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Topic: Marco Polo Bridge

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China

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		It is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge because the bridge was believed to be described in the works of Marco Polo.
		The KMT held the east end of the bridge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident (1942 words)

	Marco Polo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marco Polo was later captured in a minor clash of the war between Venice and Genoa, or in the naval battle of Curzola, according to a dubious tradition.
		Marco Polo was finally released from captivity in the summer of 1299, and he returned home to Venice, where his father and uncles had bought a large house in the central quarter named contrada San Giovanni Grisostomo with the company's profits.
		Marco Polo is also believed to have described a bridge that later was the site of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a battle that marked the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marco_Polo (1999 words)

	The Marco Polo Bridge 360-degree Virtual Tour
		Originally built in 1192, the bridge was washed away in a 17th century flood and was rebuilt by Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722).
		Explorer Marco Polo of Venice, Italy describes the bridge in his writing and it is assumed he visited it.
		The Marco Polo Bridge is located 9 miles (14 km) southwest of the city centre.
	www.thebeijingguide.com /marco_polo_bridge (301 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge - Lugou Qiao - Lugou Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Lugou Qiao, also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is one of earliest segmented stone arch bridge about 16 km in the outside of Beijing [map].
		The bridge is a composite of different eras, widened in 1969 to span the Yongding River near the town of Wanping.
		The entire bridge is made of huge granite blocks, with carved stone lions crouched along the railings on both sides.
	www.chinapage.com /history/lugouqiao/lugouqiao.html (319 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge (Lugouqiao) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Bridge construction was begun in 1189 and completed four years later.
		At the extremes of the bridge there are two stone stelae, one recording the history of the renovation work carried out in the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722), and the other bearing the inscription "The Moon over the Lugou Bridge at Dawn" in the handwriting of Emperor Qianlong.
		The people of Beijing have a saying to the effect that "the lions of the Lugou Bridge are too numerous to count," which is explained by the fact that the lions are carved in a great variety of aspects and distributed unequally among the 280 white marble posts.
	www.mybeijingchina.com /attraction/marco_polo_bridge.htm (379 words)

	Marco Polo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 - January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father and uncle, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Kubilai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan).
		Marco Polo is known as one of the world's greatest explorers — some skeptics see him as the world's greatest storyteller.
		Marco Polo is also believed to have described a bridge that was the site of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a battle that marked the beginning of the Japanese invasion of north central China in World War II.
	www.info-pedia.net /about/marco_polo (1079 words)

	Attractions in Beijing - China
		Officially the bridge was called the "Lugou Stone Bridge", and it was built completely of white stone and looked majestic with a total of 485 stone lions lined on the balustrades of both sides.
		Marco Polo, the great Italian traveler, saw it towards the end of the year 1276 during his tours in China under the Yuan Dynasty.
		However, Marco Polo may have suffered a slip of memory when he gave the number of arches of the bridge as 24 instead of the 11 that it has always had.
	www.circleofasia.com /guide/index.asp?Id=194 (942 words)

	History on the Marco Polo
		James Smith, builder of the Marco Polo, revolutionized the way tall ships were designed and constructed; in modern terms it would be like crossing a 747 with a Concorde.
		The Marco Polo's unique design, superb construction and legendary prowess promoted Canadian shipbuilding around the world, after her records Canada – Saint John – became one of the world's foremost shipbuilders.
		The Marco Polo Suite is a complement of music composed about the Marco Polo, which makes it the only ship in the world to have a complete album of song about it.
	new-brunswick.net /marcopolo/historic.html (1270 words)

	Cruise Critic Reviews: Marco Polo
		The typical Marco Polo passenger is someone who seeks adventuresome vacations that take them to far-flung destinations but also provide the comforts and ease of a cruise ship.
		At the beginning of the cruise the captain reminds passengers to consider the Marco Polo their home away from home, and the camaraderie between passengers and crew creates a family like atmosphere that you rarely encounter on a ship this size.
		The average cabin on the Marco Polo is 130 sq.
	www.cruisecritic.com /reviews/review.cfm?ShipID=48 (1912 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge, Beijing, Regent Tour China
		The bridge is located in Wanping, Fengtai District, southwest of the city.
		Originally built in 1192 during the Jin Dynasty, Marco Polo is supposed to have visited in 1290 praising it.
		At the end of the bridge there is a very small museum which explains both the history of the town and the bridge.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/pek/bj-sights-marcopolo.htm (161 words)

	Lugou Qiao (Marco Polo Bridge), Beijing, China - lastminute.com
		Marco Polo Bridge, otherwise known as Luguo Qiao (Reed Moat Bridge), was first built between 1189 and 1192 for Emperor Shizong.
		It is renowned for Marco Polo's glowing description of it, but even more for being the starting point of the Japanese-Chinese war which pulled China into the Second World War.
		The bridge is 235 metres long and eight metres wide, supported by 11 arches over the river, and has 250 marble ballustrades running down the sides which support 485 carved stone lions.
	lastminute.com /site/find/.../China/Beijing/WOW-Attraction-105126.html (744 words)

	Lugou Bridge : Pictures and Travel Information
		Lugou Bridge (Lugouqiao) or "Marco Polo Bridge" as it's more popularly known, is situated in the southeast of Beijing, about 15km outside the city center.
		Marco Polo made this magnificent structure famous when he wrote about it.
		The bridge is perhaps most famous though, for being the place when the Japanese invasion of China began in 1937.
	www.muztagh.com /beijing/lugou-bridge.htm (208 words)

	Marco Polo Journey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Polo also told quite a few whoppers–so many that English schoolboys used to greet exaggerations with the words: "It's a Marco Polo." Although he never visited Japan, he reported its royal palace roofed in gold.
		According to Marco Polos’s record Cambaluc or Khanbalig which meant “City of the Khan” was built because of the predictions of the rebellion in the old capital by the astrologers and he also described that Cambaluc was the most magnificent city in the world.
		According to the record of Marco Polo in the ceremonial of Great Khan’s funeral the belief of Mongol was the funeral encounter must go to serve their lord in the next world that mean over twenty thousand must die and be buried under the Khan’s corpse.
	marco-polo-journey.blogspot.com (2975 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge (Lugouqiao)
		Historical records also inform us that the Lugou River was "violent and flowed extraordinarily rapidly." With the post-1949 construction of the Guanting Reservoir upstream from the bridge, a multitude of trees were planted on the river banks and the formerly disposition was also tamed, no longer presenting he constant danger of floods.
		Owing, however, tot eh extraordinarily durable construction of the bridge's foundation; the endless battering of the torrential current has left no mark on it.
		The Lugou Bridge is situated at a strategic point on the one overland route to the capital from the south.
	www.china.org.cn /english/features/beijng/31253.htm (437 words)

	Pacific & Asian History
		Marco claims that he, his father Nicolò and uncle Maffeo were present at the siege of Hsiang-yang (the important Sung stronghold in Hu-pei) by the Mongols, and that, in their capacity of mangonel experts, they were actually instrumental in bringing about its surrender.
		Marco's references to the golden tablets of authority which he, his father and his uncle received from Khubilai Khan are confused and therefore unreliable as evidence of Marco's journey.
		The Polos had joined the embassy in China as a means of returning home; they were (so Marco relates) entrusted by Khubilai with an unspecified mission to the Pope and the kings of Europe, as well as with the care of the royal bride, the latter claim very much open to doubt.
	rspas.anu.edu.au /eah/Marcopolo.html (4578 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge (Lugou Bridge): Beijing Tourist Attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This historic structure that crosses the Yongding River is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, and is situated 15km (9.32 miles) southwest of Tiananmen.
		The Lugou Bridge is 266.5 m (874 feet) in length and 9.3 m (30.5 feet) in width, supported on 281 pillars.
		It was here on the Marco Polo Bridge that the eight-year-long War of Resistance against the Imperial Japanese Army commenced on the 7th July 1937, that culminated with the surrender of Japan in 1945.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /attraction/beijing/lugou.htm (577 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Battle of Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between the Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		It is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge because the bridge was believed to be described in the works of Marco Polo.) "Lugouqiao" (蘆溝橋 lu2 gou1 qiao2) literally means "Reed-gutter Bridge".
		The west end of the bridge was controlled by the Japanese as the east by KMT.
	www.japan-101.com /history/marco_polo_bridge_incident.htm (2070 words)

	The Radical NEW Marco Polo! - YachtForums.Com
		Marco Polo is a contrasting mix of modern and retro elements.
		Marco Polo represented a dream for Costantini; to work with such prestigious companies as Benetti and Fincantieri.
		Marco Polo’s most transparent feature is the aft deck atrium.
	yachtforums.com /forums/benetti-yacht/4444-radical-new-marco-polo.html (711 words)

	Wikinfo \| Marco Polo
		Among other omissions, his account fails to mention the unique Chinese written form, chopsticks, tea, foot binding, or the Great Wall whose actual form was built afterwards, and Chinese records of the time do not mention him, despite the fact that he claimed to have served as a special emissary to Kublai Khan.
		Many relevant sources do claim that he was born in the Venetian island of Curzola in the Adriatic (currently Korcula, Croatia) and even that the Polo family was Slav in origin.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Marco_Polo (533 words)

	Marko Polo - Million
		Unlike the legendary Sheherezade, who delayed her death with her story telling to the cruel shah, Marko Polo was achieving, by his report-stories, greater and greater respect in the eyes of his master and so he became a kind of court writer.
		Marko Polo arrived in Burma as the official envoy of Kublai Khan in 1278, one year after the big battle between the kings of Burma and Bengal and the Mongol army.
		Then the three Polos started to work, ordered wood in big quantities, and sought out among the co-travellers there were a Nestorian Christian and a German who knew well how to build this efficient weapon.
	www.korcula.net /mpolo/mpolo5.htm (3317 words)

	Chinese Architecture: Marco Polo bridge, Beijing
		The bridge is famous because it is mentioned in the annals written by Marco Polo, a European explorer who visited the Mongol Yuan dynasty court in the 13th century.
		The fame of the bridge was not lost on the 18th century Emperor Qianlong, who inscribed calligraphy on a stele on the bridge.
		The bridge has occupied a place of notoriety in Chinese history since July 7, 1937, when Japanese troops fired the first shots that led China into World War II.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /beijing/MARCO.htm (185 words)

	Japanese Textbook Treatment of the Nanking Massacre
		The Sino-Japanese War began on July 7, 1937 (ShÙwa 12), with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a clash between Japanese and Chinese armed forces at the Marco Polo Bridge on the outskirts of Peking (Beijing), without any declaration of war being issued.
		On July 7, 1937 (ShÙwa 12), Japanese troops clashed with Chinese troops near Peking (Beijing) at the Marco Polo Bridge.
		On July 7, 1937 (ShÙwa 12), shortly after the installation of Konoe Fumimaro's first cabinet, Japanese and Chinese forces clashed at the Marco Polo Bridge on the outskirts of Peking (Beijing)--the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
	www.wellesley.edu /Polisci/wj/China/Nanjing/nanjing3.html (799 words)

	World War II Military Veterans - THE MAN ON THE MARCO POLO BRIDGE
		At one end of the bridge is a 91 year old Japanese man, neatly dressed in fl and slightly bowed at the waist in an act of contrition..
		The Japanese man, in a humble bow, may be thinking that he too may pass the same bridge in the near future and that there are things which must be said and done now.
		The bridge is known for the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7,1937, which marked the beginning of all-out War of Resistance against Japan (1937-45).
	www.veteranstoday.com /article567.html (731 words)

	Methodological Errors \| The Marco Polo Bridge
		The Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge is an impressive stone structure about ten miles outside of Peking.
		On 7 July 1937, it was the scene of a claimed Incident between Japanese troops (operating somewhat south of the border of Manchuria, their presence had already been the subject of a futile Chinese protest to the League of Nations) and local Chinese ones.
		Her subject was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/methodology/errors/marco.html (751 words)

	eBay - marco polo china, Coins World, Exonumia items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Marco Polo: Overland to China (In the Footsteps of Expl
		Marco Polo: Overland to Medieval China (Beyond the H...
		Marco Polo: Explorer of China (Explorers), Kathy Feeney
	search-desc.ebay.com /search/search.dll?query=marco+polo+china&... (477 words)

	Regent Tour China
		Morning trip starting 0900am will a distance of 6 miles (10 km) before the arrival at Marco Polo Bridge.
		The 771 ft. (235m) long and 26 ft. (8m) wide bridge is supported by eleven arches, and has 280 side columns decorated with lion sculptures in the balustrades, which have brought fame to the bridge.
		On the July 7th 1937, the Chinese troops stationed by the Marco Polo Bridge was attacked by heavy artillery, which led rapidly into the War that lasted for eight years.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/pek/tour5.asp (249 words)

	Augustana College: 1999 Asia Band Tour - Day Twenty-three
		The bridge is famous for many reasons, not the least of which is it was the scene of more than one invasion (or attempted invasion) Beijing, the last of which was by Japanese forces in the early 1900's.
		This bridge was the only way across the river (which by the way is now dry) and through the years many, many people lost their lives either in defense of, or during an attack on Beijing.
		And yes, it is the route through which the explorer Marco Polo entered to begin talks with the Chinese.
	www.augie.edu /asiatour/day23.html (809 words)

	3D 3ds Stone Lion statues
		In Chinese legend it is said that the lion was the ninth son of the dragon and was the best employable guard, thus it was usually seen in front of royal palaces, offices and residences.
		The stone lions were also used to indicate the ranks of officials by the number of lumps representing the curly hair on the head of the lion.
		The best known of this is the Lugouqiao (also as Marco Polo Bridge), built from 1189 to 1192.
	www.turbosquid.com /FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/286910 (418 words)

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