040105150212.hzqcajj3.html (237 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| China hails its first man in space
		The president, who saw the mission blast off, said it was "the glory of our great motherland and a mark for the initial victory of the country's first manned space flight".
		The launch of the Shenzhou V spacecraft, propelled into space by a Long March 2F rocket and carrying astronaut Yang Liwei, was welcomed by space experts around the world.
		China's first man in space, Yang Liwei, arrives in Hong Kong for a six day visit.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/3193548.stm (533 words)

	At "Mars on Earth," Planning a Manned Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		NASA had a lot of interest in a manned Mars mission in 1997 and 1998 and that provided the impetus to build a mock-up Martian space suit, said Ed Hodgson, who leads research on future space suits and technology at Hamilton Sundstrand in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
		The logistics of tailoring a Mars suit are commensurate with the challenge of the mission.
		While all dues support National Geographic's mission of expanding geographic knowledge, 90 percent is designated for the magazine subscription, and no portion should be considered a charitable contribution.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/12/1209_031209_tvmarsonearth.html (775 words)

	USATODAY.com - Bush proposes manned mission to moon by 2015 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A human mission to Mars at an unspecified date.
		The cost of the human and robotic missions to the moon and Mars would total roughly $120 billion by 2020, according to estimates from a NASA chart.
		The shuttle broke apart because foam that fell from its fuel tank during lift-off damaged one of the wings.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2004-01-14-bush-space_x.htm (690 words)

	MarsNews.com :: RSC Energia Has Plan For 2014 Manned Mission
		While NASA is struggling to keep their unmanned robotic Mars program on track, news is coming out of Russia that efforts are underway to land cosmonauts on the Red Planet well before their previously announced goal of a manned landing in the year 2020.
		In a press conference last week, the Chief Designer of RSC Energia, Leonid Gorshkov, stated that the entire mission to send Humans to Mars for the first time has been mapped out by the company.
		The mission has an estimated price tag of US$10-$12 billion total over next decade, far less than the US$150 billion estimate for NASA's Design Reference Mission, and even less than the US$20-$30 billion range of Robert Zubrin's Mars Direct plan.
	www.marsnews.com /articles/20020925-rsc_energia_has_plan_for_2014_manned_mission.html (177 words)

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