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Topic: Manzanar War Relocation Center

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	Manzanar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manzanar National Historic Site (formerly the Manzanar War Relocation Center) was a Japanese American internment camp (concentration camp) during World War II that operated in the Owens Valley, between the towns of Lone Pine, California on the south, and Independence, California on the north.
		Manzanar (which means "apple orchard" in Spanish) is the best-known of the ten camps in which Japanese Americans, both citizens (including natural-born Americans) and resident aliens, were imprisoned during World War II.
		Farm workers at Manzanar War Relocation Center with Mt. Williamson in the background.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manzanar (1001 words)

	Manzanar National Historic Site--Featured in the National Register's Celebrate Asian-Pacific Heritage Month Feature - ...
		Manzanar War Relocation Center was one of 10 camps at which Japanese-American citizens and resident Japanese aliens were interned during World War II.
		Manzanar was the site of one of the most serious civil disturbances to occur at the relocation centers, the "Manzanar Riot" or "Manzanar Revolt." The revolt erupted in December 1942 following months of tension and gang activity between Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) supporters of the administration and a large group of Issei and Kibei.
		During World War II the relocation was justified as a "military necessity." However, some 40 years later, the United States government conceded that the relocation was based on racial bias rather than on any true threat to national security.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/feature/asia/2004/park.htm (1087 words)

	Manzanar Relocation Camp
		Manzanar began as a Wartime Civil Control Administration administered "Assembly Center", and opened on March 22, 1942; it came under War Relocation Authority jurisdiction on June 1, 1942.
		History: Manzanar was probably the most closely guarded of all the camps, due in part to its origin as a WCCA camp, to its location within the Western Defense Command's restricted zone, and the extreme hostility of the local population.
		Manzanar was a relatively turbulent center; the Manzanar Incident of December 1942 exposed deep rifts within the poplulation.
	www.csuohio.edu /art_photos/manzanar/manzanar.html (405 words)

	Manzanar
		Manzanar, which means "apple orchard" in Spanish, was a farming community founded in 1910 but abandoned when the city of Los Angeles purchased the land for water rights in the late 1920s.
		Center Director Ralph Merritt attempted to talk with the agitated crowd and subsequently agreed to bring Ueno back to the relocation center jail to avoid further violence or bloodshed.
		Manzanar was the sixth relocation center to close, and by December 1946, it was completely dismantled except for a few buildings in the administration and staff housing area.
	www.javadc.org /manzanar.htm (2189 words)

	War Relocation Authority - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946.
		The WRA was responsible for ten relocation centers, most located on the West Coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_Relocation_Authority (148 words)

	Manzanar - America's Concentration Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Though there was no evidence of a single case of Japanese-American espionage throughout the war, FBI agents on the afternoon of Dec. 7 began to detain suspected "subversives." They swooped down on a Los Angeles baseball field, for example, to apprehend members of a team called the L.A. Nippons.
		Manzanar barracks measured 120 x 20 feet and were dividied into six one-room apartments, ranging in size from 320 to 480 square feet.
		In the unfinished, tar-papered dormitories where they were to live until end of the war, they made their beds on mattress ticking filled with straw.
	www.lm.liverpool.k12.ny.us /Whacked/Manzanar1/Manzanar.html (860 words)

	Manzanar Relocation Center
		This order authorized the Secretary of War or other military leaders designated by him to declare areas of the US to be under military control and from which any or all persons could be excluded or their movements restricted.
		The prominence of Manzanar is due to several factors: it was the first of the relocation centers to be opened and among the last to be closed.
		Manzanar also boasted the longest-running newspaper of any relocation center, the Manzanar Free Press which was both the first (April 11, 1942) to be established and the last to cease publication (September 1, 1945).
	www.michaeldale.com /history/manzanar (1675 words)

	Manzanar
		Manzanar was the first of ten relocation centers built for Japanese Americans excluded from the West Coast by Executive Order 9066 in early 1942.
		The relocation center’s perimeter fence and the cemetery fence have been reconstructed, and efforts to restore and maintain the historic orchard that dates back to 1910 are progressing.
		A building similar to an original relocation camp barrack has been moved on the site, west of the Interpretive Center, and is being restored as part of a “demonstration block.” A sample of Manzanar’s wartime appearance will eventually be reconstructed with elements of one entire block.
	www.independence-ca.com /manzanar.shtml (929 words)

	History
		The War Relocation Authority took control of Manzanar on June 1, 1942 and operated the camp until it closed in November 1945.
		The surgical and nursing team developed at the Manzanar Hospital became the training center for nurses whose study was interrupted by the evacuation.
		The Manzanar Committee, which has sponsored the pilgrimage for 35 years, is an all-volunteer committee, incorporated under the laws of the State of California as a non-profit educational organization.
	www.manzanarcommittee.org /manzhistory.html (803 words)

	Historic California Posts: Manzanar Relocation Center
		Accordingly, on 18 March 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) was established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President and liaison was created between the WCCA and the WRA.
		On 17 April 1942, a formal agreement was executed in which the relocation centers would be acquired and constructed by the Army while the centers themselves would be administered by the WRA.
		Based on this agreement, the Manzanar Reception Center was formally transferred to the War Relocation Authority on 1 June 1942.
	www.militarymuseum.org /Manzanar.html (1280 words)

	A Hotlist on Internment Camps
		Manzanar - America's Concentration Camp - A camp where Americans of Japanese descent were interned during the war because of rampant anti-Japanese fears in the United States during World War Two.
		Manzanar - California Ghost Town - For five years after the war until the early 1950's Manzanar remained as a community until the Japanese Americans living there returned to the cities of their residence prior to the war.
		Manzanar - Manzanar is the best-preserved Japanese internment camp.
	www.kn.sbc.com /wired/fil/pages/listinternmelm.html (1744 words)

	Nisei Adventures at Manzanar WRA and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Today, many decades later, Manzanar is but a memory to us who shared the hopes and dreams of the better days to come.
		MANZANAR, THE PHANTOM CITY- Manzanar, once a bustling community of ten thousand, is now a ghost town filled with secrets and memories that no one can ever unveil.
		FROM MANZANAR TO SKID ROW- Adjusting to the new environment of Los Angeles’ Skid Row creates another set of challenges for the author.
	www.niseiworld.com (422 words)

	Manzanar - Reassembling the Internment Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Manzanar, Calif. - A piece of Manzanar came home this week, trucked down U.S. 395 past the snowy teeth of the Eastern Sierra to the empty flats on which it once stood.
		The Manzanar War Relocation Center,as it was called, was dismanteled after World War II, its 800 woodden buildings between Independence and Lone Pine taken apart or carted away for use by churches and local towns.
		Manzanar in the early 1900s, when it was promoted as an orchardman's paradise.
	www.owensvalleyhistory.com /manzanar6/page17c.html (1455 words)

	Ansel Adams' Manzanar War Relocation Center Photographs (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)
		In 1943, Ansel Adams (1902-1984) photographed the Manzanar War Relocation Center at the suggestion of its director, his good friend and fellow Sierra Club member, Ralph Merritt.
		Adams wanted to contribute to the war effort while at the same time show the loyalty of the Japanese-Americans interned at Manzanar, located in Inyo County, California, approximately 200 miles northeast of Los Angeles.
		Born Free and Equal, photographs of the loyal Japanese-Americans at Manzanar relocation center, Inyo county, California
	www.loc.gov /rr/print/coll/109_anse.html (801 words)

	Manzanar - Camp
		Manzanar was situated on 6,000 acres of land.
		The Manzanar camp was originally established by the U.S. Army as a reception center and managed by the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA) as the Owens Valley Reception Canter.
		Manzanar quickly became very self-sufficient in producing vegetables, meat, and poultry products due to the agriculturally developed lands located outside of the evacuees living areas.
	home.sandiego.edu /~dimon/camp.html (250 words)

	washingtonpost.com: New Museum Revives Painful Memories for Internees
		An April 26 article about the opening of a museum at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in California said that the Veterans of Foreign Wars provided a color guard for the ceremony.
		Camp survivors march to the Manzanar cemetery and pay their respects to those who died at the camp and those who have passed on.
		The official government Web site calls it a "war relocation center." But a California historical plaque at the camp's entrance refers to the site and the other internment facilities as "concentration camps," a term that evokes images of Nazi death camps.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A41897-2004Apr25?language=printer (1232 words)

	The Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Of these 120,313: 54,127 returned to the West Coast after their incarceration; 52,798 relocated to the interior; 4724 moved (or were moved) to Japan; 3121 were sent to INS internment camps; 2355 joined the armed forces; 1862 died during imprisonment; 1322 were sent to institutions; and 4 were classified as "unauthorized departures."
		Before it was leased from the City of Los Angeles, Manzanar used to be ranch and farm land until it reverted to desert conditions.
		Manzanar was transfered from the WCCA to WRA on June 1, 1942, and converted into a "relocation camp."
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/camps.html (952 words)

	Manzanar, My Personal Experience
		Manzanar War Relocation Center was one of ten camps at which Japanese-American citizens were
		Manzanar had a population of approximately 10,000 people.
		The cemetery is toward the end of the Manzanar tour.
	hometown.aol.com /wkkkato/myhomepage/index.html (579 words)

	Bringing History Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Evacuees are transported later to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration, 1942.
		Barracks interior at assembly center where persons of Japanese ancestry lived temporarily after evacuation from the west coast in the spring of 1942, 1942.
		Evacuees are transferred to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration, 1942.
	www.bringinghistoryhome.org /views/g5WWIIAct8.html (1151 words)

	Ansel Adams’s Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar - About This Collection - (American Memory from ...
		The original prints and the original negatives are displayed side by side (with the print on the left and the negative on the right), allowing viewers to see Adams's darkroom technique and in particular how he cropped his prints.
		Angered by this event, Adams leapt at an opportunity to photograph Japanese-American internees at the Manzanar War Relocation Center, which was run by his friend and fellow Sierra Club member Ralph Merritt.
		During the fall of 1943, Adams took photographs at the Manzanar War Relocation Center, which was located at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada mountains, approximately two hundred miles northeast of Los Angeles in Inyo County, California.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/collections/anseladams/aamabout.html (990 words)

	The War Relocation Camps of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger than Justice
		Many political leaders, army officers, newspaper reporters, and ordinary people came to believe that everyone of Japanese ancestry, including American citizens born in the United States, needed to be removed from the West Coast.
		The temporary, tar paper-covered barracks, the guard towers, and most of the barbed-wire fences are gone now, but the people who spent years of their lives in the centers will never forget them.
		This lesson is based on the Manzanar War Relocation Center and the Rowher Relocation Center Memorial Cemetery, two of the thousands of properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/89manzanar/89manzanar.htm (233 words)

	VRMAG - MANZANAR WAR RELOCATION CENTER
		When the war was over, they were each given 20 bucks and said to go home, but by then they had nowhere to go.
		The National Park Service saw our VR work of Manzanar and was interested in acquiring the project for their site and education programs.
		It's important to know that Manzanar happened, and can happen when fear is in the air, such as is now seen in the media today.
	vrm.vrway.com /issue10/MANZANAR_WAR_RELOCATION_CENTER.html (458 words)

	Gallery of the Open Frontier Site Map / Subject Headings Beginning with "J"
		Jim Morikawa sprinkling to settle the dust at this War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry.
		Jim Morikawa sprinkling in an attempt to settle the dust at this War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry.
		Picture of relief map showing location of Manzanar, War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry, in Owens Valley, California, which is flanked in background by the High Sierras and in foreground by Mount Whitney, loftiest peak in the United States.
	gallery.unl.edu /Sitemap_Images_J7.html (3013 words)

	The War Relocation Authority and The Incarceration of Japanese-Americans During World War II: Photographs
		Construction begins at Manzanar, now a War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry, in Owens Valley, flanked by the High Sierras and Mount Whitney, loftiest peak in the United States, April 2, 1942.
		In the doorway of her barrack apartment at this War Relocation Authority center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry, April 4, 1942.
		Dust storm at this War Relocation Authority center where evacuees of Japanese ancestry are spending the duration, July 3, 1942.
	www.trumanlibrary.org /whistlestop/study_collections/japanese_internment/japan_internmentphotos.htm (406 words)

	Stock Photography, Photos, Pictures, the Manzanar War Relocation Center, Photos, Images by Wernher Krutein
		In the early part of World War II, 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry were interned in relocation centers by the shameful Executive Order No. 9066, issued on February 19, 1942.
		Manzanar, the first of these concentration camps, was bounded by barbed wire and guard towers, imprisoning 10,000 persons, the majority being american citizens.
		In the unfinished, tar-papered dormitories where they were to live until the end of the war, they made their beds on mattress's filled with straw.
	www.photovault.com /Link/Cities/Southern/California/Cities/Manzanar.html (875 words)

	Manzanar Internment Camp
		A fl spot in America's history, Manzanar was the result of rampant xenophobia and the signature of Franklin Delano Roosevelt on Executive Order 9066 on was February 19, 1942.
		By June 1, 1942, the War Relocation Authority took control of a hastily built Manzanar and 11,061 resident aliens and U.S. citizens were processed and incarcerated behind strands of barbed wire and eight guard posts.
		They are buried on the west side of Manzanar near the I REI TO (Soul Consoling Tower) Monument, which was crafted by master Japanese stone masons in August, 1943.
	www.cmdrmark.com /manzanar.html (476 words)

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