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Topic: Manzanar Japanese internment camp

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Manzanar War Relocation Center

Japanese American internment

Japanese internment

Internment camp

Farewell to Manzanar

Concentration camp

Japanese American

World War 2

Executive Order 9066

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Stutthof concentration camp

History of the United States

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1942

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	Japanese American internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior.
		One of the WRA camps, Manzanar, was designated a National Historic Site in 1992 to "provide for the protection and interpretation of historic, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II" (Public Law 102-248).
		Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not subject to the strict internment policy, despite the fact that they were closer to essential military facilities than most of the Japanese Americans in the western states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_internment (4000 words)

	Encyclopedia: Japanese American internment
		The word internment is generally used to refer to the imprisonment or confinement of people, generally in prison camps or prisons, without due process of law and a trial.
		A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war.
		Manzanar sign Manzanar National Historic Landmark (better known as Manzanar War Relocation Center) was a Japanese American internment camp during World War II that operated near Independence, California.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Japanese-American-internment (7181 words)

	Manzanar Japanese internment camp : Manazanar War Relocation Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Manzanar National Historic Landmark (better known as Manzanar War Relocation Center) was a Japanese internment camp during World War II that operated near Independence, California.
		Manazanar was one of ten camps at which Japanese American citizens and resident Japanese "aliens" were interned as a "precautionary measure" during World War II.
		This particular camp held 10,046 internees at its height.
	www.city-search.org /ma/manazanar-war-relocation-center.html (720 words)

	Japanese-American Internment - Liberty - Themepark
		So Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes, sell much of their property at enormous losses, and move into detention/internment camps as a result of Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.
		Japanese Americans in Hawaii did not suffer this same fate because they made up such a large proportion of the population of the territory of Hawaii.
		Manzanar barracks measured 120 x 20 feet and were dividied into six one-room apartments, ranging in size from 320 to 480 square feet.
	www.uen.org /themepark/liberty/japanese.shtml (1219 words)

	WWII Japanese Internment 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		MANZANAR RINGO-EN "Originally, Manzanar was only a dot on the map, a lonely crossroads in Inyo County, California, near the rugged eastern Sierra.
		Manzanar, which means 'apple orchard,' was named by the Spanish, who were the first to explore this valley, in the eighteenth century.
		was born in the camp at Rowher, Arkansas.
	www.owensvalleyhistory.com /manzanar3/page13.html (561 words)

	Japanese Interment: Videos in the Media Resources Center UCB
		In this documentary six Japanese Americans who were incarcerated as children in the camps reveal their experiences, cultural and familial issues during incarceration, the long internalized grief and shame they felt and how this early trauma manifested itself in their adult lives.
		Japanese Relocation is the official government whitewash documentary about the removal of 110,000 Japanese (two thirds of them U.S. citizens) from the potential "combat zone" of the West coast to "relocation camps" in the American interior.
		A group of surviving Japanese Americans who were interned at the Tule Lake (Calif.) Relocation Center during World War II travel back to the site of the relocation center and dedicate a memorial to the 50th anniversary of their internment there.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /MRC/internment.html (2865 words)

	Farewell To Manzanar
		These camps only stopped the bleeding during the war, the after the war their release was like opening the wound again.
		Most of the Japanese who were put into these camps, were Japanese Americans, and had never been to Japan, but knew about it from what they had heard from others about the country and had some of the traditions passed on to them from other generations.
		These camps that the Japanese were put into during World War II were horrible, and really ruined most of their lives.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/10/bah1.shtml (1056 words)

	Manzanar Portraits 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		MANZANAR RINGO-EN All Manzanar photographs from the Ansel Adams Library of Congress Archives unless otherwise noted.
		Almost a third of the prisoners were Japanese citizens, resident aliens by definition of the U.S. immigration law.
		Describing Manzanar and the others as "concentration camps" conjures horrible images of the ovens of Dachau under the Nazis, or the Soviet Gulag in Siberia.
	www.owensvalleyhistory.com /manzanar1/page10.html (396 words)

	Manzanar - A Japanese American Internment Camp - WWII Photo Gallery by trip at pbase.com
		Manzanar is one of 10 Internment Camps housing American citizens of Japanese ancestry during World War II.
		On March 3, 1992, Manzanar National Historic Site was established as a unit of the National Park Service to preserve the camp remains.
		The irony is that the sign states that this 'Blue Star Highway' is "A tribute to the Armed Forces that have defended the United States of America", while adjacent to it so many American citizens were prisoners of their own country.
	www.pbase.com /trip/manzanar (390 words)

	Japanese-American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Japanese American internment raised questions about the rights of American citizens as embodied in the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
		Pretend that you are a Japanese American housed in one of the interment camps during WWII.
		The evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, or Nikkei, from the Pacific Coast in the early months of 1942 was the greatest mass movement in the history of Canada.
	www.42explore2.com /japanese.htm (1346 words)

	Masumi Hayashi Photography
		An additional componant to this art installation is a compilation of audiotaped interviews with internment camp suvivors.
		The "Canadian Concentration Camps" page shows some of Hayashi's work from her more recent travels to Japanese-Canadian Concentration Camp sites, and gives audiences a brief historical synopsis of the Canadian Government's reaction to its own population of Japanese immigrants during WWII.
		Internment camp statistical information is presented with the permission of the Japanese American National Museum and Brian Niiya, 1997.
	www.csuohio.edu /art_photos (611 words)

	Manzanar - America's Concentration Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The FBI and the military had been compiling lists of "potentially dangerous" Japanese Americans since 1932, but most were merely teachers, businessmen or journalists.
		When the internment of people of Japanese ancestry began in California in 1942, Lazo, who was of Mexican and Irish descent, decided to go with his Japanese-American friends to the Manzanar camp.
		He later explained, "These people hadn't done anything that I hadn't done except to go to Japanese language school." Lazo was subsequently drafted by the Army and was awarded a Bronze Star for heroism in combat.
	www.lm.liverpool.k12.ny.us /Whacked/Manzanar1/Manzanar.html (860 words)

	Report to the President: Japanese-American Internment Sites Preservation
		These lands were transferred to the War Relocation Authority (WRA) for internment purposes pursuant to Executive Order No. 9066.
		However, local individuals, Tule Lake Pilgrimage Committee, Japanese American Citizens League, Sacramento, and the staff of the State Historic Preservation Officer are interested in preservation and interpretation of the Center's remains.
		The State of California is considering the addition of a wayside rest area at Tule Lake.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/internment/reporta2.htm (1121 words)

	Houstons_Jeane_ca
		Even though she was born in the U.S. and she spoke only English, Jeanne was taken to Manzanar and treated as if she was a foreigner or an enemy of the United States.
		She was involved with many activities in the camp such as the Girls' Glee Club, talent shows, baton twirling, and school.
		The people of Japanese ancestry were cleared from the area because the navy thought it was too dangerous to have them so close to the Naval Station during the war.
	www.ncteamericancollection.org /litmap/houstons_jeane_ca.htm (950 words)

	Panelist, Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston - Crossing Borders - January 2004 Seminar
		She is the daughter of first and second-generation Japanese American parents.
		Jeanne and her family were detained at Manzanar, a Japanese internment camp, during World War II.
		After their release from the camp in 1945 Jeanne's brothers and sisters moved to the East Coast while Jeanne and her parents moved back to California.
	www.keywestliteraryseminar.org /crossingborders/p_houston.htm (305 words)

	Children of the Camps \| WWII INTERNMENT TIMELINE
		In it, the Japanese American community is portrayed as a "vast army of volunteer spies" and "blind worshippers of their Emperor, " as described in the film's voice-over prologue.
		It would later be reported, however, that upon their arrival to the camp, the men had been too ill to walk from the train station to the camp gate.
		Forty-three Japanese American soldiers are arrested for refusing to participate in combat training at Fort McClellan, Alabama, as a protest of treatment of their families in U.S. camps.
	www.children-of-the-camps.org /history/timeline.html (2147 words)

	Japanese Internment - First Interned Japanese Report to Manzanar -1942
		MANZANAR, Cal., March 24.—Alien Japanese and Japanese-Americans began working in their Owens Valley resettlement community today as a reception center for 60,000 Pacific Coast Japanese to be moved inland for the duration of the war.
		One hundred Japanese, who preceded the newcomers Saturday, had erected prefabricated houses and gave the evacuees a rousing welcome.
		Owens Valley residents, at first fearful and resentful of the economic and social implications of the concentration program, are becoming reconciled to the project and are co-operating to their utmost.
	www.sfmuseum.org /hist8/evac2.html (602 words)

	Concentration Camp or Summer Camp?
		Critics claim that the use of the term dishonors the victims of the Nazi death camps; supporters argue that the term is historically accurate, and point to the numerous academics, military officials, and even U.S. presidents who have preferred the term over the more euphemistic "internment camp" label.
		Her primary argument was that the camps were a "military necessity," a defense made during the war but later rejected by the national Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.
		Baker became infamous within the Japanese American community for her disruptive behavior at commission hearings on redress and the development of the Manzanar site, where she would often become verbally abusive and need to be restrained by security personnel.
	www.motherjones.com /news/feature/1998/09/ito.html (1689 words)

	Manzanar Internment Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		A fl spot in America's history, Manzanar was the result of rampant xenophobia and the signature of Franklin Delano Roosevelt on Executive Order 9066 on was February 19, 1942.
		By June 1, 1942, the War Relocation Authority took control of a hastily built Manzanar and 11,061 resident aliens and U.S. citizens were processed and incarcerated behind strands of barbed wire and eight guard posts.
		They are buried on the west side of Manzanar near the I REI TO (Soul Consoling Tower) Monument, which was crafted by master Japanese stone masons in August, 1943.
	www.cmdrmark.com /manzanar.html (476 words)

	Manzanar and Tanforan Assembly Center Photos - 1942 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		PowerPoint Presentations showing the evacuation of Japanese from San Francisco, the Tanforan Assembly Center and the Manzanar Relocation Center are available from the Museum.
		Also available are 20 views of the Manzanar Relocation Center in California's High Desert.
		These photographs include arrival at the camp, internees moving in, and general views of this desolate, dusty, inhumane, location.
	www.sfmuseum.org /hist8/ppoint.html (178 words)

	Manzanar National Historic Site (National Park Service)
		Manzanar War Relocation Center was one of ten camps at which Japanese American citizens and resident Japanese aliens were interned during World War II.
		Located at the foot of the imposing Sierra Nevada in eastern California's Owens Valley, Manzanar has been identified as the best preserved of these camps.
		You'll also find additional information about programs and projects at Manzanar National Historic Site, volunteer opportunities, educational resources, and much more about Manzanar's natural and cultural history.
	www.nps.gov /manz (133 words)

	Manzanar National Historic Site on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Manzanar was one of ten war relocation sites built by the U.S. government to hou
		Manzanar National Park Service superintendent Frank Hays stands over a model that shows what the Manzanar camp looked like in 1942.
		Photos of Japanese Americans that were issued tags that were required to be attached to their clothing and baggage during transportation to detention camps are on display at the Manzanar National Hist
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-M1anzanH1S1.asp (738 words)

	UWEC Geog188 Vogeler - Manzanar: Japanese Internment Camp
		Some of the Japanese Americans remained in the areas where they had been interned: visit a Japanese flower farm outside of Phoenix, AZ.
		Answers: the plaque on the gate house cites hysteria, racism, and economic exploitation of Japanese Americans, most of whom were born in the United States and therefore were citizens.
		The US constitution did not protect the Japanese Americans from the prejudice and power of the Presidency and Congress -- a lesson to be remembered for future events, such as fighting "terrorism."
	www.uwec.edu /geography/ivogeler/w188/j10.htm (141 words)

	U.S. Historical Chronology
		Japanese Americans at Manzanar - Grades 6-12 - Ansel Adams' images of the Manzanar Japanese internment camp are haunting for both their subject matter and their artistic qualities.
		Japanese American Relocation - Grades 6-12 - This digital archive from the University of California offers narrative and images describing the forced internment of Americans of Japanese descent during World War II.
		Japanese Americans and the Constitution - Grades 6-12 - The Smithsonian presents this nicely-designed site describing the internment and discrimination against Japanese Americans during World War II.
	www.teachersfirst.com /ushistory/worldwar2.htm (1840 words)

	Manzanar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The Manzanar Relocation Center, established as the Owens Valley Reception Center, was first run by the U.S. Army's Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).
		The center was located at the former farm and orchard community of Manzanar.
		By mid April, up to 1,000 Japanese Americans were arriving at Manzanar a day and by mid May Manzanar had a population of over 7,000.
	www.manzanar.com /information.php (241 words)

	Amazon.com: Farewell to Manzanar: A True Story of Japanese American Experience During and After the World War II ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		It is particularly intriguing to watch how the internment camp evolved into "a world unto itself, with its own logic"--a "desert ghetto." During the course of the book the authors discuss many important topics: religion, education, anti-Asian bigotry, the impact of the Pearl Harbor attack, the military service of Japanese-Americans during the war, and more.
		Houston shows the way the Japanese make Manzanar their home instead of a prison, how her father is returned to his family, how a school is set up, and how she learns to twirl a baton.
		The internment camp pulls her family apart, and the rages of her father don't seem to help the wounds that her family has suffered.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0553272586?v=glance (2471 words)

	Relocation Camp Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Topaz internment camp opened on September 11, 1942 and is located in Millard County, Utah, 140 miles south...
		The single internment camp located in Utah was at Topaz, Utah, sixteen...
		Japanese Relocation Photographs (P0144) Tule Lake, in northern California, was one of the most infamous of the internment camps.
	www.relocation-specialist.org /directory/relocation-camp.html (618 words)

	UWEC Geog188 Vogeler - Japanese Internment Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		With the Oriental Exclusion Proclamation (1907) the U.S. government limited Japanese immigration.
		Japanese immigrants were concentrated in a few cities on the West Coast and worked largely in a only a couple of industries: fishing and intensive irrigation agriculture.
		A mall stands on the former site of a racetrack where, in 1942, some 7,800 Bay Area people of Japanese descent were imprisoned by the U.S. government as potential saboteurs.
	www.uwec.edu /Geography/Ivogeler/w188/j1.htm (347 words)

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