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	Marie De France - LoveToKnow 1911
		France," generally interpreted to mean that Marie was a native of the Ile de France, she seems to have been of Norman origin, and certainly spent most of her life in England.
		The manuscripts in which Marie's poems are preserved date from the late 13th or even the 14th century, but the language fixes the date of the poems in the second half of the 12th century.
		Marie's Ysopet is translated from an English original which she erroneously attributed to Alfred the Great, who had, she said, translated it from the Latin.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Marie_De_France (1282 words)

	Marie de France
		She has this trait in common with the other trouvères, that she had no biographer; at least no biography of her has come down to us, and it is mostly by inference that scholars have been able to gather the meagre information that we possess about her.
		She was a native of Normandy and lived in the second half of the twelfth century, because she uses the pure Norman dialect of that time, and the two personages alluded to in her works were Henry II of England and his son William, Count of Salisbury.
		Marie's contributions to French literature consist of lays, the "Ysopet", and a romance published by Roquefort under the title, "Legend of the Purgatory of Saint Patrick".
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/marie_de_france.html (423 words)

	Marie de France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rumors contend that Marie de France was a member of the French royal family or the illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and that she was, therefore, the half sister of King Henry II of England.
		Marie's lais, of which there are exactly twelve, were dedicated to a noble, brave and courtly king, presumbly King Henry II of England.
		Marie de France also wrote verse fables, said to be based on a version of Aesop by King Alfred.
	faculty.smu.edu /bwheeler/Ency/marie.html (283 words)

	Marie de France's Comedy
		Marie de France uses comic elements like sarcasm and the grotesque in both the Fables and Lais.
		In addition, both the prologue and epilogue of the Fables and the prologue of the Lais are presented here, with possible class discussions ranging from Marie's justification of her position as a female author to her role as a teacher of moral conduct.
		Freeman, M. "Marie de France's Poetics of Silence: The Implications for a Feminine Translatio." PMLA 99(1984): 860-863.
	home.earthlink.net /~dianska/mariedefrance.htm (892 words)

	Marie de France
		Marie de France's identity remains obscure, but it is clear that she was a woman of French origin writing in England in the later decades of the twelfth century, widely educated, and in touch with the royal court.
		Marie (III), the eighth child of Waleran II, Count of Meulan, is the third option, as she was brought up in the modern-day French département of Eure wherein is located the town of Pitres.
		Marie de France may be trying less to propound a critique of the received stories of Arthur than to recall her readers' attention to elements that tradition has left aside, as she suggests in her prologue.
	faculty.winthrop.edu /kosterj/ENGL512/Marie.htm (1379 words)

	Marie de France Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		The French poet Marie de France (active late 12th century) was an accomplished writer of lais and was probably the originator of that form.
		Marie de France is one of those authors whose work is well known but whose life is largely conjectural.
		Marie wrote in a dialect that indicates Normandy on the border of the Île-de-France.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/marie-de-france (396 words)

	Marie de France
		Marie de France, the earliest French woman poet, did not have a biographer and much of what we know of her today are assumptions scholars have made based on her works.
		The cornerstone assumption is that Marie was a French native writing in England, and that she was a resident of, and wrote for, the court of Henry II.
		Marie's audience was probably aristocratic, judging from her level of education and sophistication, as well as an oft-quoted reference to her by a fellow poet, Denis Piramus, who recounts her popularity among "counts, barons, and knights"
	lucy3621.tripod.com (343 words)

	The Lais of Marie De France
		Marie de France, perhaps the most highly regarded French female writers in history, pioneered the literary genre of love with the composition of her lays.
		For this, the knight's wife regarded her with "shame and dishonor", because "it never occurred that a woman gave birth to two sons at once, unless two men are the cause of it", implying that the neighbor's wife committed adultery (de France 61).
		Marie punishes these characters for their actions, to show that her views toward adultery are not consistent with courtly standards.
	www.geocities.com /tmkallday/marie.html (973 words)

	Marie de France
		Marie de France, a French poet and fabulist of the 12th century.
		In spite of her own statement in the epilogue to her fables: "Marie ai num, si suis de France", generally interpreted to mean that Marie was a native of the Île de France, she seems to have been of Norman origin, and certainly spent most of her life in England.
		The Lais are dedicated to an unknown king, who is identified as King Henry II of England; and the fables, her Ysopet, were written according to the Epilogus for a Count William, generally recognized to be William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury.
	www.nndb.com /people/898/000094616 (946 words)

	Bloch, R. Howard: The Anonymous Marie de France
		The Anonymous Marie de France is the first work to consider all of the writing ascribed to Marie, including her famous Lais, her 103 animal fables, and the earliest vernacular Saint Patrick's Purgatory.
		Bloch's claim, in contrast, is that Marie is among the most self-conscious, sophisticated, complicated, and disturbing figures of her time-the Joyce of the twelfth century.
		Marie's intervention lies in her obsession with the performative capacities of literature and in her acute awareness of the role of the subject in interpreting his or her own world.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/15527.ctl (399 words)

	Marie de France - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She is thought to have been of Norman origin and to have lived chiefly at the court of Henry II, Norman...
		Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, was born in Paris on September 9, 1585, and set out on a military career.
		Médicis, Marie de (1573-1642), queen consort of Henry IV of France, active in French politics during the reign of her son, Louis XIII.
	encarta.msn.com /Marie_de_France.html (197 words)

	The Lais of Marie de France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lais of Marie de France are a series of twelve short narrative poems in Anglo-Norman, generally focused on glorifying the concepts of courtly love through the adventures of their main characters.
		Little is known of their author, Marie, but she is said to be born in France, which is how she is known, and lived in England when the lais were written in the late 12th century.
		Marie de France's lais, told in octosyllabic verse, are notable for their celebration of love, individuality of character, and vividness of description – hallmarks of the emerging literature of the times.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Lais_of_Marie_de_France (291 words)

	Amazon.com: The Lais of Marie de France (Penguin Classics): Books: Marie de France,Glyn S. Burgess,Keith Busby (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Marie de France presents an old man with a young beautiful wife in "Yonec." For seven years she is locked in a tower where she ages and loses her beauty - it is a kind of death to be out of love.
		Marie de France uses clever and subtle ways to describe the complications of love and marriage, which make her writing so uniquely profound.
		Their introduction is equally fascinating, as they explore the possibilities that Marie de France was not actually a woman and that she may not have written all of the lais.
	www.amazon.com /Lais-Marie-France-Penguin-Classics/dp/0140447598 (2232 words)

	Marie de France
		Marie rewrote a Latin narrative about an Irish knight in L’Espurgatoire Seint Patriz (Saint Patrick’s Puratory), which was one of the most popular texts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
		Marie wrote Breton lais (link to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_lai) in octosyllabic couplets, crediting Breton minstrels as the source for the material of her poems.
		Draws some dubious insights about Marie’s life from his analysis of her lais, and his conclusions are too dependent on his arrangement of a chronology for the composition of the lais.
	www.csun.edu /~sk36711/WWW/engl630AL/reports/bliss.htm (1540 words)

	Notes on Marie de France from Kira Swab
		It is a common critical consensus that 'Marie' was a French-born female author who lived in England, probably in religious orders, and that she wrote the Lais, the Fables and the Espurgatoire, all in octosyllabic verse.
		Many also believe that Marie's direct yet sophisticated style; her artful compilation of stories that examine in diverse yet related ways the vexing problems of love, sexuality, maturation, marriage, family, communities, death; and her depiction of magical, moral and spiritual transformations place her works among the most remarkable vernacular productions in medieval literature.
		Although Marie de France may well have been a member of a religious order, her audience in the Lais and the Fables is a specifically courtly one that would have included young noblewomen and married ladies as well as feudal lords, knights and clerics.
	www.english.iup.edu /mhayward/EN210/Marie.htm (481 words)

	H-France Reviews
		There is something almost old-fashioned (I use the term non-pejoratively) about the task Bloch has undertaken: a close reading of the entire extant works of a poet from which is to be derived a sense of her (gendered) identity, and which aims to confirm the high level, and the coherence, of her artistry.
		As he puts it in his conclusion, “what I have offered here is a psychological portrait of Marie from the point of departure of salient aspects of her works, a reconstructed internal portrait and a cultural biography based upon a great artist’s language as a ‘sensitive index’...to the world around her” (p.
		Thus, we shall trace in the Lais Marie’s articulation of the fatal effects of language conceived to be independent of the world, a view associated with theological attitudes toward the relation of words to material reality characteristic of the early Middle Ages.
	h-france.net /vol4reviews/hanning.html (1345 words)

	Marie de France - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		France, officially French Republic (in French, République Française), country in western Europe, bounded on the north by the English Channel, the...
		French Literature, literature written in the language of France from the late 11th century to the present day.
		De Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie (1890-1970), French general and statesman, leader of Free France during World War II, architect of the Fifth...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Marie_de_France.html (144 words)

	Marie de France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Four works have been attributed to Marie de France, including 12 "Breton lais" (or lays), the "Ysopet" fables, the Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick, and, most recently, a saint's life called La Vie seinte Audree or The Life of Saint Audrey.
		Scholars have dated Marie's works between about 1160 at the earliest, and about 1215 at the latest, though it is probable that they were written between about 1170 and 1205.
		As the wife of Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine was well known to be a patron of troubadours and other artists; it has been suggested by some that Marie de France was a member of their court.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marie_de_France (355 words)

	MARIE DE FRANCE
		One of the few medieval secular woman writers, little is known about Marie de France because, like many trouveres, she lacked a personal biographer.
		Her name, which merely denotes her nation of origin, was even obtained from a verse of her poetry: "Marie ai nun, si sui de France." Furthermore, her poetry also indicates she probably lived in the northern part of France known as Brittany due to her use of a particular Norman dialect.
		Moreover, her lais are also part of the Breton Cycle or "love group" which Marie may have actually started.
	www.asu.edu /languages/fre/FrenchWomen/frewomen/MFrance.htm (405 words)

	Marie de France
		Marie wrote in what was still, in the reigns of Henry II and his son Richard I, the dominant language of England, where she probably lived at least part of her life.
		After the opening and dedication, which are all hers, Marie made two major changes from her original: the knight Owen becomes much more an adventurer than a penitent, and the dignity of the lay life is constantly stressed.
		One is by Harriet Spiegel, "The Woman's Voice in the Fables of Marie de France," in which she elaborates on points made in her 1987 translation.
	home.infionline.net /~ddisse/marie.html (3151 words)

	Marie de France
		Gurun, the lord who donates money to the nunnery so as to be nearer the target of his seduction, also sounds like a typical romance figure, but also again his practices are documented historically and serve to unite the tale’s interest in marvelous motivation with the real world of its hearers.
		Marie's version of the lai is typical for her work because of its economy and the frequency with which she interrupts her narrative to comment on the events or to offer advice to the "lords" of the court.
		Marie’s prologue sets up some expectations about hidden meanings of a social or philosophical nature.
	faculty.goucher.edu /eng240/Marie_de_France_Le_Fresne.htm (716 words)

	Marie de France and the Breton Lais
		Marie de France was a poet, writing in French, who flourished about 1150-1190.
		Marie de France, who wrote twelve lais, was probably attached to the court of Henry II of England.
		Although Marie’s tales are important because they use a wide variety of motifs that turn up in Arthurian stories, it is also worth noting that, as Thomas J. Garbaty says, “as artistic entities in themselves, they are not easily surpassed in medieval literature” (6).
	www.moval.edu /faculty/adderleym/Arthur/marie-breton-lais.htm (714 words)

	The Lais of Marie de France
		Marie makes no clear distinction between the two, and authorities on both sides of the channel have claimed her.
		The lais are generally known as "Breton lais." Her most likely source was Anglo-Saxon, still spoken by many commoners in the 12th Century, with many of the tales probably having even earlier sources in Old Welsh, the language in which the earliest Arthurian legends were told.
		The lady's curses show that she knows her Ovid and is aware that Achilles gained virtual immortality by being dipped into the River Styx in Hades (though his mother absent-mindedly failed to note that his heel, by which she was holding him, remained dry).
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~brians/love-in-the-arts/marie.html (2896 words)

	Marie de France Study Questions
		Recall that while Marie de France lived and wrote in England, her language was the French dialect spoken at the Anglo-Norman court (rather than English, the Germanic language spoken by the peasantry).
		Read carefully through the Prologue to "Guigemar," noting passages in which Marie expresses her pride in her literary work; her comments on the "truth" of fiction; and her statements about "slanderers." Consider at whom or what she could be aiming these words.
		One might be tempted to assume that Marie automatically takes the part of her female characters.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~dschwart/engl203/lais.html (1027 words)

	Marie de France
		The first woman known to write poetry in French was Marie de France, who lived in the last third of the twelfth century.
		As Marie rightly says, her tale centers on the two women; it's a pity that her change of the title to Guildeluec and Guilliadun has not prevailed in literary history.
		Marie would have known of its importance in West Saxon times and of William the Conqueror's siege of 1068 [translator's note].
	www.class.uidaho.edu /eng257jp/ELIDUC.htm (7511 words)

	Marie de France: Lais
		Marie's language is Anglo-Norman, the dialect spoken among the aristocracy of England and large parts of Northern France; she was part of a generation of writers (notable among them Chretien de Troyes) who were in the process of inventing the French verse romance.
		The rhymes can't achieve the limpid effect of Marie's; often they are either aggressively clever or aggressively bad in a way hers are not.
		Marie uses an "historical present" tense often, switching from past to present and back again in a way that is much commoner in French than in English.
	web.english.ufl.edu /exemplaria/intro.html (825 words)

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