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	Margaret of Parma on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1537) and (1538) to Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma.
		Margaret warned Philip II against harsh measures and resigned as regent, being unable to agree with Alba.
		Margaret's son was the noted general Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/MargP1.asp (377 words)

	MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (DUCHESS OF PARMA) - LoveToKnow Article on MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (DUCHESS OF PARMA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Margaret was not at the battle; she was captured a few days after, and brought to London on the 2isi of May. For five years she remained a prisoner, but was treatec honorably and for part at least of the time was in chargi of her old friend the duchess of Suffolk.
		(C. MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (1480-1530), duchess of Savoy and regent of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530, daughter of the archduke Maximilian of Austria, afterwards the emperor Maximilian I., was born at Brussels on the loth of January 1480.
		MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (1522-1586), duchess of Parma and regent of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567, was a natural daughter of Charles V. Her mother, Margaret van Ghent, was a Fleming.
	69.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MARGARET_OF_AUSTRIA_DUCHESS_OF_PARMA_.htm (2726 words)

	Margaret of Austria (1522-1583) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Margaret of Parma (28 December 1522 - 18 January 1586), duchess of Parma and regent of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567, was the illegitimate daughter of Charles V.
		Margaret was brought up by the Douwrin family, and later by her great-aunt Margaret of Austria and her aunt Maria of Hungary, who were successively regents of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555.
		Like her aunts, who had trained her, Margaret was a woman of masculine abilities, and Philip II, when he left the Netherlands in 1559 for Spain, acted wisely in appointing her regent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Margaret_of_Austria_(1522-1583) (368 words)

	Market of Oudenaarde. Margaretha van Parma. Tourist information about the city of Oudenaarde in Belgium.
		In the corner of the square is a rather remarkable and historically important house to be seen, the house of Margaret of Parma (1522 - 1586), a natural but illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V. Her mother, Margaret van Ghent, lived in Oudenaarde.
		Margaret of Parma was appointed regent of the Netherlands, married (1536) to Alessandro de’ Medici (d.
		Margaret warned King Philip II against harsh measures and resigned as regent, being unable to agree with Alba.
	www.trabel.com /oudenaarde/oudenaarde-market.htm (323 words)

	Cypriano de Rore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Little is known about his early musical training, though some research has suggested a connection with Margaret of Parma, who went to Naples in 1533 to marry into the Medici family.
		From 1560 until 1563, Rore worked for Margaret of Parma in Brussels and for her husband Ottavio Farnese in Parma.
		In 1562 he was appointed choir master of St. Mark's in Venice, but he resigned in 1564 and returned to Parma, where he died.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cypriano_de_Rore (678 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Margaret was a woman of masculine character and marked ability, a worthy niece of the two eminent women who had been her predecessors in the regency.
		Margaret, in her letter, laid before her brother the miserable condition of the finances and the failure of the edicts to check the rapid spread of heretical opinions, and discussed at length the quarrel between the Cardinal and the nobles.
		Margaret was fully aware of the dangers of the situation and did her utmost to persuade her brother either to make her position easier by concessions, or to visit Brussels in person.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh306.html (17175 words)

	Storm Tidings: Margaret, Duchess of Parma
		Unfortunately, while Meg was still quite young the elder Margaret shuffled off to that great embroidery circle in the sky, so the greater part of Margaret's childhood was spent at the court of Mary, Queen Dowager of Hungary.
		Margaret (and her entire court) immediately commenced mourning with the full vigour of high fashion only to discover, a few months later, that the report was false.
		Margaret quickly discovered that her posting bore more resemblance to a Borgia family reunion than the gravy train she'd been promised but being a good girl with a solid background in Florentine diplomacy she buckled down to the task at hand.
	adamastorshire.co.za /chronicler/stormtidings/archive/jan/margaret.html (2477 words)

	[No title]
		Margaret of Parma, newly appointed Regent of the Netherlands, was the natural daughter of Charles the Fifth, and his eldest born child.
		Margaret was in her infancy placed by the Emperor in the charge of his paternal aunt, Margaret of Savoy, then Regent of the provinces.
		Margaret would be a hostage for the fidelity of the Duke, who had, moreover, given his eldest son to Philip to be educated in his service.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext04/jm05v10.txt (11952 words)

	Groundspeak Travel Bug Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Margaret of Parma (Oudenaarde 1522 – Ortona 1586) was a natural but illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V and Johanna van der Gheynst, who lived in Oudenaarde.
		She was brought up by her aunts Margaret of Austria and Maria of Hungary, who were successively regents of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555 She was married (1536) to Alessandro de’ Medici (d.
		Encountered Margaret of Parma during a TB swap in 'Abtswoudse bos'.
	www.geocaching.com /track/details.aspx?tracker=TB7BD1 (1206 words)

	Margaret of Parma -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Spanish Margarita de Parma duchess of Parma and Habsburg regent who, as governor-general of the Netherlands (1559–67), attempted to appease the growing discontent with Spanish rule.
		The illegitimate daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) and Johanna van der Gheenst, Margaret was married in 1536 to Alessandro de' Medici, …
		The Duke de Alba (who became governor after the departure of Margaret of Parma on the last day of 1567), introduced stern measures at the express command of the king.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050856?tocId=9050856 (621 words)

	Alessandro Farnese Duke of Parma
		Alessandro Farnese, the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Parma, was born in 1545.
		Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail.
		The Duke of Parma was sent to France in 1590 to command the Spanish Army against Henry IV.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDfarnese.htm (891 words)

	WHKMLA : Dutch Revolt, (1566) 1579-1648
		Governess Margaret of Parma demanded the nobles to swear a newly formulated oath of allegiance; some followed, some refused outright, some hesitated.
		In August 1567, the Duke of Alva arrived, succeeding Margaret of Parma as Governor.
		William took a moderate position, neither siding with Margaret of Parma, nor with the Calvinist rebels.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/dutchrevolt.html (1935 words)

	The Revolt of the Netherlands
		Philip's regent in the region was Margaret of Parma
		Margaret of Parma was prompted to call the Assembly of the Knights of the Golden Fleece n June 1562.
		Margaret was powerless to maintain law and order as she had no Spanish troops in the region and relied on the magnates to ensure law and order was maintained.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /revolt_of_netherlands.htm (4989 words)

	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza : Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza : Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza
		Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 — 92), the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret of Parma[?], and the cousin of II of Spain">Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria[?], led a significant military and diplomatic career in the service of Spain.
		But Holland and Zeeland, whose geographical position made them unassailable except by water, were by the courage and skill of their hardy seafaring population, with the help of English auxiliaries sent by Queen Elizabeth I, able to defy his further advance.
	city-search.org /al/alessandro-farnese,-duke-of-parma-and-piacenza.html (1312 words)

	Search Results for Parma - Encyclopædia Britannica
		the northern Italian cities of Parma and Piacenza, with their dependent territories, detached from the Papal States by Pope Paul III in 1545 and made a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi...
		Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French (impératrice des Français), as the second wife of the emperor Napoleon I; she was later duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla.
		Duchess of Parma, Habsburg regent, and governor-general of the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Parma&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (451 words)

	Timeline of events in the Low Countries, 1466-1559 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Emperor Maximillian I) 1480 — Margaret of Austria born in Brussels
		Later served on Council of State under Margaret of Parma.
		1559 — Margaret of Parma appointed Spanish Governor of the Netherlands
	www-personal.usyd.edu.au /~ktay0998/timeline_low_countries.html (390 words)

	Margaret
		Margaret is the English form of a Greek name, from “margaron,” meaning “Pearl,” or “Precious.”
		Margaret is first recorded in England with St. Margaret of Scotland (1045-1093) the wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland.Bcause of Scotland’s St. Margaret, as well as the fame of St. Margaret of Antioch (one of the four virgin saints), Margaret was a fairly popular medieval name in Europe.
		Daughter of king Eric II of Norway, and Margaret, daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/m/margaret.html (437 words)

	Alessandro de' Medici
		With Clement's support Alessandro was made head of the republic (1531) and hereditary duke (1532) by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose illegitimate daughter Margaret of Austria (later known as Margaret of Parma) he married.
		The Florentines sent (1535) his cousin Ippolito to appeal to Charles V against the duke, but Ippolito died en route, apparently of malaria, although he may have been poisoned at Alessandro's orders.
		Margaret of Parma - Margaret of Parma, 1522–86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands; illegitimate daughter of Holy...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0832461.html (257 words)

	AllRefer.com - Margaret of Parma (Benelux History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Margaret of Parma (Benelux History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Margaret of Parma 1522–86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands; illegitimate daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. She was married (1536) to Alessandro de' Medici (d.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Margaret of Parma
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MargP.html (305 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Duke of Alva
		His chief fame rests upon his mission in 1557 to the riotous Netherlands, where the Gueux had created systematic opposition to the Spanish regent, Margaret of Parma.
		At first Philip resolved to go himself to the Netherlands, but towards the end of November, 1567, he suddenly informed Margaret of Parma that he would send the Duke of Alva to punish the guilty with unbending severity.
		The "iron duke" was to be the ideal instrument for the execution of this purpose.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01371a.htm (1476 words)

	Movers: Renaissance and Reformation (1400 - Mid 1600s) By Miles Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		She was the illegitimate daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) who married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1547-1586), thus becoming Margaret of Parma.
		In 1580 she returned to the Spanish Netherlands to head up the civil government--under her son, Alexander Farnese of Parma, governor-general of the Spanish Netherlands.
		He was born of an influential Italian military family (his mother was Margaret of Parma, regent of the Spanish Netherlands) and took up soldiering, distinguishing himself early: against the Turks at Lepanto (1571) and in various battles against the Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands.
	www.newgenevacenter.org /movers/renaiss-reform2.htm (5674 words)

	Infoplease Search: penman margaret
		(Encyclopedia) Margaret of Parma, 1522–86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands; illegitimate daughter of Holy...
		(Encyclopedia) Margaret Tudor, 1489–1541, queen consort of James IV of Scotland; daughter of Henry VII of...
		(Encyclopedia) Margaret I, 1353–1412, queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, daughter of Waldemar IV of...
	www.infoplease.com /search.php3?query=Penman+Margaret (239 words)

	MARGARET OF PROVENCE - LoveToKnow Article on MARGARET OF PROVENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		MARGARET OF PROVENCE - LoveToKnow Article on MARGARET OF PROVENCE
		MARGARET, QUEEN OF DENMARK, NORWAY, & SWEDEN »
		To properly cite this MARGARET OF PROVENCE article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	70.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MARGARET_OF_PROVENCE.htm (299 words)

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		Art Poster Print - Margaret of Parma (1522-86), Regent of the Netherlands, illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V Fine Art Giclee Print by Adriaen Key Poster Size: 18x24
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	www.shop.com /op/aprod-p29792237 (272 words)

	Margaret - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Margaret, 1930-2002, British princess, second daughter of King George VI and sister of Queen Elizabeth II, b.
		In 1960 she married a commoner, the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created earl of Snowdon
		THE HISTORY CHANNEL and BIOGRAPHY are trademarks of AandE Television Networks used under license ©2004 AandE Television Networks.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=MargP (186 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Low Countries : Habsburg Rule, 1490-1580
		Actually, the Netherlands were ruled by Philip's sister, MARGARET OF PARMA, stadholder of the Netherlands; in 1566, she lost control when the radical iconoclast riots broke out; she asked her brother Philip for help.
		He spoke neither Dutch nor French and never visited the Low Countries, which were of primary importance to him as sources of tax revenues, in order to finance his wars.
		Smeekschrift aan Margaretha van Parma ter verzachting van de plakkaten (1566), from Murmelius Gymnasium Alkmaar, in Dutch
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth150080.html (885 words)

	Hoorn, Philip De Montmorency, Count Of - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Hoorn or Horn, Philip de Montmorency, count of, 1518?-1568, Netherlands nobleman, member of the council of state during the regency of Margaret of Parma.
		When the duke of Alba replaced (1567) Margaret of Parma, he had Egmont and Hoorn arrested and, after an irregular trial, beheaded.
		That event caused great public outrage and marked the beginning of the open revolt against the Spanish.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=HoornP (244 words)

	Margaret of Parma
		Related content from HighBeam Research on: Margaret of Parma
		Margaret of Parma (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition)
		Margaret L. Course.(Obituaries)(Obituary) (Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL))
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0831779.html (302 words)

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