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	Manta Ray FAQ
		Mantas are derived from stingrays, which are flattened bottom-dwellers that swim by undulating their expanded pectoral fins.
		Mantas and mobulas (also known as "devil rays", of which there are 9 species) are similar in form, sharing paddle-shaped cephalic lobes and gracefully curved pectoral wings.
		Mantas and mobulas are most readily distinguished by the position of the mouth: in Mantas, the mouth is terminal (located at the front of the head), while in mobulas the mouth is subterminal (located underneath the head, as in many sharks).
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/topics/lh_manta_faq.htm (2017 words)

	Manta ray - Manta birostris: More Information - ARKive
		Manta rays are generally solitary, although loose aggregations of individuals may occur where there are abundant food sources or during the breeding season.
		Mantas are often host to remoras (Remorina spp.), which attach to the underside of the larger fish and consume particles of food that fall from the mouth (2).
		Manta rays were traditionally harvested for their oil-rich livers and for their skins, which were used as an abrasive (3); these practices centred on eastern Australia and the Gulf of California (2).
	www.arkive.org /species/GES/fish/Manta_birostris/more_info.html (0 words)

	Spotted Eagle Rays, Manta Rays in Hawaii
		The eagle ray's shovel-shaped snout, and its duckbilled mouth are extremely sensitive to smells and electrical currents in the water.
		Manta rays are among the largest fish in the ocean.
		Manta ray populations, sadly, are decreasing rapidly in number.
	www.sailhawaii.com /rays.html (546 words)

	Manta ray \| Greenpeace USA
		The manta ray is the largest of the rays, with distinctive 'wings' or pectoral fins measuring over 25 feet in width, and unique 'horns' or cephalic fins on either side of their head.
		Manta rays are known to migrate all over the world in search of upwelling, plankton-rich waters.
		Mantas reproduce via aplacental viviparity, meaning they hatch from eggs, but the eggs hatch and the babies develop inside the mother where there is no placenta for nourishment.
	www.greenpeace.org /usa/campaigns/oceans/follow-the-journey/wildlife-facts/manta-ray (372 words)

	Manta Ray Creature Feature - Diving with Manta Rays
		Also known as "devil ray" with graceful pectoral 'wings', manta rays are easily recognised by their paddle-like cephalic lobes projecting forward from the front of the head (actually extensions of the pectoral fins, supported by radial cartilages), and a very broad, rectangular terminal mouth.
		Mantas vary in colour from fl, grey-blue, to red-brown on the upper surface of their cartilage body, sometimes with white shoulder patches and blotches, and almost pure white on the lower surface of their pectoral fins and body disc.
		Mantas are now thought to be a single species, and mobulas are most readily distinguished by the position of the mouth - mantas have terminal mouths (located at the front of the head), whilst mobulas have sub-terminal mouths (located underneath the head, similar to many sharks).
	www.dive-the-world.com /creatures-manta-rays.htm (1407 words)

	MPRF : Manta Classification and Description (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Manta skin is shagreen (skin covered with dermal denticals [small tooth-like structures]), just like its shark cousins but unlike most of their ray cousins who have greatly reduced number of scales and much thicker body mucus coating.
		Mantas still have a mucus coating that is an important defense against infection, but it is not as copious as that of its ray cousins so they do not feel slippery.
		A male manta ray is sexually mature when its claspers are longer than the pelvic fin and long enough to penetrate the female cloaca (common opening for digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts on the ventral surface of fish).
	www.mantapacific.org /mantapacific/information/description.html (1176 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Manta Ray
		Manta ray, Atlantic manta, Australian devilray, blanketfish, devil ray, devilfish, devil-ray, eagle ray, giant devil ray, giant manta, giant Atlantic manta, great devilfish, manta, manta ray, Pacific manta, prince alfreds ray, sea devil, and skeete are common names in English language.
		Manta rays reproduce by ovoviviparity with the birth of one pup during a breeding season.
		The manta ray was formerly harvested commercially off Australia and California waters for its liver oil and for its skin which is used as an abrasive.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/MantaRay/MantaRay.html (0 words)

	Manta Rays Scuba Dive Travel with Ocean’s Edge
		Manta rays are generally dark brown, grayish blue, or fl on their top side; they have pale edges and a white “belly.” Pale shoulder patches and varying color patterns on top as well as dark blotches underneath can vary between individuals.
		Manta rays are filter feeders, preying on microscopic organisms such as copepods, mysids (small shrimp-like creatures), and the larvae of fish, lobster, and octopus.
		Manta rays are able to use their size and maneuverability to escape predation.
	www.oceansedge.com /mantarays.shtml (2296 words)

	Pacific Manta Ray (Manta hamiltoni)
		The taxonomy of the manta ray is somewhat confusing.
		The Pacific manta ray is very similar in appearance to the stingrays, only without the sting at the end of their tail.
		Manta rays, which lack a sting in their tail, are not dangerous to humans except through defensive actions.
	www.thebigzoo.com /Animals/Pacific_Manta_Ray.asp (353 words)

	SharkFriends Manta Ray Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These rays are known as "devilfish" in some areas of the world and belong to the family mobulidae.
		The manta has a short tail and no stinging spine and is harmless to people and usually indifferent to divers.
		Mantas reproduce via ovoviviparity (this is when animals hatch from eggs, but the eggs hatch and the babies develop inside the female's body; there is no placenta to nourish the pups).
	www.sharkfriends.com /manta.html (294 words)

	Giant Manta, Manta birostris at MarineBio.org
		The giant manta, Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792), aka devil ray, Atlantic manta, and the Pacific manta, are the largest of the rays and are closely related to sharks.
		Mantas are dark brown to fl on the dorsal side with pale margins; they are mostly white on the ventral side.
		Giant mantas are found in temperate and tropical waters near continents and islands of all oceans.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=49 (0 words)

	Manta Rays in Puerto Vallarta Mexico
		For many divers and snorkelers, Manta rays (Manta birostris), also commonly called devilfish, giant mantas and in Spanish manta rayas, are a most sought out species.
		Mantas reproduce via aplacental (without a placenta) viviparity (give live birth).
		Manta rays were once commercially harvested from Australian and Californian waters for their liver oil and their skin which was used as an abrasive and durable leather goods such as wallets.
	www.vallartasource.com /eco_manta_ray.php (1142 words)

	Manta Ray Bay Hotel & Yap Divers in Micronesia - diving where the mantas dive
		Manta Ray Bay Hotel and Yap Divers, home of manta ray diving in Yap, Micronesia - The Island of Stone Money.
		While the Mantas are the attraction that put Yap on the map as a prime Micronesia scuba diving location, our pristine reefs and walls are the icing on the cake.
		Mantas and coral reefs are not the only treasures you'll find in Yap.
	www.mantaray.com (0 words)

	Patrol Vessel
		The Manta Ray is a new and improved version of the legendary US Customs' 39 ft. Blue Thunder Catamaran, only on a smaller scale.
		The Manta Ray is constructed of space age materials giving it superior strength yet it is lightweight and fuel-efficient.
		The secret behind the Manta Ray's wave slicing ride is its unique tracking concave skis, which are located on the aft bottom of each hull.
	www.mantaraycat.com /patrol.html (0 words)

	MANTA RAY - EnchantedLearning.com
		Manta rays are the largest rays and are closely related to sharks.
		Mantas are dark brown to fl on top with paler margins; they are mostly white underneath.
		Mantas swim in tropical seas, living both close to shore and in open seas.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/sharks/rays/Mantaray.shtml (0 words)

	Manta Ray Island Resort Fiji Islands - (BeautifulPacific.com)
		Manta Ray Island Resort is a modern style backpacker resort managed by a young Australian couple with basic yet comfortable accommodation, lots of organized activities and a keenly managed environmental waste system.
		Apart from snorkelling and kayaking in the lagoon, the highlight here is the F$20 snorkel trips to swim with the Manta Rays (in season from May to Oct).
		The large open plan restaurant at Manta Ray is set on the slopes of the hill with lovely ocean views.
	www.beautifulfiji.com /manta-ray-island (0 words)

	Gadgets: Flying Manta Ray Inflatable Watercraft - Gizmodo
		Presenting yet another reason to be glad that it's summertime, the Flying Manta Ray inflatable watercraft.
		As you'll be able to see in the video, the Flying Manta Ray isn't so much a sweet gadget—it is, mind you—as it is complete lifestlye change.
		Flying on the Manta Ray is supposedly safe, with a double hull design just like the Titanic there to increase strength and stability.
	www.gizmodo.com /gadgets/gadgets/flying-manta-ray-inflatable-watercraft-185229.php (0 words)

	Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia - Yap- Activities in Federated States of Micronesia
		DIVING: Yap's famous manta rays and the diverse marine life that make their home in Yap's coral reefs and tidal channels have made Yap one of the fastest growing diving destinations in the world today.
		Mantas are by no means all that Yap has to offer divers.
		Yap's famous manta rays and its coral reef life have made this one of the fastest growing diving destinations in the world.
	micronesia.hawaii.com /fsm/yap/activities (565 words)

	Manta Ray (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Manta Ray is the largest of the ray type of fish and a close relative of the shark.
		Manta rays grow to be almost 30 feet long and average 22 feet wide.
		Often manta rays are seen jumping out of the water, as high as 2 feet, and then returning.
	animalexploration.tripod.com /mantaray.html (263 words)

	Manta Ray
		Rays have broad, flattened bodies, with eyes located on the upper, dark colored surface of the body and with mouth and gills located on the lower, light colored surface.
		Like the devil ray, the Atlantic manta is characterized by a pair of forward-pointing lobes on each side of the head, with a presumed resemblance to a devil's horns.
		The eagle ray's large, expanded, pectoral fins join its head to form a broad disk, and its flat teeth are adapted for feeding on shellfish.
	members.fortunecity.com /phylcage/past/animals/manta.htm (1138 words)

	=cayman.org= Manta Ray, Cayman Islands, BWI
		Mantas are the largest of the rays and can grow to a wingspan of over twenty feet (7 m) and to a weight of more than three thousand pounds (1350 kg).
		Mantas are dark brown to fl on top with paler margins and are primarily white underneath.
		Mantas seem to spend a great deal of time at or near the surface, either swimming by flapping motions of their hugh wing-like pectoral fins or just drifting, sometimes with their wing-tips extended up and out of the water.
	www.cayman.org /fauna/manta.htm (611 words)

	Manta ray - Definition, explanation
		The manta ray, or giant manta, is the largest member of the ray family, ranging up to eight meters (25 ft) across its pectoral fins (or "wings") and weighing up 3,000 kg (3 tons).
		To breathe, the manta has two sets of five gills on the underside, and holes called spiracles just behind the eyes.
		Mantas generally eat plankton and small fish, but anything that fits in their mouths could end up being swallowed.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/ma/manta_ray.php (278 words)

	Manta Rays
		The video, punctuated with the racking sobs of her friend, depicts the butchering of a manta ray with rivulets of blood contrasting painfully against its fl, hacked off wing as the fishermen hoisted it aboard.
		Manta rays (Manta birostris) are the gentle giants of the ray family Mobulidae.
		Since the remora fish tend to concentrate the manta ray’s parasites on their body, we often observe the clarion idols picking at the bodies and tails of the remoras as seen in the accompanying photo.
	www.freedive.net /mantas/mantas.htm (1763 words)

	The Oceanarium: Manta Ray and Stingray
		The Manta Ray (Manta birostris) is closely related to sharks.
		The word manta is Spanish meaning blanket, which is a word that describes the appearance of these animals very well.
		The sting from this ray is extremely serious and there is at least one death recorded.
	www.jeannieshouse.com /oceanarium/mantas/manta.html (325 words)

	Williams Form Engineering Corp. - Manta Ray Soil Anchors
		Manta Ray and Stingray earth anchors are driven tipping plate soil anchors for reaction of tensile loads.
		Manta Ray anchors have working loads up to 20 kips, and Stingray anchors have working loads up to 50 kips.
		There are eight Manta Ray Anchors and three Stingray Anchors with light to heavy duty holding capacities.
	www.williamsform.com /Ground_Anchors/Manta_Ray_Soil_Anchors/manta_ray_soil_anchors.html (329 words)

	IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Manta birostris
		Manta rays are often confused with rays of the genus Mobula, and care should be used to ensure reports of mantas are actually of Manta birostris and not its sister genus.
		Manta is distinguished from Mobula by the terminal position of its mouth and the absence of teeth in the upper jaw (Last and Stevens 1994, Nelson 1994).
		Manta rays are also a by-catch in unknown numbers in the tuna purse seine fisheries as well as in other fisheries and shark protection net programs.
	www.iucnredlist.org /search/details.php/39417/all (4030 words)

	The Manta Ray - Associated Content
		When a manta ray is at a juvenile age it has multiple white dots covering its back, but as the manta gets older those usually begin to fade.
		A tagged manta ray has reportedly lived for 10 years, but the age of the manta ray when tagged was unknown.
		The manta ray only swims about 10 mph, but since it’s so big, it seems to be moving a whole lot faster.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/66052/the_manta_ray.html (445 words)

	>Kona Coast Divers: Manta Ray Madness
		Manta Rays with 8-10 foot wing spans begin to circle the group and you realize that this is one of the most fantastic things you have ever seen!
		The mantas come in to feed on the plankton, which concentrates in your underwater light beam.The manta rays will swim under, above and alongside of the divers.
		Manta Ray Madness: The site is about 30 minutes from the harbor and at a depth between 30 and 50 feet.
	www.konacoastdivers.com /engray.html (324 words)

	Manta Pacific Research Foundation : Kona Manta Ray Night Dive (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Our search for manta information led us to the Waikiki Aquarium where one of their marine scientists informed us that many sea creatures have a thin coating of protective mucous on their skin and this mucous can be rubbed off.
		Young mantas such as Sugar Ray, Fay Ray, and Vicky Ray were shy at first, but when they realized the environment was safe, they willingly began to feed.
		Manta Pacific Research Foundation was formed so that we can continue to conduct research, produce educational materials, provide education programs for the public, and work on manta ray conservation.
	www.mantapacific.org /mantapacific/kona/index.html (1257 words)

	earpollution : features : manta ray [page 1] - 12.01.2003
		Manta Ray are one of those rare finds.
		I'm curious as to when you started playing with Manta Ray, and what you were doing before your involvement with the band.
		And along those lines, Manta Ray's music is very cinematic in how it builds atmosphere and dynamics, but leaves the dialogue to the listener.
	www.earpollution.com /v2/vol5/interviews/mantaray/index.html (1103 words)

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