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	manzhouguo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Manchukuo (満州国; Pinyin: Manzhouguo, literally: "Nation of Manchuria") was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Japanese in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945.
		The Japanese instated Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty, as the puppet emperor of Manzhouguo and declared the country independent from China on February 18, 1932.
		The state was not recognized by most of the nations of the world, and the declaration of the League of Nations that the Manchuria was still rightly part of China led to the Japanese resignation from the League in 1934.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Manzhouguo.html (435 words)

	People's Socialist Democratic Republic of Manzhouguo Japan Alternate History
		The government recognized the independence of Manzhouguo (former Manchukuo minus Jehol province), Outer Mongolia and Sinkiang, promptly annexed by the Soviet Union.
		Due to this plans, Manzhouguo asked the USSR to actively financed the economic development of the country, and as a result, it had became extremely dependent of Soviet economic assistance and technical advice.
		In addition, the active part played by Manzhouguo’s embassy officials in fomenting Communist revolution resulted in their 1965 expulsion from Indonesia, where the large Chinese overseas population had to absorb the full impact of Harbin's unpopularity, suffering enormous loss of life and property.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/manzhouguo.htm (1318 words)

	1935, Jan. 15-18. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		At a conference held in the town of Zunyi (Guizhou province), blame for the defeats leading to the Long March was laid upon the shoulders of Mao's opponents in the CCP leadership, and Mao's position was subsequently strengthened.
		The Japanese army extracted the He-Umezu Accord for withdrawal from Hebei of troops objectionable to the Japanese.
		The continuing excessive cost of the occupation of Manzhouguo, in which bandits and irregular guerrillas prevented any durable pacification, led the Japanese army to attempt to force, without actual invasion, the formation of a local puppet Chinese government willing to afford Japan opportunities for the exploitation of resources and markets in north China.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2476.html (361 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		Professor Xie argued that the political system in Manzhouguo could be described as a dual structure, in which the government was controlled by the Japanese but relied on Chinese collaborators.
		He argued that Manzhouguo’s government had a considerable influence on the Chinese people but that the government could not sufficiently penetrate and influence the populace in directions it wanted.
		He maintained that resistance was low among the thirteen million so-called Manzhouguo citizens, and that the majority engaged in commerce even more than in the previous era and, as a result, both felt they had a better life and actually did have a better life.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session4.htm (1874 words)

	1931-32. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		An agreement (May 5) was reached establishing a demilitarized zone about the settlement and the termination of the boycott.
		INDEPENDENCE FOR MANZHOUGUO (Manchukuo, the “Manchu state,” Manchuria) was proclaimed; it consisted of the former three eastern provinces and Rehe (Jehol), with a capital at Xinjing (“new capital”;), formerly Changchun.
		A protocol established a close protectorate of Japan over Manzhouguo.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2473.html (408 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		He discussed the planning and implementation of labor export to Manzhouguo and Japan, as well as its impact on the economy of North China.
		One reason, he said, that it became more difficult after 1943 for labor to migrate was that Manzhouguo, puppet or not, was a state that required passports and visits.
		With the establishment of Manzhouguo in 1933, they decided after heated discussion that security would be most important, that they would have to suppress communist activities and would have to restrict Han migration.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session5.htm (2823 words)

	1996 AAS Abstracts: Interarea, Library, Teaching Session 66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Duara explores the impact of the Japanese appropriation of modern Confucian movements in Manzhouguo on middle-class Chinese women.
		In their attempt to realize a new conception of civilization combining elements of East and West, Japanese policy-makers in Manzhouguo spotlighted and sought to co-opt a broad middle-class movement that had been sweeping China since the 1910s.
		Japanese authorities in Manzhouguo tapped the discursive elements within this movement which bore some affinities to its doctrine of the "kingly way" to create both a sphere of civic organizational life as well as an ideological representation with which personal identities could be sutured.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1996abst/inter/i66.htm (1199 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		The government’s collapse made a deep impression on Lu, and when Prince De was released from prison, Lu approached him and asked to read his memoirs.
		First, Spence mentioned the parallel between Manzhouguo and the role of the Kwantung Army there and the dramatic conflicts between Prince De and the Japanese officers in Mengjiang.
		Kanji Ishihara himself went to Manzhouguo, gathered the staff and Itagaki, and asked them to stop the planned operation.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session9.htm (3188 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		Later, when working with the Tianjin archives to publish the archives of the National Government, she came across the actual statistics of the millions of people being sent to puppet regimes in Mongolia and Manchuria.
		Before 1941, because of war and because of natural disasters, demand for labor in North China was low, and the Japanese need for it was concentrated in Manzhouguo.
		Goto Shinpei tried to do the same thing in Manzhouguo and the Mantetsu had a large budget, but unfortunately the Mantetsu research group became an intelligence group and they did little serious work.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm (3791 words)

	Diplomacy Japan Alternate History
		Unlike Manzhouguo, Mongolia ceased entirely its anti-Japanese rhetoric in the 1950s, and therefore, it was much easier to resume bilateral relations.
		In recent years, the main features of the new regime are their loyalty to the principles of the “Second Russian Revolution”, the determination to regain control over the entire Soviet Union and their sinophobia.
		Besides Japan, only Mongolia and Manzhouguo keeps pro-Soviet forces in Soviet territory in behalf of the central government, and Japan is pressing Taiwan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Iran to do the same.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/diplomacy.htm (4071 words)

	Manzhouguo Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Looking For manzhouguo - Find manzhouguo and more at Lycos Search.
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		After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Japan declared the area independent from China on February 18, 1932 as the Great Manchu State (Manchukuo, in pinyin, 'Manzhouguo').
	www.merica.com /encyclopedia/Manzhouguo (1670 words)

	China Far East Railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		After 1924 the USSR and China administered the Northern CER jointly, while Japan maintained conrol of the southern spurline, one of its spoils of the Russo-Japanese War, a large part of which consisted of fighting for control of this line.
		In 1935 the USSR had to sell all its rights in the CER to the Manzhouguo government.
		In 1945, after the Soviet Army had occupied Harbin, the Soviets sent to labor camps all those Russian Harbinites whom they identified as White Guardists or who had collaborated with the Japanese authorities.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/China-Far-East-Railway.htm (663 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The province fell to the Japanese after their predictable victory, therefore areas to the west of Beijing were under Japanese control.
		In 1933, Japan annexed Rehe using the security of Manzhouguo as a pretext.
		Consequently all areas north of the Great Wall and hence north of Beijing fell to Japan.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge (1864 words)

	The Feminist Knowledge Network
		Yang Xu’s (1918-) second volume of collected works, My Diary (Wo de riji) (1944), articulates the key themes that prevailed in Chinese women’s literature in the Japanese colonial state of Manzhouguo.
		In Manzhouguo, literature was a vital domain for the negotiation of Chinese cultural identities in a Japanese colonial context.
		This paper seeks to reveal how Yang Xu, like other contemporary Chinese women writers in Manzhouguo, was driven by the May Fourth ideals of women’s emancipation that dominated social discourse in the Republic of China during the 1920s to defy the conservative cultural aspirations of the Japanese colonial regime.
	www.mun.ca /fkn/Journals/ajws/ajwsabs.htm (896 words)

	Staff Research Interests - Faculty of Arts at The University of Auckland, New Zealand
		He has recently published several articles on Abu Bakar Ba'asyir, the cleric accused of heading Jemaah Islamiyah, a radical Islamist group that is widely considered to have been behind the bombings.
		Dr Richard Phillips researches on the history of China in the Republican period (1912-1949), with a particular focus on those areas of China which were occupied by Japanese forces between 1931 and 1945, including the nominally independent Manzhouguo (Manchukuo).
		Through the use of Chinese and Japanese source materials, he seeks to investigate the experiences of the Chinese within these occupied areas and the expectations of the Japanese as they strove to expand and consolidate their Asian holdings.
	www.arts.auckland.ac.nz /departments/index.cfm?P=1894 (1884 words)

	Working Papers-Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime
		Wang was certainly not the only person in twentieth-century Chinese history to fight for correct symbols to establish political legitimacy.
		In October 1933, when Aixinjueluo Puyi, the last Manchu emperor and the Regent of Manzhouguo, was officially informed by the Japanese that he would soon be enthroned, the very first thought to strike his mind, according to his memoirs, was the imperial dragon robe of his ancestors.
		Ordered to ascend the throne in Western-style military uniform in March 1934, Puyi, like Wang on the national flag issue some six years later, exhausted all resources to argue against the Japanese decision.
	www.indiana.edu /~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_6a_sloga.htm (8315 words)

	Lytton Report
		Before the report became available, the situation had changed dramatically.
		In February, the new state of Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) had been established in Manchuria, which was headed by a puppet regime loyal to Japanese commercial and military leaders.
		Japan was clearly displeased with the Lytton Report and announced on May 27, 1933, that it was providing the required two-year notice for withdrawal from the League of Nations.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1506.html (362 words)

	Discussions, Comments China the Beautiful -November 1999
		One is just before the fall of Qing dynasty, the eunichs stole a lot of the collections and set a fire in the Forbidden City to cover up (this was mentioned in the movie "Last Emperor").
		The second time was during Pu Yi's reign as the puppet administration Manzhouguo in Changchun.
		He stole 1200 items of calligraphy and paintings.
	www.chinapage.com /archive/guestread-99-11.html (15322 words)

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