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	Mari language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic (Mari: Марий Эл ‘Mari Land’, Russian: Марийская республика) of the Russian Federation as well as in the area along the Vjatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals.
		Mari speakers, known as the Mari are found also in the Tatarstan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions.
		Mari today has a unified standard form with two variants (Hill vs. Meadow or Western and Eastern, with the Eastern variant prevailing in everyday usage), using a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet, and is the titular and official language of its republic, alongside Russian.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mari_language (1376 words)

	Mari people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Çirmeş in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia.
		The total population of the Mari is 670,900 (1989), 324,400 of whom are in Mari El, and 19,500 in Tatarstan.
		Most Maris are Christians (converted in the 16th century by Ivan Grozny), while some are of the Marla faith, Christianity with a significant addition of pre-Christian elements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mari (139 words)

	Mari language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mari, or Cheremis, is a language of the Uralic or Finno-Ugric family, which currently has more than half a million speakers.
		Mari is an official language (together with Russian) of the Mari El republic of the Russian Federation, with speakers also in the Tatarstan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions.
		It is a literary language, using the Cyrillic alphabet.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Mari_language.html (421 words)

	Finno-Ugric language family
		Komi language is included into the Finno-Ugric language family and forms a Permic group of the Finno-Ugric languages with the Udmurt language, which is the closest to Komi.
		It's possible, Herodotes' "Jirks" are the ancestors of the modern Hungarians, "Tissagets" - the ancestors of the Mansi, "Budins" - the Permians, "Helanhlens" - ancestors of the Mari.
		In 1918 the Syktyvkar dialect was chosen as a base for the Komi literary language, because it was the central dialect among the Komi ones geographically and linguistically.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/2282/finno.html (5839 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mari El
		Mari El is ecologically clean land with endless forests and great number of lakes and rivers.
		Mari El is a little away from the large roads, that enables the numerous visitors of republic, to whose services the good hotels are submitted, temporarily to forget about businesse and to have a rest from vanity.
		Practically all the territory of Mari El is covered by innocent, untouched wood, the abundance of forest lakes and little rivers makes it even less passable, and only in the west of republic the taiga wood is replaced by copses.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mari-El (612 words)

	Erzya language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Erzya is currently written using the Cyrillic alphabet with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language.
		The language belongs to the Mordvinic branch of Finno-Volgaic languages a sub-branch of the Finno-Ugric languages.
		Erzyan is closely related to the Moksha language, but is distinct in its phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erzya_language (219 words)

	THE ORIGIN OF FINNISH AND RELATED LANGUAGES
		In the east, the domain of the language family extends to the Yenisey river and the Taimyr peninsula, and the farthest outpost to the south comprises the Hungarians, in the Carpathian basin of Central Europe.
		The structural features are more significant from the theoretical point of view and constitute firmer evidence of the languagesí shared past and common ancestry than the shared vocabulary, since it is the basic structure of a language that is usually preserved best during the changes that all languages undergo during their history.
		The fundamental structure and the most ancient core of the language are eastern, as are the oldest loanwords - in the sense that the basic vocabular and core of the Indo-European language family are also eastern.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/sugl/kulonen/Finf13uk.htm (3122 words)

	Mari (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mari is an autonomous republic in the Russian Federation.
		The language in Mari is Volga-Finnic, a branch of the Finno-Ugric of the Uralic family of languages.
		The Mari language was eliminated from the school and the culture suffered from mass collectivisation.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=38 (432 words)

	[No title]
		The Mari ethnonym does not occur in the historic sources of the period discussed in the present study (the later 1st millennium and the early 2nd millennium AD) and thus further information on the nature of the Cheremis-Mari relations can only be gleaned from the archaeological record.
		In his study on Mari prehistory Kazantsev (1985, 26-29) accepted the existence of a Mordvin-Mari parent speech unity and suggested that the separation of the Gorodets and Djakovo culture in fact reflected the start of the independent life of the ancestors of the Mari and the Mordvins.
		In other words, it would appear that the meadow Mari evolved from the intermingling of the ancestors of the mountain Mari (who were migrating from the Volga to the interior of the Mari land) with the Azelino population (also moving from the Vjatka to the interior of the Mari land).
	mek.oszk.hu /01700/01794/01794.doc (16073 words)

	Art - The Baltic Times- NEWS FROM ESTONIA,LATVIA AND LITHUANIA
		But there is a legal basis to establish secondary and higher education in the Mari language, she said.
		There are 130 periodicals in Mari El, 11 of them are subsidized by the state and 9 are in Mari.
		Russian officials have claimed that all attacks against Mari journalists and cultural individuals in the past were acts of hooliganism and had nothing to do with national identity or those persons’ professional activities.
	www.baltictimes.com /art.php?art_id=13000 (908 words)

	Mari (from Uralic languages) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Mari (formerly known as Cheremis) is currently maintained by about 610,000 speakers (approximately three-fourths of the ethnic Mari).
		The three major dialects of Mari are the Meadow dialect, spoken in Mari El and north of the Volga River; the Mountain (Hill) dialect, spoken mostly south of the Volga, between the Volga and Sura rivers (Chuvashiya republic); and the Eastern dialect, spoken...
		Mari is their own name for themselves; Cheremis was the name applied to them by Westerners and...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-74942 (711 words)

	Phrasebase - Mari Language Facts And Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dialects: KOZYMODEMYAN, YARAN, GRASSLAND MARI (SERNUR-MORKIN, YOSHKAR-OLIN, VOLGA).
		Summary: Different from Mari of East Sepik Province and Mari of Western Province.
		Different from Mari of East Sepik Province, and Mari of Madang Province.
	www.phrasebase.com /languages/index.php?cat=184 (294 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In fact, the identification of the Mari with the Merja does not solve the contradiction between the data preserved in the Russian chronicles and the present-day distribution of the Mari since the Merja are at least as far from the Oka confluence as the Mari.
		In the Middle Volga region the Balanovo culture merged with the indigenous population to the extent that a new culture, labelled Chirkovo-Sejma was distinguished.
		This phenomenon may perhaps be invoked to explain the linguistic divide between the Mordvins and the Mari \endash assuming, in this case, that the ancestors of the Mari lived to the east, and the ancestors of the Mordvins to the west of this divide: two neighbouring, but nonetheless separate groups.
	mek.oszk.hu /01700/01794/01794.rtf (13446 words)

	HS Foreign 27.12.2001 - Finno-Ugric Mari people of Central Russia complain of ethnic persecution
		During the past year the section of the Ministry of Education responsible for drafting school curricula in the Mari language was shut down.
		The language itself, which has the constitutional status of an official language in the republic, was declared an elective subject in the schools, and the printing of Mari language opposition newspapers in the republic's printing presses was banned.
		However, the Mari opposition is not strong enough to prevent the passage of the discriminatory bills in the republic's Duma, in which only 18 of the 67 members are ethnic Mari.
	www2.hs.fi /english/archive/news.asp?id=20011227IE9 (878 words)

	RNW: The Rivers Series
		The Mari have had an autonomous republic, Mari-el, since 1920, but half of the Mari live outside of the republic, which has a population of roughly 800 thousand.
		The literary language suffered a severe blow when the Mari intelligentia were decimated under Stalin in the 1930's, but in recent years a rebirth of interest has occurred, in spite of the pressures of urban and global culture.
		The meadow Mari on the left bank and the hill Mari on the right bank of the Volga are now separated by the huge reservoir of the Cheboksary electric station, which has also flooded many villages.
	www2.rnw.nl /rnw/en/features/cultureandhistory/mari030212.html (526 words)

	Mari (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Appeal on Behalf of the Mari people, which openly condemns the Russian Federation authorities for their continued persecution of the Mari people and violation of their rights, has been gaining momentum in the international community and has won the support of 10.000 signatories.
		Fraudulent elections; oppression and suppression of the Mari language instruction in schools and use in the public and media; and campaigns of intimidation, such as harassments, beatings and killings of public and private officials and media personnel are other abuses faced by the Mari people.
		UNPO supports the Appeal on Behalf of the Mari People and invites everyone to show their solidarity and support by signing the appeal, which can be accessed at: http://ugri.info/mari/.
	www.unpo.org /print.php?arg=38&par=2743 (232 words)

	Russia - The Republic of Mari El - RussiaTrek.com
		Population: The population of Mari is approximately 750,000.
		Languages: The language in Mari is Volga-Finnic, a branch of the Finno-Ugric of the Uralic family of languages.
		Organisations: The Mari are represented by Mari Ushem, the National Movement, in order to seek support for the preservation and development of its national culture and identity.
	www.russiatrek.com /rp_mariel.shtml (331 words)

	Mari-Language Prayer Book to Come out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A prayer book in the Lowland Mari language will soon come out of print in Yoshkar Ola, capital of Mari El, Russia's constituent republic in the middle reaches of the Volga, reports the Yoshkar Ola diocesan press service.
		The written Mari language, of the Finno-Ugrian family, has two varieties-the Lowland and the Highland.
		Lowland Mari is spoken along the lower, meadow Volga bank, in the vicinity of Yoshkar Ola and Krasnokokshaisk.
	www.unpo.org /news_detail.php?arg=38&par=2217 (331 words)

	Requests for new languages/One supporter - Meta
		It is a language spoken primarily in Papua New Guinea and the northeast of Australia and almost extinct.
		Haida is a language spoken on the Queen Charlotte Islands and in south-east Alaska.
		Tuvaluan is the first language in Tuvalu, the third language in Kiribati, the sixth language in Nauru, the thirteenth language in Fiji and the eighteenth language in New Zealand; all qua number of speakers.
	meta.wikimedia.org /wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/One_supporter (8459 words)

	Mari language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The three major dialects of Mari are the Meadow dialect, spoken in Mari El and north of the Volga River; the Mountain (Hill) dialect, spoken mostly south of the Volga, between the Volga and Sura rivers (Chuvashiya republic); and the Eastern dialect, spoken around…
		The third largest Uralic language in number of speakers, ranking after Hungarian and Finnish, it has two major dialects: Erzya, spoken in the eastern portion of Mordvinia and the surrounding territory; and Moksha, spoken in the west.
		The Finno-Ugric languages are spoken by several million people distributed discontinuously over an area extending from Norway in the west to the Ob River region in Siberia and south to the lower Danube River in Europe.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050880 (755 words)

	Безѹмниѥ » Blog Archive » Mari language resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It has two literary languages (Meadow-Eastern Mari and Hill Mari), which, along with Russian, are both official languages in the Republic Mari El of the Russian Federation.
		The language used to be called ‘Cheremis’, which is still in use in linguistic literature published in the ‘West’.
		In preparing to attend the aforementioned course of Mari language and culture, I was under the impression that there are few resources indeed for this Finno-Ugric language.
	www.christopherculver.com /ignorance?p=12 (390 words)

	Mari language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is a literary language the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Russian and Tatar have strongly influenced Mari Meadow Mari.
		At this level of study not having kana and kanji is an absurd blunder.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mari_language (402 words)

	Origin of Finnish and related languages — Virtual Finland
		The Baltic-Finnic language group is one of the westernmost branches of the Finno-Ugrian language family; only the Sámi territory in western and northern Norway extends further west.
		Preservers of their Mordvin language Natalya Vasilyevna Botskanova and her granddaughter Marina from the Erzya village of Katselai in Mordovia.
		The widest known distribution of the Uralic languages is indicated by the colored areas.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/langua.html (1766 words)

	UWEE Faculty
		Mari Ostendorf joined the Speech Signal Processing Group at BBN Laboratories in 1985, where she worked on low-rate coding and acoustic modeling for continuous speech recognition.
		Her early work was in speech coding; more recently she has been involved in projects on both continuous speech recognition and speech synthesis, as well as some other types of signals.
		Current research efforts are in acoustic and language modeling for spontaneous speech recognition, and combining linguistics with statistical models for both analysis and synthesis of prosody.
	www.ee.washington.edu /people/faculty/ostendorf (661 words)

	Language
		language areas of the Italic and neighboring languages, 250 BC Sorbian family tree
		major divisions of the Tai and related languages
		"language areas of the Italic and neighboring languages, 250 BC."
	home.wanadoo.nl /arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees (39 words)

	European minority languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Belgium - Languages and Dialects - by Roger Thijs...
		Belgium - Languages and Dialects - Luxemburgian in Belgium
		Belgium: Belgium - Languages and Dialects - by Roger Thijs...
	www.smo.uhi.ac.uk /saoghal/mion-chanain/en (1478 words)

	Minority languages of Russia on the Net - Mari language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Spoken in the Republic of Mari El, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, the Nizhni Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions.
		Mari has been a written language since the 19th century (Cyrillic script).
		There are two literary languages: one based on the Meadow and Eastern dialects and another based on the Hill dialect.
	www.belti.msk.ru /peoples/eng_mari.html (212 words)

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