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Topic: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was an accidental battle between the Japanese and Chinese armies, opening the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		The west end of the bridge was controlled by the Japanese as the east by KMT.
		There are some disputes among historians over the incident with some historians believing that this was an unintentional accident while others believing that the entire incident was fabricated by the Kwantung Army in order to provide a pretext for the invasion of central China.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Battle_of_Lugou_Bridge.html (1942 words)

	The Marco Polo Bridge 360-degree Virtual Tour
		Originally built in 1192, the bridge was washed away in a 17th century flood and was rebuilt by Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722).
		Explorer Marco Polo of Venice, Italy describes the bridge in his writing and it is assumed he visited it.
		This is known as the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident".
	www.thebeijingguide.com /marco_polo_bridge/index.html (301 words)

	Lugouqiao (marco polo) Bridge,Beijing Top Attractions,Beijing Travel Guides-China City Tours Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The bridge is 260 metres in length, 9.3 metres in width, 10 piers and 11 arches.
		Incidentally it may be interesting to note that Marco Polo called the bridge "Pulisangin." This is because, as some scholars point out, the upper course of the river Lugou or Yongding is the River Sanggan, and the river itself may have been known at the time as Sanggan or Sangin.
		Marco Polo died in 1324 and left the bulk of his possessions accrued on his travels to be divided between his three daughters.
	www.achinatravel.com /china-travel/china-beijing-lugouqiao-bridge.asp (1582 words)

	Lugou Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lugou Bridge is well-known because it was highly praised by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo during his visit to China in the 13th century (the bridge was later known in Europe simply as the Marco Polo Bridge), and for the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which marked the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		One stele records the reconstruction of the bridge by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in 1698.
		It was here on the Marco Polo Bridge that the eight-year-long War of Resistance Against Japan commenced on July 7, 1937, that culminated with the surrender of Japan in 1945.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge (490 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge - Lugou Qiao - Lugou Bridge
		Lugou Qiao, also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is one of earliest segmented stone arch bridge about 16 km in the outside of Beijing [map].
		The bridge is a composite of different eras, widened in 1969 to span the Yongding River near the town of Wanping.
		The entire bridge is made of huge granite blocks, with carved stone lions crouched along the railings on both sides.
	www.chinapage.org /history/lugouqiao/lugouqiao.html (319 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge - Lugou Qiao - Lugou Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Lugou Qiao, also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is one of earliest segmented stone arch bridge about 16 km in the outside of Beijing [map].
		The bridge is a composite of different eras, widened in 1969 to span the Yongding River near the town of Wanping.
		It is known for the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident".
	www.chinapage.com /history/lugouqiao/lugouqiao.html (319 words)

	Marco Polo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Marco Polo (1254 - January 8 1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer who together with his father and was among the first Westerners to travel Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay).
		Marco Polo is widely regarded as of the world's greatest explorers—although some skeptics see him as the world's greatest storyteller.
		Marco Polo is also believed to have a bridge that was the site of Marco Polo Bridge Incident a battle that marked the beginning the Japanese invasion of north central China World War II Historical impact
	www.freeglossary.com /Marco_Polo (1095 words)

	Comprehensive information and links about Marco Polo
		When Marco Polo arrived at Kublai Khan's court he became a favorite of the Khan and was employed for 17 years.r clear="all") to her betrothed, the Ilkhan Arghun.
		Marco Polo was finally released from captivity in the summer of 1299, and he returned home to Venice, where his father and uncles had bought a large house in the central quarter named with the company's profits.
		Marco Polo is also believed to have described a bridge that later was the site of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a battle that marked the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
	www.quicknation.com /Marco_Polo.htm (1609 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Marco Polo Bridge Incident
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between the Empire of Japan's Imperial Japanese Army and the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		It is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge because the bridge was believed to be described in the works of Marco Polo.
		Right-wing Japanese historians suggest that the incident was staged by the Chinese Communist Party, who hoped that the incident would lead to a war of attrition between the Japanese army and the Kuomintang, weakening both of the CCP's foes.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident (1962 words)

	World Architecture Images- Beijing- Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge)
		The Lugou Bridge is well-known because it was highly praised by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo during his visit to China in the 13th century (the bridge was later known in Europe simply as the Marco Polo Bridge), and for the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which marked the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		The Lugou Bridge is 266.5 m (874 feet) in length and 9.3 m (30.5 feet) in width, supported on 281 pillars.
		It was here on the Marco Polo Bridge that the eight-year-long War of Resistance Against Japan commenced on July 7, 1937, that culminated with the surrender of Japan in 1945.
	www.essential-architecture.com /A-ASIA-E/CHINA/PEKING/PE-018.htm (505 words)

	Marco Polo - Beijing - Travel to China
		Marco Polo (September 151254 andndash; January 8 1324) was a VeniceVenetian trader and explorationexplorer who, together with his father and uncle, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Kubilai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan).
		Marco Polo is known as one of the world's greatest explorers andmdash; some skeptics see him as the world's greatest storyteller.
		Marco Polo is also believed to have described a bridge that was the site of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a battle that marked the beginning of the Japanese invasion of north central China in World War II.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Marco_Polo (1214 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Encyclopedia.com
		Conflict in 1937 between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge at Lugouqiao, outside Beijing.
		The incident was a culmination of the growing tensions between the two sides—increasing Japanese aggression and Chinese reaction against it—after Japan had occupied northeastern China and established its puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932.
		July 7 is the anniversary of the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which triggered the Sino-Japanese...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-371277.html (706 words)

	Marco Polo information - Search.com
		When Marco Polo arrived at Kublai Khan's court he became a favorite of the Khan and was employed for 17 years.
		Marco Polo was finally released from captivity in the summer of 1299, and he returned home to Venice, where his father and uncles had bought a large house in the central quarter named contrada San Giovanni Grisostomo with the company's profits.
		The tourism authorities of Korčula advertise it as the home of Marco Polo, based on a later tradition that places the Polo family in the Dalmatian town of Šibenik, later moving to Korčula and then Venice.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Marco_Polo (2083 words)

	Wikinfo \| Marco Polo
		Marco Polo (1254 - January 8 1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer who, together with his father Matteo and uncle, was among the first Westerners to claim to travel the Silk Road all the way to China.
		Among other omissions, his account fails to mention the unique Chinese written form, chopsticks, tea, foot binding, or the Great Wall whose actual form was built afterwards, and Chinese records of the time do not mention him, despite the fact that he claimed to have served as a special emissary to Kublai Khan.
		Many relevant sources do claim that he was born in the Venetian island of Curzola in the Adriatic (currently Korcula, Croatia) and even that the Polo family was Slav in origin.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Marco_Polo (533 words)

	Maco Polo Bridge, Maco Polo Bridge Beijing, Lougu Bridge
		Located 15 km southwest of Tiananmen Square, over the Youngding River, the Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge, the bridge was so named and known to the west owing to the description of the famous Italian explorer Marco Polo) is the oldest existing multi-arched stone bridge in the Beijing area.
		This is known as the “Marco Polo Bridge Incident.” To memorize the 50th anniversary of the broke out of the incident in 1987, the Anti-Japanese War Museum was built at Marco Polo Bridge, which shows a part of history that not many people in the West get a chance to learn about.
		On the bridge now there stands a four meters high stone lion entitled "the Awakened Lion" by which the courage and prowess against foreign invasion is fully displayed.
	www.chinahighlights.com /beijing/attraction/marco-polo-bridge.htm (563 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Battle of Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between the Japan's Imperial Army and China's National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
		It is also known as the Marco Polo Bridge because the bridge was believed to be described in the works of Marco Polo.) "Lugouqiao" (蘆溝橋; lu2 gou1 qiao2) literally means "Reed-gutter Bridge".
		Phase II During the meeting of all senior KMT officers of the 24th Army in Beijing on July 12, Qin insisted that KMT forces must remain defending and resisted any temptation of negotiating with the Japanese whom he did not trust.
	www.japan-101.com /history/marco_polo_bridge_incident.htm (2070 words)

	Amazon.com: "marco polo bridge": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One of the sights of Peking today is the long stone bridge at Wanping, known to foreigners as the Marco Polo bridge and to the Chinese (today) as Lugouqiao or Lugou bridge.
		The battle near the Marco Polo Bridge the night of July 7, 1937, was sparked by a confrontation between a...
		It was in 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when the Northwest Front Service Corps was formed, with Ding Ling as head of the croup and Chen Ming...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/marco-polo-bridge (617 words)

	Erosion of history
		Arecent report on the breaking of a stone lion's ear on the Marco Polo Bridge has aroused public attention on the protection of historical stone carvings and stone architecture against deteration by efflorescence.
		The Marco Polo Bridge, 'Lugouqiao' in Chinese, was built in 1192, spanning the Yongding River near the town of Wanping, 15 kilometres southwest of Beijing's centre.
		The Marco Polo Bridge is one of the few monuments that is protected by the silicone primer.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-09/24/content_377369.htm (596 words)

	Japanese Textbook Treatment of the Nanking Massacre
		The Sino-Japanese War began on July 7, 1937 (ShÙwa 12), with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a clash between Japanese and Chinese armed forces at the Marco Polo Bridge on the outskirts of Peking (Beijing), without any declaration of war being issued.
		In addition, from around 1940 on, a three-pronged campaign to burn, kill, and plunder was set in motion against anti-Japanese strongholds in northern China, and it had a devastating impact on the lives and the livelihoods of the Chinese masses.
		Initially known as the "North China Incident," it was later renamed the "China Incident." While neither side had declared war, it developed into what was in fact an all-out war.
	www.wellesley.edu /Polisci/wj/China/Nanjing/nanjing3.html (799 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Marco Polo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When Marco Polo arrived at Kublai Khan's court he became a favourite of the khan and was employed for 17 years.
		However, it is possible that Marco heard of these things from Arab silk road traders; trade between the Middle East and Far East was flourishing and travellers are often happy to retell stories of their ventures in great detail.
		Although the Polos were by no means the first Europeans to reach China overland (see, for example, Radhanites and Giovanni da Pian del Carpini), thanks to Marco's book their trip was the first to be widely known, and the best-documented until then.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/marco_polo (2239 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		It's time for new bridges, of political understanding, genuine cooperation, concession and enlightened leadership to close the gaps, to be built from both sides.
		The incident again reminds the Chinese people of the Japanese atrocities during the war when chemical and biological warfare and experiments were carried out against innocent civilians.
		The Marco Polo Bridge Incident reminds us of an unfortunate episode in the past, and the best way to mark the occasion is to find a way, a bridge for the future.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FG10Ad03.html (1278 words)

	Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Avalon Hill Boards
		In June 1937, Japan’s Guangdong Army began drill exercises at the west end of the Marco Polo Bridge, which spanned central China’s Yongding River.
		The remaining bridge on map ABLE-2 is the “Marco Polo Bridge,” the only point where the river may be crossed.
		The Japanese Army used the “Marco Polo Bridge Incident” as a pretext for the invasion of central China.
	boards.avalonhill.com /showthread.php?t=7817 (1137 words)

	Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) - China-related Topics SI-SL - China-Related Topics
		The early manifestations of this plan were commonly known as "China Incidents": Luokouchiao or Marco Polo Bridge Incident (for the reason that on this bridge occurred the first provocations that resulted in Japanese invasion); similarly, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was called the Mukden Incident.
		Marco Polo Bridge IncidentBattle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) on July 7, 1937.
		This Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of open, though undeclared, war between China and Japan but also hastened the formal announcement of the second Kuomintang-Communist Party of China (CPC).
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945) (2417 words)

	Methodological Errors \| The Marco Polo Bridge
		The Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge is an impressive stone structure about ten miles outside of Peking.
		On 7 July 1937, it was the scene of a claimed Incident between Japanese troops (operating somewhat south of the border of Manchuria, their presence had already been the subject of a futile Chinese protest to the League of Nations) and local Chinese ones.
		In the case here described, caution was all the more called for, given the transparently phony nature of the Incident itself, in which a war just waiting to happen found a way to construct just the pretext that it needed.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/methodology/errors/marco.html (751 words)

	Sino-Japanese War, Second. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In its early stage, the war was often called the China Incident.
		Following the Manchurian Incident (Sept., 1931), the Japanese Kwantung army occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo (Feb., 1932).
		A clash (July, 1937) between soldiers of the Japanese garrison at Beijing and Chinese forces at the Marco Polo Bridge was the pretext for Japanese occupation at Beijing and Tianjin.
	www.bartleby.com /65/si/SinoJap2.html (606 words)

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