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Topic: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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Bayard Rustin

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Civil disobedience

American Civil Rights Movement

US civil rights movement

16th Street Baptist Church bombing

Freedom rides

Rosa Parks

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Jim Crow law

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1963

	March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Demonstrator at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
		The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963.
		The march was also condemned by the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, who termed it the "farce on Washington".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom (255 words)

	King Encyclopedia
		The march, which demonstrated to the entire nation the gap between the tenets of American democracy and the everyday experience of fl Americans, was successful in pressuring the Kennedy administration to commit to passing federal civil rights legislation.
		In addition, the March on Washington faced condemnation by Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam.
		Malcolm X referred to it as the "farce on Washington," and any member of the Nation who attended the march was subject to a ninety-day suspension from the organization.
	stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/march_washington.html (589 words)

	African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The march had six official goals: "meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education." Of these, the March's real focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham.
		We march today for jobs and freedom, but we have nothing to be proud of, for hundreds and thousands of our brothers are not here—for they have no money for their transportation, for they are receiving starvation wages…or no wages at all.
		On March 7, Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people who intended to walk the 54 miles from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement (8925 words)

	Civil Rights Movement Essays
		March on Washington, 1963, massive public demonstration that articulated the goals of the Civil Rights Movement.
		But the March on Washington in 1963 was more complex than the iconic images most Americans remember it for.
		The march was initiated by A. Philip Randolph, international president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO; and sponsored by five of the largest civil rights organizations in the United States.
	www.africanaonline.com /civil_rights_washington.htm (601 words)

	40th Anniversary of the March on Washington
		A major difference compared to four decades ago is that this year's march did not have as singular a focus as the 1963 gathering when racial segregation and discrimination still were entrenched in American society, particularly in the South.
		The 1963 march was the brainchild of civil rights leader A. Philip Randolph, the legendary president of the International Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first fl labor union in the United States.
		He had originally planned a march on Washington in 1941, but called it off because of President Franklin Roosevelt's pledge to ban racial discrimination in the defense industries, a promise Roosevelt kept.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/civilrights/anniversary (1316 words)

	March on Washington
		The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.
		The March on Washington represented a coalition of several civil rights organizations, all of which generally had different approaches and different agendas.
		On the other hand, the march was also condemned by some civil rights activists who felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and members of the Nation of Islam who attended the march faced a temporary suspension.
	www.factmonster.com /spot/marchonwashington.html (738 words)

	theConcept In Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		King's speech at the march on washington…acceptance speech of the nobel peace prize his last sermon at ebenezer baptist church and his final speech in memphis…famous utterances.
		Subsequent mass demonstrations culminated in the march on washington for jobs and freedom on 28 august…protesters gathered in washington.
		King was instrumental in the organization of the march on washington.
	www.mesadynamics.com /inaction050114.htm (254 words)

	Congressman Dennis Moore - News Release - Moore Secures Funding for Kansas Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom with a ceremony on Capitol Hill.
		At age 23, he spoke at the March as chairman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
		Forty years later, the March is remembered as the most significant political demonstration in U.S. history.
	www.house.gov /moore/nr-march-7-23-03.htm (283 words)

	We Shall Overcome -- Introduction
		Opposition took many forms, from the passive resistance of slaves who performed poor work for their masters, to slave revolts, to slaves escaping to freedom on the Underground Railroad, to African Americans' participation in the Abolitionist movement and their joining the Union army during the Civil War.
		Their heroism was brought home to every American through newspaper, and later, television reports as their peaceful marches and demonstrations were violently attacked by law enforcement officers armed with batons, bullwhips, fire hoses, police dogs, and mass arrests.
		The focus of the itinerary is the African American freedom struggle, and does not include the attempts of other minority groups, such as Asians, Hispanics, or Native Americans, to obtain equality.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/civilrights/intro.htm (914 words)

	Excerpt: The March on Washington, 1963 \| The Civil Rights Movement \| Abbeville Press
		The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: The audience at the Lincoln Memorial rally, August 28, 1963.
		The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom of 1963 was the largest political demonstration in U.S. history to that date and still one of the most vividly remembered.
		Randolph had organized the original March on Washington Movement, which was designed to pressure President Roosevelt to guarantee jobs for fl men and women in the wartime armament industries.
	www.abbeville.com /civilrights/washington.asp (3703 words)

	John Lewis Leads Commemoration of March on Washington
		The March grew out of an increasing sense of discontent and frustration with the pace of progress on civil rights," Lewis said July 23 at the Capitol at ceremonies commemorating the 40th anniversary of the March.
		It is fitting, proper and necessary that we pause and commemorate the 40th anniversary of the March on Washington.
		In the spring and summer before the March on Washington, people were beaten, jailed and even killed while participating in nonviolent protest.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/civilrights/s072403.htm (1779 words)

	Labor and Civil Rights: Two Movements, One Goal?
		Compare and contrast the 1941 March on Washington Movement flyer and the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom flyer.
		Examine the 1959 Petition for Integrated Schools flyer and the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom flyer.
		Examine the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom flyer.
	www.georgemeany.org /archives/lcr1.html (784 words)

	AFT - Press Center - Press Releases - August 27, 2003 - Statement by AFT President Feldman on the 40th Anniversary of ...
		Washington, D.C. Forty years ago, as a quarter of a million people gathered in Washington to hear Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
		Many current and former leaders and members of the AFT were participants and organizers in the 1963 march, and the union provided financial support for the event.
		Bayard Rustin insisted that the rally be called the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom because he recognized the link between economic freedom and social justice – a connection that guides the AFT’s work to this day.
	www.aft.org /presscenter/releases/2003/082703.htm (397 words)

	CIVIL RIGHTS / King and Country / March on Washington -- a look back after 40 years
		I would teach civil rights history to students at Stanford who were not yet born at the time of the march -- a time when their university had no fl professors and no African American history courses.
		The March on Washington was a turning point in my life and in the African American freedom struggle, but it symbolized much more.
		Yet 40 years later, the march remains an inspiring day of hope for those of us who were there.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/08/24/IN212553.DTL&type=printable (700 words)

	March On Washington
		They were marching for civil rights legislation that would end segregation and protect the voting rights of African Americans.
		The book, March On Washington, 1963: A Gathering To Be Heard written by Tricia Andryszewski, gives a full account of the Civil Rights Movement leading up to the march on Washington.
		He was reportedly the first to suggest the idea of a march on Washington in 1941.
	www.unc.edu /~flomo/marchonwashington.html (1971 words)

	WGBH \| 1963 March on Washington
		We look back at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which celebrated its 40th anniversary Aug. 28, 2003.
		By late afternoon, the march was nearing its end.
		For some who were there, memories of the March on Washington remain vivid.
	www.wgbh.org /article?item_id=1069413 (258 words)

	JointCTR.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is characterized by the curtailment of individual freedoms; excessive reliance on actual, and the threat of, violence and punishment; virtual unaccountability of government officals; and the aversion of the decision-making process to consultation, persuasion and the necessity of forging a policy consensus.
		The country in which a person is born (and has not renounced or lost citizenship) or naturalized and to which that person owes allegiance and by which he or she is entitled to be protected.
		The freedom to choose and freedom to express who you are.
	www.jointctr.org /selpaper/themarch.htm (3550 words)

	Interviews Available: The March on Washington -- Institute for Public Accuracy (IPA)
		The 40th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is August 28.
		Though involved in the planning of the 1963 march, he did not attend it, having given his bus seat to a student.
		The march was actually about jobs and freedom as well as civil rights; something that is overlooked.
	www.accuracy.org /newsrelease.php?articleId=453 (446 words)

	village voice > news > March on Washington Revisited by Mosi Secret
		Forty years ago this week, a quarter of a million people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in the most storied political demonstration in U.S. history.
		"The obligation of today's march," said D.C. delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, "is to keep making history." Like Norton, most of those who addressed the rally (can't really call it a march since no one moved) assured the crowd it was more than a look back, but a step forward.
		In 1963 unemployment among fls was high—11 percent (compared to 5 percent among whites)—but the march demanding employment and job training for fls developed a broader meaning coming after violent attacks on protesters in the South, and at a moment when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was still before Congress.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/0335/secret.php (684 words)

	Race Matters - Bayard Rustin
		It was freedom from racist laws and the social customs of Jim Crow segregation —; a legal and social freedom for millions of fl Americans who, in the past, had never experienced anything of the sort.
		The chief organizer of the Washington march was Bayard Rustin, who was duly applauded at the time for the efficiency of his labors.
		In the first years after the march, when some of the main legislative goals of the civil rights movement congealed into federal law, Rustin came up with the idea, which he attributed to Randolph, of steering their carefully constructed national coalition in a new direction, toward the economic reorganization of society.
	www.racematters.org /bayardrustin.htm (1821 words)

	Teachers' Domain: March on Washington Flyers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Demonstrations, marches, and landmark court cases throughout the 1950s and 1960s amplified the demand for equal rights.
		The focus of the proposed one-day march would be to demand passage of the civil rights bill that President Kennedy had introduced in June.
		Kennedy eventually lent his support to the march, and fl and white groups from across the nation were encouraged to attend.
	www.teachersdomain.org /9-12/soc/ush/civil/mowfly (753 words)

	NPR : 'Now is the Time,' The March on Washington
		The March on Washington, with the sheer size of its crowd and the powerful words of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., was considered the historical tipping point in the struggle for civil rights.
		In the final part of his series on the anniversary of the march, NPR's Juan Williams presents highlights of the speeches delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Aug. 28, 1963.
		Philip Randolph, the chief organizer of the march, addressed that fear, declaring: "We are not a mob.
	www.npr.org /news/specials/march40th/march.html (575 words)

	Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963
		The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (August 28, 1963).
		Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.
		I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
	www.tcf.ua.edu /courses/Jbutler/T112/King-IHaveaDream.htm (1534 words)

	Rhino's Blog
		Today is the 40th anniversary of the "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" organized to support sweeping civil rights measures at that time.
		The "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" was organized by Bayard Rustin (1912-1987).
		The March's leader was the veteran labor leader A Phillip Randolph who I met in his Harlem office as student journalist for the Clinton News, my high school newspaper way back in l960 when the student sit ins inspired me to cross the line between journalism and activism.
	radio.weblogs.com /0103207/2003/08/28.html (960 words)

	Marching on Washington
		By looking across a series of marches, Barber explores issues that escape more focused studies, such as the development of marching on Washington as a political strategy, and the changing conception of Washington as a public space.
		Marching on Washington depicts in detail six demonstrations and the protest movements behind them, beginning with Coxey's Army in 1894 and including marches for woman suffrage, veterans' bonuses, and equal opportunity as well as the enormous March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 and the antiwar protests in 1971.
		At the same time, the history of marching on Washington is a story of spaces lost and of spaces won.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9234.html (692 words)

	Atlanta Daily World
		WASHINGTON -- On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., said at the "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom," that he had a dream that America would some day keep its promise that all men are created equal.
		On Friday, the day before the march, there will be a leadership meeting, a poetry reading and prayer vigil.
		Immediately prior to the march, there will be a teach-in nearby before demonstrators walk to the site of the original March on Washington.
	www.zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=10038054&BRD=1077&PAG=461&dept_id=237827&rfi=6 (999 words)

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