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Topic: Marchalina hellenica

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	Alert: Marchalina hellenica
		Between 1996 and 2000, Greek beekeepers were encouraged to artificially introduce a scale Marchalina hellenica in pine forests to increase their production of honey (it is estimated that 60% of honey produced in Greece is made from pine).
		hellenica was found damaging Pinus trees on the coast and in urban environments (streets and parks).
		Yeşil A, Gürkan B, Saraçoğlu Ö, Zengin H (2005) Effect of the pest Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Homopera, Margarodidae) on the growth parameters of Pinus brutia Ten.
	www.eppo.org /QUARANTINE/Alert_List/insects/marchalina_hellenica.htm (1042 words)

	Portrait of an Insect. Marchalina hellenica Genn. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Marchalina hellenica is mentioned as the most important honeydew producing insect, from which seems to originate all the pine honey in Greece.
		Beekeepers have introduced a few years before into that area Marchalina hellenica, that is suspended to the top of trees pine branches that proceeded from elsewhere, and on which there were different larvae stages.
		Although Marchalina hellenica is bisexual, its reproduction occurs mainly by parthenogenesis, as males are very rare.
	www.arkadiko-meli.gr /infoen/portrait_of_an_insect.html (1369 words)

	Portrait of an Insect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The growing number of rhinaries and the metamorphose of the buccal apparatus of the mature foundresses coincide with the beginning of the migration, and the phase of the oviposition.
		Marchalina hellenica is mentioned as the most important honeydew producing insect, from which seems to originate all the pine honey in
		Marchalina hellenica could probably be visited by all ant species, which on principle use throphobiotically the insects that are currently sucking the sap of plants.
	www.friederike-erlinghagen.de /Por_Ins.htm (1690 words)

	Marchalina hellenica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marchalina hellenica is an insect that lives in the eastern Mediterranean region, mainly in Greece and Turkey.
		It lives by sucking the sap of pine trees, mainly the Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) and, to smaller extent, Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Stone Pine (Pinus pinea).
		Erlinghagen, F. Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marchalina_hellenica (251 words)

	Φιλοδασική Ένωση - Marchalina hellenica - Εισαγωγή
		Η Marchalina hellenica (Γεννάδιος Π.) είναι ένα φλοιομυζητικό έντομο που προσβάλλει το πεύκο, το εξασθενεί, προκαλώντας με τον τρόπο αυτό την μερική η ολική του νέκρωση.
		Hellenica 270 έλατα το 1995 και άλλα 270 το 1996 (το πείραμα έλαβε χώρα στις συντεταγμένες 22°11'33'' Ανατολικά 37°59'30'' Βόρεια σε ύψος 2000 μέτρων).
		Η Marchalina hellenica στόν κατάλογο συναγερμού του ΕΡΡΟ (7/8/2006).
	www.philodassiki.org /21/article/greek/21/27/index.htm (856 words)

	[No title]
		Marchalina hellenica the Honeydew producing insect of pine Gounari S. 1, Thrasyvoulou A. 2, Hatjina F. 1 Hellenic Institute of Apiculture (N.AG.RE.F.), HYPERLINK "mailto:sgounari@instmelissocomias.gr" sgounari@instmelissocomias.gr 2 Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Apiculture —Sericulture laboratory, Marchalina hellenica (Coccina, Margarodidae), (common name ‘worker’) is an insect parasite of pine trees.
		Marchalina hellenica is parasitic on Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, Pinus silvestris and Pinus pinea.
		Marchalina hellenica is of great importance for Greece because pine honey represents 65% of the annual honey production.
	www.beekeeping.com /articles/us/abstracts_greece.doc (9153 words)

	Philodassiki Enossi - A brief history of the spread fo Marchalina hellenica (Gen.) throughout Greece
		Marchalina hellenica (Gennadios P.) is an insect that lives in the cracks and under the scale of bark of pine trees, weakening the tree and in this manner causing its partial or total necrosis.
		Marchalina hellenica reproduces by parthenogenesis having one generation per year.
		It lives in the cracks of the trees’ bark, hidden by the waxy white cotton mass it produces and lives off the sap of the tree, sucking it with its long proboscis (which is twice the length of her body, up to 2cm long).
	www.philodassiki.org /63/article/english/63/76/index.htm (1207 words)

	Marchalina Hellenica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Attica the large scale artificial infestation of pine trees with ''Marchalina hellenica'' by bee keepers has resulted in the loss of the ecological balance between the insect and its natural predators; as a result trees in the surrounding pine forests are overburdened by the insect and dying.
		Erlinghagen, F. [http://www.friederike-erlinghagen.de/Por_Ins.htm Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn.
		Margaritopoulos, J.T., Bacandritsos, N. & Pekas, A. Genetic variation of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) sampled from different hosts and localities in Greece.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/marchalina_hellenica (302 words)

	Marchalina hellenica
		Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Coccoidea Margarodidae) is an important honeydew producing scale insect useful to apiculture and endemic in the pine (Pinus halepensis) forests of Greece.
		hellenica on fir trees, Abies cephalonica (Loudon), on Mt. Helmos (Greece).
		Key words: Marchalina hellenica, Abies cephalonica, establishment, honeydew honey.
	www.bulletinofinsectology.org /57_2/ab8.htm (165 words)

	Biology Marchalina hellenica and Viola riviniana reichenbachiana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		ERLINGHAGEN, F. (1995): Contribution to the morphology of Marchalina hellenica Genn.
		ERLINGHAGEN, F. (1995): On the morphology and biology of Marchalina hellenica Genn.(Coccina, Margarodidae),
		ERLINGHAGEN, F. (2003): Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn.
	www.friederike-erlinghagen.de (341 words)

	AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH - VOLUME 22
		Grapevine plant regeneration from young leaves represents a very interesting strategy since its very simple, leaf explants proved to be juvenile tissues adapted well to both organogenesis and embryogenesis and perhaps with very low frequency of somaclonal variation induced in the regenerants.
		For many decades the insect Marchalina hellenica Gen.(Coccoidea, Margarodidae) has lived on the bark of Pinus spp, secreting honeydew which is collected by bees.
		Establishment of the insect Marchalina hellenica on a fir tree has been achieved for the first time worldwide.
	www.nagref.gr /journals/ae/ae22_abstracts_en.htm (2364 words)

	Search:Hellenica - Copernic
		hellenica is an insect that lives in the eastern Mediterranean...
		Hellenica by Xenophon Translation by H. Dakyns January,...
		Hellenica is his chronicle of the history of the Hellenes from 411 to...
	metaresults.copernic.com /copern.main/search/web/Hellenica (246 words)

	ekaleia
		"Ανησυχητικές διαστάσεις έχει λάβει πλέον η ασθένεια της βαμβακίασης (Marchalina Hellenica) στα πεύκα του Πεντελικού Βουνού εντός και εκτός του οικιστικού ιστού, με συνέπεια να έχουν ήδη αρχίσει στην πλειοψηφία τους να ξεραίνονται.
		Τα τελευταία χρόνια πολλοί παράγοντες βοήθησαν ώστε η ισορροπία αυτή να διαταραχθεί και το Marchalina Hellenica να αναπτυχθεί σε ασυνήθιστα υψηλούς πληθυσμούς.
		Σήμερα η περιστολή του πληθυσμού του Marchalina Hellenica είναι αναγκαία, προκειμένου τα πεύκα να απαλλαγούν από τα επακόλουθα της προσβολής και να ανακτήσουν την πρότερη φυσιολογική τους εμφάνιση.
	www.ekali.gr /folder/f8/p9_bambakiasi.htm (239 words)

	[No title]
		Hellenica να έχει μολύνει όλες σχεδόν τις δασικές εκτάσεις.
		Hellenica είναι αναγκαία, προκειμένου τα πεύκα να απαλλαγούν από τα επακόλουθα της προσβολής και να ανακτήσουν την πρότερη φυσιολογική τους εμφάνιση.
		Marchalina hel1enica θεωρείται επιβεβλημένη και για το λόγο αυτό το Υπουργείο βρίσκεται σε επαφή και συνεργασία με τα αρμόδια ερευνητικά κέντρα λαμβάνοντας υπόψη και αξιοποιώντας όλα τα επιστημονικά δεδομένα.
	www.buildings.gr /neasmirni/indexpeyka.htm (1458 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In May, the Agriculture Ministry approved the use of insect repellent on pines in Melissia, Kifissia, Nea Erythraia and Aghios Stefanos to eradicate their infestation by the pest.
		But pine forests across Attica continue to bear evidence of the distinctive white fluff secreted by the Marchalina hellenica and which constitutes an important food source for bees.
		Scientists who spearheaded the anti-infestation project warned that the chemical was apparently ineffective but “could also have a negative impact on beekeeping and pose a threat to ecological balance.” Furthermore, use of the chemical in residential areas leaves traces in the atmosphere.
	www.beekeeping.co.nz /print.php?sid=1912 (194 words)

	ekathimerini.com \| Features
		The Marchalina hellenica insect, contrary to its name, is not native to Greece but was brought here, probably during the Roman or Byzantine period.
		The insect population was deliberately spread in violation of all the principles of entomology and biological science.
		The decision to fund the spread of Marchalina hellenica appears to have been influenced by the large number of honey producers and the value of honey exports, against the loss of biomass, tree coverage and the sight of dead pine trees in many parts of southern Greece.
	www.ekathimerini.com /4dcgi/news/ell__KathiLev&xml/&aspKath/ell.asp?fdate=16/03/2006 (1008 words)

	Honey Encyclopedia Article @ Consisting.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Most important of these is the aphid Europe which feeds on the sap of the honeydew.
		Honeydew from pine forests has a piney taste and is prized for medicinal use in Marchalina hellenica and Turkey.
		Bees collecting this resource have to be fed protein supplements, as honeydew lacks the protein-rich pollen accompaniment gathered from flowers.
	www.consisting.org /encyclopedia/Honey (3506 words)

	Honey - the large food & drink encyclopedia
		In Europe and Turkey, honeydew is highly prized.
		Honeydew is unusual in that the honey is not made from the nectar of flowers but from the excess sugar secretions of aphids, most importantly the aphid Marchalina hellenica which feeds on the sap of the Turkish Pine.
		Honeydew in these regions has a strong piney taste and is thought to be of medicinal value.
	www.netmoon.com /recipes/encyclopedia/h/honey.html (1820 words)

	Chiriotti Editori - Book Store - Bevande & Enologia
		The first samples of recently produced fir honeydew honey, obtained from Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae), originating from Mount Helmos in Greece were analysed and examined on the basis of physical and chemical parameters including humidity, acidity, sugar profile, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and diastase activity.
		Analytical data of the Greek fir honey from M. hellenica honeydew complied with the E.U. legal limits.
		The sensorial analysis indicated that the organoleptic characteristics of this type of honeydew honey were very similar to the Greek fir honey derived from other coccids with respect to colour, taste and smell.
	www.chiriottieditori.it /eng/ijf/0601.htm (1469 words)

	Immunohistochemistry - In Situ Hybridization Honey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, which appears similar to honey and consists of the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects.
		Most important of these is the aphid Marchalina hellenica which feeds on the sap of the Turkish Pine.
		Honeydew from pine forests has a piney taste and is prized for medicinal use in Europe and Turkey.
	www.immunoportal.com /modules.php?name=Wikipedia&title=Honey (3948 words)

	Αγροτικές ειδήσεις από τον ΑγροΤύπο - Agriculture news from AgroTypos
		Κώστας Σκιαδάς υπέγραψε για πρώτη φορά τις σχετικές αποφάσεις, για την καταπολέμηση του εντόμου Marchalina hellenica στα πεύκα των αστικών και περιαστικών περιοχών της Αττικής, δίνοντας λύση στο μεγάλο πρόβλημα που αντιμετωπίζει τα τελευταία χρόνια η ευρύτερη περιοχή.
		Στην ανακοίνωση τονίζεται ότι οργανώθηκε και υλοποιήθηκε πιλοτικό πρόγραμμα εφαρμογών φυτοπροστατευτικών προϊόντων, για την αξιολόγηση της αποτελεσματικότητάς τους στην αντιμετώπιση του εντόμου Marchalina hellenica στα πεύκα, καθώς και του κατάλληλου χρόνου επέμβασης τους, στα πλαίσια της εφαρμογής της Υπουργικής Απόφασης 123878/31.05.2005.
		93926/1741/27.05.2005 Υπουργική Απόφαση με την οποία απαγορεύτηκε η τεχνητή μετάδοση του Marchalina hellenica στην Περιφέρεια του Νομού Αττικής.
	www.agrotypos.gr /news/news_show.asp?AA=9284 (415 words)

	Pinus brutia description
		Known as 'pitys' to the ancient Greeks, this is the most important forest tree in the north-eastern Mediterranean area.
		A sap-sucking insect Marchalina hellenica produces large amounts of honey-dew, harvested by honeybees and sold as 'pine honey'.
		Pinus brutia was planted outside its native range in Greece from early times for this harvest (5).
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/earle/pi/pin/brutia.htm (774 words)

	Kythera-Family.net - for the world-wide Kytherian community
		However, in Greece and especially in the islands, the percentage of thyme pollen can be as high as 85–90%.
		No fungal spores were found, as the pine trees in Kithira are not attacked by Marchalina hellenica.
		Pollen concentration ranged from 5 000 to 85 000 pollen grains per 10 g of honey, with an average of 29 000.
	www.kythera-family.net /index.php?nav=135-141&did=8297 (745 words)

	Nikologiannis
		Το σκεύασμα αυτό εξετάστηκε το 2004 από ερευνητές του Μπενακείου Φυτοπαθολογικού Ινστιτούτου (ΜΦΙ) σε πειράματα εργαστηρίου εναντίον του εντόμου Marchalina hellenica με ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα.
		δεν επηρεάζει τους φυσικούς εχθρούς του Marchalina hellenica.
		Το Neoleokopis kartliana είναι σημαντικός θηρευτής του Marchalina hellenica και σε περιπτώσεις χαμηλής προσβολής των πεύκων μπορεί να διατηρήσει τον πληθυσμό του σε « ανεκτά » επίπεδα (κάτι τέτοιο συνέβαινε παλαιότερα πριν ξεκινήσουν οι συστηματικοί και ανεξέλεγκτοι εμβολιασμοί των πεύκων με το Marchalina hellenica).
	www.geopon.gr /marchalina.htm (453 words)

	[No title]
		Knowing the latent patterns of intra- and inter-population variability of Scots pine, it is possible to grow pine on genetic principles using early diagnosis of adaptive features and optimization of the genotype/environment system.
		LA: Greek AB: Parts 1 and 2 of this article [Melissokomiki Epitheorisi (1995) 9 (2;3) 51-56;83-89] described the life cycle and Greek distribution of this honeydew-excreting insect, which is found on Pinus halepensis and P. brutia.
		This part describes methods of 'grafting' eggs and juvenile stages of M. hellenica from infested trees to uninfested ones in order to increase populations (and therefore honeydew flows for exploitation by beekeepers).
	www.uhu.es /03037/trabajos/pinusgrafts.dat (15075 words)

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