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Topic: Manure

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	Manure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil.
		Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants.
		Manure generates heat as it decomposes, and it is not unheard of for manure to ignite spontaneously should it be stored in a massive pile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manure (762 words)

	Horse Manure Management
		Manure is managed in one or more of the following ways: 1) compost (manure is removed daily and composted); 2) stockpile (manure is removed daily and stored in piles); and, 3) daily land application (manure is removed daily and spread on cropland).
		Manure and compost are sometimes landfilled, dumped in gullies and used to repair roads.
		Manure tends to be high in salts, which when land applied at excessive rates, contribute to soil salinity.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01219.html (2339 words)

	Manure: Composting chicken, steer and hog manure
		When developing a manure by-product market is important to understand that manure is a necessary by-product of the livestock industry and it is the technology involved in the treatment system that determines whether manure is a valuable resource or a costly liability.
		Manure is also helpful in improving soil fertility in cut areas from land leveling.
		Generally, poultry manure is highest in nitrogen content, followed by hog, steer, sheep, dairy, and horse manure.
	www.ecochem.com /t_manure_fert.html (1311 words)

	EPA - Ag 101, Pork Production Manure Handling Systems
		Manure deposited on solid floors is typically stored where it falls, with more bedding added as needed to maintain a dry floor.
		Manure typically falls through a slotted floor (with the size of slot depending on the size and age of animal) into either a gutter or a concrete storage pit.
		Liquid manure is either applied to the soil surface or is incorporated during or shortly after application to control loss of volatile ammonia and release of odors.
	www.epa.gov /agriculture/ag101/porkmanure.html (1123 words)

	Arlington Organic Garden Club, Arlington TX
		Manure is the oldest and most effective fertilizer known to man. As long as man has used domesticated animals and worked the soil, manure, which is sometimes referred to as "dung" has been used to feed the soil and plants.
		Manure can return 70 percent of the nitrogen, 75 percent of the phosphorus and 80 percent of the potash that was taken from the soil to feed the animals.
		The manure was spread on the soil as a fertilizer to replenish the nutrients and trace minerals which had been removed in the process of harvest.
	www.aogc.org /manure.htm (1419 words)

	Composting Animal Manure - April 2001 - Yuma Farm Notes (ACIS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Animal manure use is well accepted among growers and the demand for manure is projected to increase as organically grown vegetables and fruits gain in popularity.
		Composted manure is a potential source of bioavailable nutrients needed for organically grown vegetables in the southwest, free from weed seeds and pathogens.
		Manure was scraped from a partially paved feedlot near the feed bunks and unpaved areas elsewhere.
	ag.arizona.edu /crops/counties/yuma/farmnotes/fn0401compost.html (1349 words)

	Fertilizing Cropland with Poultry Manure
		If the manure produced on a farm cannot supply all of the farm's crop nutrient needs, it is best to base the manure application rates on the phosphorus requirements, resulting in a lower manure application rate and the need for supplemental fertilizer.
		After applying poultry manure, approximately 20% of the total N is available to the crop in the second year; approximately 5-10% is available in the third year.
		Composting poultry manure and its bedding or litter is often considered due to the nature of poultry manure (high C:N ratio and lower moisture content); and the need to export poultry manure because of limited crop acres.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/DC5881.html (2696 words)

	Manure
		The current interest in manure as a feedstuff is mostly due to the problem of waste disposal from intensive livestock and poultry operations.
		Manure has served as a substrate for both yeast and algae used as feedstuffs, and it has been tried as a substrate for maggots used as a poultry feed; however, the simplest way to use it is as a direct feed.
		Much of the interest in the feeding of poultry manure has been centred on deep litter, which is a mixture of a suitable litter material and poultry droppings developed over a period of six months or more and maintained in a dry, friable condition.
	www.fao.org /ag/aga/AGAP/FRG/afris/Data/476.HTM (1784 words)

	Manure Management - Facts - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
		Manure should be treated as a fertilizer that has useful soil-enhancing traits and can supply plant nutrients rather than a waste product that must be disposed of as cheaply as possible.
		The general rule of thumb for nitrogen mineralization from manure is to expect 25-30% of the organic nitrogen to be available to plants in the first year, with the remainder becoming available during the next three years at a decreasing rate.
		Manure analysis from a given operation should change very little from year to year if there are no major changes in feed ration or manure storage.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/soilwater/manure/fdb01s02.html (1370 words)

	Animal Manure Management \| NRCS
		The departure from 100-percent recoverable manure is largely related to the percentage of animals in confinement; however, location of the facility (climate), the area of confinement, and the methods used to collect the manure are also important factors.
		Keeping the manure dry reduces the opportunity for anaerobic digestion but increases the opportunity for the manure to be used as an animal feed supplement, as is being done with poultry litter as a supplement to cattle feed in the Southeast.
		Manure solids are being comported, often with urban residues such as leaves and grass clippings, to produce soil amendments high in organic-matter content.
	www.nrcs.usda.gov /technical/ECS/nutrient/animalmanure.html (2708 words)

	Manure Facts - Organic Trade Association
		Composted manure is a primary source of soil fertility for organic farmers.
		Uncomposted or improperly composted manure used as a fertilizer or soil amendment, or manure that enters surface waters, may contain pathogens and subsequently contaminate produce.
		Manure, either by itself or blended with crop residues, makes up much of the raw material for the compost used on organic farms.
	www.ota.com /organic/foodsafety/manure.html (1191 words)

	Introduction
		Manure is a valuable resource that can supply essential crop nutrients to displace the need for commercial fertilizers and organic matter to improve soil structure.
		The nutrient content of manure is influenced by the animal species, the growth stage of the animal, the feed composition, the amount and type of bedding used, the moisture content, and other foreign material present such as parlor waste.
		Obtaining a representative sample of the manure is essential in determining a proper manure nutrient credit from a manure analysis report.
	members.tripod.com /~litchlab/Manure.htm (616 words)

	Manures for Organic Crop Production
		When fresh manure containing large amounts of nitrogen and salts is applied to a crop, it can have the same effects as excessive applications of soluble commercial fertilizers—it can burn seedling roots, reduce immunity to pests, and shorten produce shelf life.
		When the nutrients in raw or composted manure are eroded or leached from farm fields or holding areas, they present a potential pollution problem, in addition to being a resource lost to the farmer.
		Manure spread on bare, frozen or erodible ground is subject to run-off, especially where heavy winter rains are common.
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/manures.html (4242 words)

	G1881 Generating Methane Gas From Manure, MU Extension
		Livestock manure contains a portion of volatile (organic) solids, which are fats, carbohydrates, proteins and other nutrients that are available as food and energy for the growth and reproduction of anaerobic bacteria.
		A digester must be loaded with manure on a regular basis to ensure a continuous supply of food for the anaerobic bacteria.
		A manure slurry of the proper solids content is required to maintain correct loading rates and detention times and to facilitate mixing and pumping.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/agguides/agengin/g01881.htm (3276 words)

	Land Application of Animal Manure
		Nutrient content of animal manure is variable, depending on the type and age of animal, feed source, housing type, handling method, temperature, and moisture content.
		The rate of manure applied is usually based on the plant-available N content of the manure and the recommended N rate for the crop to be grown.
		The value of manure nutrients is dependent on the nutrient status of the field to which it is applied, the nutrient needs of the crop to be grown, the nutrient content of the manure, and the cost of purchased nutrients.
	hubcap.clemson.edu /~blpprt/manure.html (2951 words)

	Feedlot Manure Management
		Nitrates from manure can be leached to groundwater, and excessive nutrients in surface water can lead to overgrowth of aquatic plants, which use up the oxygen and suffocate fish.
		When manure is applied to land, the timing and placement of the manure can be managed to reduce odor concerns.
		Apply manure when the wind is calm, preferably in the morning, and incorporate it as soon as possible.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /PUBS/LIVESTK/01220.html (2537 words)

	How to Properly Manage Manure
		Time of year –It is ideal to spread manure in the spring so that you minimize potential losses before the crop can take it up and nutrients are supplied for the upcoming growing season.
		Manure can be spread with a tractor and spreader for ease of spreading.
		Have a local farmer or landscaper remove manure or bring manure to him/her on a regular basis.
	www.canr.uconn.edu /ansci/ext/manuremanagement.htm (1175 words)

	Manure Matters: How Manures Measure Up
		Farm manure is often sold as bagged manure and is available at garden centers and hardware stores.
		Manures and composted plant materials add organic matter, which helps soil retain moisture and structure which prevents compaction, and helps prevent nutrients from leaching away.
		Manure from sheep fed hay and grain will be more potent than manure from animals that live on pasture.
	www.plantea.com /manure.htm (1202 words)

	County-based estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus content of animal manure in the United States for 1982, 1987, and ...
		The estimates are county level and are based on estimates of the nutrient content of animal manure produced per 1,000 pounds of animal weight on a daily basis.
		Therefore, the animal manure, nitrogen and phosphorus estimates for some counties are an underestimate of the total nutrient form animal manure in those counties.
		Manure nutrient content is in units of kilograms per / > / year as N or P. Computations are based on estimates of / > / the nutrient content on daily wastes produced per / > / 1000 lbs.
	water.usgs.gov /lookup/getspatial?manure (2962 words)

	manure - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Manure, plant or animal wastes used as fertilizer.
		Rich in humus (decaying organic matter), manure releases many important nutrients into the soil....
		- fertilize with manure: to spread manure on land or soil to fertilize it
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=manure (104 words)

	Manure Matters: Minnesota DNR
		The manure was produced by a farm that was using a liquid system to manage the waste of some 9,000 pigs in three barns.
		The Beaver Creeks of the world make one thing clear: Though manure has long been a valuable crop fertilizer, too much manure in too small a space is bad for the environment.
		Riding herd on manure at the state level is mostly left in the hands of the PCA.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /volunteer/julaug02/feedlots.html (2577 words)

	Manure Testing Laboratory Certification Program
		In response to increased customer demand, the need to fill information gaps and the desire to promote the value of manure testing, agricultural laboratories are devoting more resources to manure analysis and promotion of their manure testing and nutrient management services.
		These goals are being accomplished through development and use of standardized manure analysis methods; laboratory proficiency testing; information and technical assistance provided to laboratories, educators and private industry; and promotion of manure testing and nutrient management planning services provided by laboratories, dealers, consultants, applicators and others.
		Support for research in the areas of manure testing and management of manure nutrients is provided, as well as assistance with educational and training programs in manure and nutrient management for a variety of audiences.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /appd/mnrcert.htm (670 words)

	Manure Management - Composting and Soils - King County Solid Waste Division
		Livestock manure and bedding can be a valuable, reusable resource as a fertilizer or medium for making soil compost.
		But because manure contains bacteria as well as nutrients, it must be managed correctly to avoid doing more harm than good.
		But when managed properly, manure can be a nutrient-rich, beneficial soil amendment (external link).
	www.metrokc.gov /dnrp/swd/composting-soils/manure/index.asp (335 words)

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