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Topic: Mapudungun language

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	Scientists at CMU join forces to create a program to preserve vanishing languages
		Mapudungun and Inupiaq are just two examples of the thousands of languages considered endangered; the Worldwatch Institute last year estimated that 50 percent to 90 percent of the world's 6,800 languages might disappear by the end of the century.
		Knowing the language of your ancestors provides a feeling of satisfaction and self-worth, she said, that is reflected in other school work.
		The Inupiaq language is attuned to the Arctic environment, where little distinction is made in the winter between the frozen, snow-covered sea and the flat, featureless, snow-covered land.
	www.post-gazette.com /healthscience/20020114language0114p2.asp (1201 words)

	Sorting It All Out : Mapudungun is not a map to a dungeon
		Mapudungun is an Amerind language spoken by about 250,000 people in the central valley of Chile and another 100,000 in the Argentinean region of Patagonia.
		Mapudungun features an interesting grammar in which animate nouns are distinguished from inanimate ones, there is not only singular and plural but also a dual (so there is, for example, I, the two of us and we) and an extremely rich scheme of verb conjugation.
		Mapudungun is the second Windows XP LIP for South America and the fifth one based on Spanish as a base language (the others being Basque, Catalan, Galician and Quechua)
	blogs.msdn.com /michkap/archive/2006/10/31/904805.aspx (803 words)

	The Mapuche Language
		The Mapuche call their language Mapudungun (or Mapudungu), which is composed of "mapu" (land) and "dungun" (speech).
		The language was first written down by missionaries, and the orthographic systems they used were adaptations from European languages, and varied from author to author.
		The verb in Mapudungun is one of the interesting parts of the language, and where it differs the most from English or Spanish.
	www.xs4all.nl /~rehue/lang/lan002.html (1055 words)

	Canku Ota - January 26, 2002 - Scientists at CMU Join Forces to Create a Program to Preserve Vanishing Languages
		As languages are lost, cultures lose touch with the knowledge and wisdom of their ancestors.
		Knowing the language of your ancestors provides a feeling of satisfaction and self-worth, she said, that is reflected in other school work.
		The study of language, she explained, can be seen as a cognitive science, providing insights into how the brain functions.
	www.cankuota.org /Issues02/Co01262002/CO_01262002_Vanishing_Languages.htm (1295 words)

	The Ultimate Huillice - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Huillice is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile.
		It is spoken in mountain valleys in an area south of the Mapuche and on Chiloé Island.
		Mapudungun, the language of the Mapuche, is closely related.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Huillice (62 words)

	Mapudungun language resources
		Treuquil co-directed the series, which is bilingual, in Mapudungun, the language of the Mapuche, and Spanish.
		Mapudungun Mapudungun is spoken by more than 440,000 people: 400,000 in Chile, more than 40,000 in Argentina.
		Mapudungun (mapu means 'earth' and dungun means 'to speak') is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is 'earth' and che means 'people') people.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Mapudungun.html (1029 words)

	Mapudungun: Villa Pehuenia, Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
		The distinctive characteristic of mapuche people is that their written language didn't exist, in spite of having been expanded to both sides of the mountain range and of having a great wealth according to the specialists.
		The importance of this capacity of oratorical is exemplified with this habit: at 16 years children should give an oratorical test in front of cacique to enter in the adulthood.
		Also the word qülmen with which the araucanos name their bosses means "the one that speaks well." To dominate the oratorical one was necessary condition to have leadership and power to be cacique as well as it could be an excluding factor.
	www.villapehuenia.org /history/mapudungun.htm (1123 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Mapudungun language
		Mapudungun has six vowel phonemes:, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ and a high central unrounded vowel, /ɨ/.
		The last sound is spelled ü or v depending on the alphabet used, and is pronounced as a schwa /ə/ when unstressed.
		Mapudungun doesn't distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Mapudungun_language (432 words)

	GeoNative - Chile - Kawesqar - Mapudungun
		Orri honetan, Txileko hizkuntza indiar hauek: Kawésqar eta Mapudungun.
		Hizkuntzari "Mapudungun", esaten zaio.Gure zerrendan Txileko izenak ditugu, denak jatorriz etimologikoki Mapudungunetik eratorriak.
		Their language is called "Mapudungun", and is composed of "mapu" and "dungun", which means "talk", or "speech".
	www.geocities.com /geonative/chile.html (389 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mapuche (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Their influence extended between the river Aconcagua and the Argentinian pampa: the Picunches lived in the central valleys of Chile (they integrated with the Incan Empire and then with the Spaniards), the Mapuches inhabited the Valleys between the Itata and Toltén Rivers, the Huilliches, the Lafkenches, and the Pehuenches.
		In recent years, there has been an attempt by the Chilean government to reddress some of the inequities of the past, by, for example, validating the Mapudungun language and culture by including them in the curriculum of elementary schools around Temuco.
		Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and to a smaller extent in Argentina.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mapuche (458 words)

	Mapudungun Translation - Translate Mapudungun Language Translator
		Whether your Mapudungun translation need is small or large, Translation Services USA is always there to assist you with your translation needs.
		Our Mapudungun translation team has many experienced document translators who specialize in translating many different types of documents including birth and death certificates, marriage certificates and divorce decrees, diplomas and transcripts, and any other Mapudungun document you may need translated.
		Mapudungun (mapu means 'earth' and dungun means 'to speak') (also Mapuche, Araucanian, (Araucano in Spanish),) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is 'earth' and che means 'people') people.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/mapudungun.shtml (486 words)

	Mapudungun.cl
		Mapudungun es la lengua hablada por los Mapuches.
		Mapudungun está compuesta por Mapu (tierra) y Dungun (habla).
		En Mapudungun existen diferentes pronombres y terminaciones para los verbos, dependiendo si se está haciendo referencia a una, dos o tres o más personas.
	www.mapudungun.cl (439 words)

	Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mary Bucholtz (Language and Gender) is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
		Her teaching areas are Japanese language, linguistics, and pedagogy; and her research areas are pragmatics/discourse analysis and the teaching and learning of Japanese as a foreign language.
		She has also conducted research on syntactic changes in the native language resulting from long-term exposure to a second language; the syntax-semantics interface and variation in syntax; and the psychology of linguistic intuitions and the development of techniques for eliciting linguistic judgments in experimental linguistic research.
	lsa2003.lin.msu.edu /faculty1.html (11359 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ARU
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		It has been superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005).
		The language is called 'Mapudungun'; the people 'Mapuche.' SVO.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=ARU (90 words)

	Chile - International Dreamwork
		Facially, of Oriental character, they speak a rather compressed language, mapudungun, and their clothes and ornaments are similar to those of the inhabitants of the Tibetan lands.
		The difference is that they share a common language, along a vast territory.
		The first work on the grammar of the mapudungun language, done by a Jesuit priest, was published only in 1606.
	dreamtalk.hypermart.net /international/chile_english.htm (1203 words)

	fz Other work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I devoted some years to the study of a number of languages that showed transitivity inversion, as well as of a number of theoretical approaches that attempted to cope with this and related phenomena.
		Although their culture has been influenced by the dominant European culture that arrived at their land in the 16th century and eventually seemed to subjugate them in the late 19th century, at the outset of the third millennium many of their customs, beliefs and traditions are still alive.
		I worked fairly closely with one of the few language and culture revitalization programs in Santiago, and was able to benefit from the expertise of two of their teachers, Clarita Antinao and Arturo Lincopi.
	www.uni-leipzig.de /~zuniga/wp.html (253 words)

	The Ultimate Araucanian languages - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The Araucanian languages are an indigenous language family of central Chile and west central Argentina in South America.
		The most widely spoken is Mapudungun, the language of the Mapuche people.
		Huillice (or Huilliche) has several thousand speakers, most of whom speak Spanish as a first language, south of the Mapuche in Chile's Valdivian Coastal Range and on Chiloé Island.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Araucanian_languages (96 words)

	Chile, U.S. working on program to translate Indian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The program is part of a project that aims to develop instantaneous translation systems for the indigenous languages of the Americas.
		Mapudungun and Alaska's Inupiak are the first languages addressed by project developers, who hope to start work on Peru's Quechua and Colombia's Siona.
		Researcher Eliseo Canulef of the Universidad de la Frontera at Temuco is working on transcribing oral accounts from the Mapudungun language, which has few written texts.
	www.mapuche.nl /english/01nov21_2.htm (198 words)

	Latin America - GrokPedia Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The United States and Canada, whose main language is English and therefore do not belong to Latin America, may be grouped under the term Anglo-America.
		There are many languages historically and currently spoken in Latin America: Aymara, Creole/Patois, Guarani, Mapudungun, Mayan, Nahuatl, Portuguese, Quechua, Spanish, Sranan, and many others.
		Culture mixes are not only about the languages and religions, but also about the dance and music of Latin America as well.
	www.grokpedia.com /en/l/la/Latin_America.htm (531 words)

	Mapudungun — (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) is an international partnership of institutions and individuals who are creating a worldwide virtual library of language resources.
		The LINGUIST List is dedicated to providing information on language and language analysis, and to providing the discipline of linguistics with the infrastructure necessary to function in the digital world.
		Its purpose is to create and distribute a free international encyclopedia in as many languages as possible.
	www.rosettaproject.org /archive/arn (174 words)

	Mapudungun Bibles
		Mapudungun is one of the languages of Chile (Latin America).
		You can purchase the Mapudungun New Testament on audio cassette from Faith Comes By Hearing.
		For information on the availability of the Mapudungun Bible in print, please contact the Bible Society in Chile.
	www.ethnicharvest.org /bibles/mapudungun.htm (106 words)

	SIM People Group Profile: Mapuche
		The Mapuche Indians are one of three surviving tribes of the ancient Araucanian linguistic group of Indians who lived in Chile and Argentina before the Incas or the Spaniards arrived.
		Radio broadcasts are being made in the Mapudungun language as well as in Spanish.
		The Jesus film is also available in the language of the Mapuche, and seems to be an effective outreach tool.
	www.sim.org /PG.asp?pgid=19&fun=2 (618 words)

	Shadows in the big city
		In the Mapudungun language, “mapuche” means “people of the earth.” Until Chile gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century, the Mapuches lived in a 100,000 square kilometre region in south-central Chile—an area as big as Portugal.
		At home they speak Mapudungun, but most schools only teach Spanish and foreign languages, which means Mapuche children have a harder time absorbing the mainstream culture.
		As a result, more and more parents are deciding not to teach them the Mapuche language in the hope that they will speak better Spanish—a kind of linguistic demolition aimed at achieving a sense of ethnic belonging.
	www.unesco.org /courier/2001_09/uk/doss11.htm (1624 words)

	[No title]
		AND The Interaction Between Discourse and Verbal Form in Mapudungun Jennifer Arnold Stanford Linguistics Mapudungun, a language spoken in the south of Chile and Argentina, exhibits a morphological system known as an Inverse voice marking system.
		This paper investigates the criteria that the language uses in order to determine the relative ranking of two third person arguments in a transitive verb, by analyzing texts in Mapudungun.
		Constraints on participant ranking in this language work similarly to constraints on pronominalization and related processes in English, in that the strongest candidate for pronominalization (or relative importance) is that element which is the focus of attention of the discourse.
	mambo.ucsc.edu /psl/cslisem/199502/19950215.html (3182 words)

	ISO 639-2 Language Code List - Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)
		Note: ISO 639-2 is the alpha-3 code in Codes for the representation of names of languages-- Part 2.
		There are 22 languages that have alternative codes for bibliographic or terminology purposes.
		Multiple codes assigned to the same language are to be considered synonyms.
	www.loc.gov /standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php (179 words)

	Glosario (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Además, el hecho de que no haya un registro de las diferencias en las palabras y pronunciación del mapudungun y de que muchos diccionarios presentan sus entradas como si éstas correspondieran a toda la lengua, complica la búsqueda de los significados.
		Debido a las divisiones territoriales y el aislamiento, las formas de hablar de las comunidades mapuche se han ido diferenciando, especialmente en lo que tiene relación con la pronunciación de algunas palabras.
		Es necesario recordar que el mapudungun (la lengua del pueblo mapuche) es una lengua oral, que no tiene hasta el momento una escritura regularizada, a pesar de los esfuerzos que se han realizado y a pesar de que existen evidencias de formas de escritura antiguas.
	www.williche.cl /glosario.html (529 words)

	INSIDE Chico State: Spirits of the Water
		Foreign languages and literature professors Maria Gonzalez, Kristyna Demaree, and Pilar Rubio brought Mapuche poet Elicura Chihuailaf Nahuelpan to Chico.
		It even penetrates language barriers, as he proved during a recent interview conducted in English and Spanish and translated by foreign languages and literature professor Kristyna Demaree.
		Nahuelpan has published three volumes of poetry, which have been translated into Spanish from his native Mapudungun, the language of Chile's indigenous Mapuche people, and will publish another volume this January in Spain.
	www.csuchico.edu /pub/inside/archive/02_11_07/06_spirits.html (637 words)

	Nuestro.cl /Mapuche dictionary
		Even 16-years-old teenagers had to go through an oratorical test in front of the cacique (mapuche leader) for his entrance to the adult world.
		The mapuche dialect is one of the native languages most used now in our country, and is either called "mapudungu" (earth language) or "mapudungun" (people's talk).
		These are the personal pronouns from "Mapuchezungun", the language used by the mapuches that live South of Toltén, all through Panguipulli.
	www.chileanheritage.com /stories/recovery/diccionariomapuche.htm (200 words)

	languagehat.com: SAVING MAPUDUNGUN.
		The bountiful and Enigmatic Mermaid points us to an article about an effort to save the Mapudungun language spoken by the Mapuche Indians of Chile by setting up a machine translation program between Mapudungun and Spanish, backed by a $5 million NSF grant.
		I'm all in favor of saving minority languages (assuming they're still alive), but it doesn't seem to me that machine translation is the way to do it.
		Wouldn't it make more sense to set up a program that would let them record (and print out as desired) texts in their language, allowing them to preserve chants, epics, recipes, ritual insults, and whatever other aspects of their culture they wanted to pass on to later generations?
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000487.php (146 words)

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