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Topic: Mannerheim Cross

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	carl gustaf mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mannerheim was born in Louhisaari Castle in Askainen to a Finland-Swedish family that had been ennobled in 1768.
		Mannerheim volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and was stationed at the 52th Njzhin hussar regiment in Manchuria with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
		Mannerheim kept relations to the German government as formal as possible and refused Nazi demands for a written treaty of alliance or that Finnish troops should attack the besieged Leningrad.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Carl_Gustaf_Mannerheim.html (1073 words)

	Encyclopedia: Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mannerheim was born in Louhisaari Castle in Askainen to a Finland-Swedish family of Dutch ancestry that had been ennobled in 1768.
		Mannerheim volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and was stationed at the 52nd Njzhin hussar regiment in Manchuria with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
		Mannerheim was thus out of the country during the last, fateful period of the civil war, a time of mass deaths as a result of disease and starvation in prison camps and of lengthy trials.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Carl-Gustaf-Mannerheim (2130 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mannerheim cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The award was introduced into the Order of the Cross of Liberty and a bearer of the cross is called a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross.
		The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 â€“ January 28, 1951) was the reputed Commander-in-Chief of Finlands Defence Forces, Marshal of Finland, an outstanding strategist and officer and was later...
		Two 2nd Class crosses The famous Mannerheims equestrian statue by the Mannerheim road in downtown Helsinki, the capital of Finland Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 â€“ January 28, 1951) was the reputed Commander-in-Chief of Finlands Defence Forces, Marshal of Finland, an outstanding strategist and officer and was later...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mannerheim-cross (2078 words)

	Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Due to the worsened economic situation of the family, he was sent to a Finnish officer school in Hamina in 1882, at the age of 15, from which he was expelled for disorderlyconduct in 1886.
		Mannerheim volunteered for the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and was stationed at the 52th Njzhin hussar regiment in Manchuria with the rank of lieutenantcolonel.
		Mannerheim kept relations to theGerman government as formal as possible and refused Nazi demands for a written treaty ofalliance or that Finnish troops should attack the besieged Leningrad.
	www.therfcc.org /carl-gustaf-mannerheim-157784.html (990 words)

	mannerheim cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Mannerheim Cross (Mannerheim-risti) is a Finnish military decoration introduced after the Winter War and named after the marshal Carl Gustaf Mannerheim.
		The award was intoduced into the Knighthood of the Cross of Liberty and a bearer of the cross is called a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross.
		The Mannerheim Cross, First Class was awarded to marshal Carl Gustaf Mannerheim and general Axel Heinrichs.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /mannerheim_cross.html (246 words)

	Axis History Factbook: Order of the Cross of Liberty (Finland)
		Bronze Medal of Merit of the Cross of Liberty (civilian)
		Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class
		Grief-Cross of the Cross of Liberty (Cross of Mourning)
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=4029 (133 words)

	C.G.E.Mannerheim, the Marshal of Finland — Virtual Finland
		Mannerheim took part in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 as a staff officer in the Nezhinski Dargoon Regiment and was promoted to colonel in the battlefield.
		Mannerheim returned to a country which had recently declared its independence, but was torn by revolutionary disturbances and with 40 000 Russian troops still in the country.
		Mannerheim could foresee the trouble Finland, whose independence was not yet generally acknowledged, would face by being too friendly with Germany, which was losing the war.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/mannerheim.html (1276 words)

	Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
		Mannerheim was to command Finland’s military during the Winter War from 1939-1940 when Russia attacked after her occupation of eastern Poland at the start of World War Two.
		Mannerheim believed that Britain and France needed to be allies of the newly created Finland if the nation was to survive.
		As well as fighting a military campaign against the Russians, Mannerheim was also concerned that Finland should not be seen as being pro-Germany and as a result of this he developed a political role as well as his military one.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /carl_gustaf_mannerheim.htm (671 words)

	MANNERHEIM - War or Independence - Cross of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the proposition of General Mannerheim, the Senate decided to establish the Knighthood of the Cross of Liberty on the 4th of March, 1918.
		Permanently the Knighthood of the Cross of Liberty was established on 16 December, 1940.
		The classes of the knighthood are as follows: the Great Cross, the Crosses of Liberty of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th classes, and the 1st and 2nd class Medals of Liberty.
	www.mannerheim.fi /06_vsota/e_vapris.htm (182 words)

	Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mannerheim was born in Louhisaari Castle in Askainen to a Finland-Swedish family of Dutch ancestry that had been nobilityennobled in 1768.
		Mannerheim was christened Carl Gustaf Emil, but was called by his middle name Gustaf and throughout his whole life he signed his private letters Gustaf or G. Besides his mother tongue, Finland-SwedishSwedish, he also spoke Finnish languageFinnish, Russian languageRussian, French languageFrench, German languageGerman and English languageEnglish/.
		Mannerheim's great-grandfather, Count Carl Erik Mannerheim, had held a number of offices in Finland's civil service during the early years of the semi-autonomous Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, including membership of the Senate of FinlandSenate/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim (2173 words)

	Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Mannerheim fell out of favor with the new government, and in September was relieved of his duties.
		He was buried in the Hietaniemi cemetery in Finland in a state funeral with full military honors, and today retains respect as one of Finland's greatest statesmen.
		de:Gustaf Mannerheim [[ja:カール・グスタフ・エミール・マンネルヘイム]] pl:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim ro:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim fi:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim sv:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
	carl-gustaf-emil-mannerheim.biography.ms (1444 words)

	Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Emil von - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Emil von (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Red forces were opposed by a White (counter-revolutionary) army led by Mannerheim, who in 1918 crushed the socialists with German assistance.
		He was recalled from retirement in 1939 to defend Finland against Soviet invasion, and gave the Soviets a hard fight before yielding.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Mannerheim,%20Carl%20Gustav%20Emil%20von (206 words)

	Finland - Order of the Cross of Liberty
		On 16 December 1940, the Crosses and Medals of Liberty of the Liberation War (1918) were used as a basis for the institution of the Order of the Cross of Liberty.
		Cross of Liberty 4th Class military and civil division - It should be noted that many variations exist, e.g.
		Crosses 2nd, 3rd, 4th Class and Medals 1st and 2nd Class can be awarded with a red cross.
	users.skynet.be /hendrik/eng/Fin-Liberty.html (250 words)

	About Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In January 1918, as the revolution spread to Finland, Mannerheim was appointed Commander in Chief of the troops of the legal government.
		In 1919 in a display of gratitude the citizens of Finland presented Mannerheim with a Grand Address and a significant amount of money which he was free to use as he saw best for the benefit the citizens of Finland or the state.
		Mannerheim hoped that through his philanthropic activities some of the scars and wounds, which the Civil War had left in the Finnish nation might be healed.
	www.mannerheim-museo.fi /mheim_eng.htm (1013 words)

	FMP - Finnish Military Decorations
		Mannerheim was although granted the position of the Grand Master for his lifetime.
		Cross of Mourning (of the Cross of Liberty)
		Cross of Merit (of the Lion of Finland)
	www.geocities.com /finnmilpge/fmp_medals.html (1305 words)

	Medals
		The awards of Vapaudenristi (Liberty Cross) are issued during war and peace to officers, non-commissioned officers and crew of Finnish Defence Force for military merits and to FDF employees or other civilians for deserving activity towards FDF.
		Mannerheim Cross may be awarded in two classes to Finnish Defence Force soldiers for extraordinary bravery, highly notable achievements in battle or exceptionally outstanding leadership.
		Mannerheim Cross 1.class was issued only twice, to Marshal Mannerheim himself and to Chief of Staff General Heinrichs.
	koti.welho.com /skukkone/LLv34/2mitalit.htm (455 words)

	Mannerheim Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mannerheim Cross 1st class was awarded for "extraordinary competence in command at army corps level".
		The Second Class of the award was instituted as the universal award for extraordinary achievement individually or in command, regardless of rank.
		Mannerheim Cross Second Class was awarded to 191 persons.
	mannerheim-cross.ask.dyndns.dk (265 words)

	Aksel Fredrik Airo Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was the virtual second-in-command of the Finnish army under Carl Gustaf Mannerheim.
		In the beginning of the Winter War, Mannerheim appointed Airo as Quartermaster-General, and he was promoted to a major general, and two years later to lieutenant general.
		On November 18th, 1944, Marshal Mannerheim made him a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, Cross of Liberty.
	www.biographylibrary.com /biography/Aksel_Fredrik_Airo.html (502 words)

	Axis History Factbook: A reference on Finnish military and civilian awards
		In 1st and 2nd class crosses, enamel plating is white; military division 3rd and 4th class crosses have fl enamel, whereas civil division has blue enamel.
		The Cross and Medal of Mourning were given to the next of kin of a serviceman killed in action or a person killed while working in a defense-related occupation, respectively.
		The Finnish Army didn't have wound badges, therefore the Cross of Liberty 4th class was awarded to wounded officers, and the Medal of Liberty 2nd class to wounded NCOs and privates.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=4028 (1650 words)

	MANNERHEIM - Commander-in-Chief - Mannerheim Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was not until the end of the Winter War that the two-class Mannerheim Cross was introduced in the Knighthood of the Cross of Liberty by statute.
		The second-class Mannerheim Cross was awarded to 191 persons, to two of these twice.
		As the cross is fairly uncommon and requires special merits, it is regarded as the most honorable decoration in Finland.
	www.mannerheim.fi /10_ylip/e_manris.htm (135 words)

	Finnish Medals
		Above the cross is an oval laurel wreath and, for the military division, two arms in armour, each holding a sword.
		On 16 December 1940 the Cross of Liberty was used as a basis for creating the Order of the Cross of Liberty, with both a military and civil division as before.
		A second grade of the Blue Cross was awarded to people who were not former members of Civil Guards, but had been in some kind of voluntary work with veterans or research of Civil Guards after war.
	www.gwpda.org /medals/finmedl/finland.html (1430 words)

	CULTURE and HISTORY: Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They were incorporated into Mikkeli's coat-of-arms to mark Mannerheim's 75th birthday in 1942 and in 1944, after the war had ended, he granted permission for a Cross of Liberty Class IV with ribbon to added to the coat of arms in commemoration of the years that the headquarters had been located in the town.
		General Mannerheim, as he then was, also stayed at the hotel, which was destroyed in an air raid in 1940.
		Field-Marshal Mannerheim, who had been a general in the Imperial Russian army, was affectionately called "Marski".
	www.publiscan.fi /cu03e-8.htm (689 words)

	Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, rearming the Finnish army did not work as swiftly as he hoped and he was not enthusiastic about a war.
		When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, Mannerheim on October 17, 1939, again accepted the position as Commander-in-Chief of Finland's army in case of war, and reorganized his headquarters in Mikkeli[?].
		In the moment when Germany was sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was quenched (thank's to President Risto Ryti's agreement with the Germans in June), Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union.
	www.city-search.org /ca/carl-gustaf-mannerheim.html (1235 words)

	THE ORDER OF THE CROSS OF LIBERTY
		The Order of the Cross of Liberty was founded on March 4, 1918, upon the initiative of General C.G. Mannerheim.
		At first there were seven classes: grand cross, cross of liberty (1st to 4th class) and the medal of liberty (1st and 2nd class).
		The Cross of Liberty has a red ribbon when it is granted in war time and a yellow ribbon when it is awarded in time of peace.
	www.tpk.fi /eng/institution/order_of_the_cross_of_liberty.html (283 words)

	Aces High BB - Farewell to the general - national hero died at the age of 99 years but his message l (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the independence day of 4th December 1944 war-marshall Mannerheim awarded colonel Ehrnrooth the highest Finnish military award, Mannerheim cross, for skillful and fearless leading of this forces in combat.
		Finnish general and Knight of the Mannerheim Cross Adolf Ehrnrooth will be put to his final resting place in Helsinki Cathedral Saturday, the anniversary of the Winter War (1939-40) armistice.
		General of the Infantry Adolf Ehrnrooth was born on February 9, 1905 in the then capital of the autonomous Grand-Duchy of Finland, Helsinki.
	www.hitechcreations.com /forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=111520 (1376 words)

	Mannerheim Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Mannerheim Cross Second Class was to 191 persons.
		Crispin the Cross of Lead is a great book for young children.
		Alex Cross has been inducted into the FBI where he is u...
	www.freeglossary.com /Mannerheim_Cross (570 words)

	Carl Gustaf Mannerheim - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com
		Mannerheim volunteered for the Russo-Japanese_War in 1904 and was stationed at the 52th Njzhin hussar regiment in Manchuria with the rank of lieutenant_colonel.
		He supported the Finnish Red_Cross and founded the Mannerheim's Children's Foundation.
		Mannerheim spent most of the Winter_War and Continuation_War in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front.
	www.indexsuche.com /Carl_Gustaf_Mannerheim.html (939 words)

	Military decoration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Celts and Romans wore a torc, Dayaks wore and still wear tattoos, etc. Necklaces and bracelets were given during the early Middle Ages, evolving into richly jewelled big necklaces, often with a pendant (commonly a medal) attached.
		Bravery awards, in the form of a cross, star or medal on a ribbon;
		Distinguished service awards, in the form of a cross, star or medal on a ribbon;
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Military_decoration (227 words)

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