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	Marina Gamba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marina Gamba of Venice was the mother of three of Galileo Galilei's children: During one of his frequent trips to Venice, Galileo met a young woman named Marina di Andrea Gamba, with whom he entered into a relationship.
		When Galileo left Padua for good to take up his position at the Medici court in Florence, in 1610, he took the two daughters with him but left Marina Gamba behind with Vincenzio, who was then only four years old.
		Galieleo was born in Pisa, Italy and died in Arcetri.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marina_Gamba (256 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Family \| Marina Gamba
		During one of his frequent trips to Venice, Galileo met a young woman named Marina di Andrea Gamba, with whom he entered into a relationship.
		Marina Gamba moved into Galileo's house in Padua and bore him three children, Virginia (1600), later Sister Maria Celeste, Livia (1601), later Sister Arcangela, and Vincenzio (1606).
		In the case of Virginia, she was described as "daughter by fornication of Marina of Venice," with no mention of the father; on Livia's baptismal record the name of the father was left blank; and on Vinzenzio's baptismal record "father uncertain."[1] The domestic situation was, apparently, a happy one, except when Galileo's mother, Giulia, visited.
	galileo.rice.edu /fam/marina.html (271 words)

	Tromba Marina - A Study in Organology
		The tromba marina was an important element in the development of Western music, not because of its longevity or general acceptance, but because of its influence on music and performance practice as a whole.
		The body of the instrument is of two general types, the earlier being of three slats of wood joined to form an elongated triangular pyramid with a pegbox at the apex.
		The position for holding the tromba marina must be such that the musician can draw the bow just below the top nut (that is, opposite the bridge) and simultaneously touch the string lightly with the thumb or other fingers at the necessary points below the bow to cause equal divisions of the string.
	www.oriscus.com /mi/tm/index.htm (1231 words)

	NOVA \| Galileo's Battle for the Heavens \| His Life \| PBS
		In August, Galileo and Marina Gamba's first daughter, Virginia, is born out of wedlock.
		In August, Livia, Galileo and Marina Gamba's second child, is born almost exactly one year after her sister.
		Marina Gamba gives birth to Vincenzio, Galileo's only son, in August.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/galileo/life.html (1129 words)

	Chitarrone and other Early Music Stringed Instruments
		The viol or viola da gamba (in Italian, "on [or between] the legs") was a contemporary of the lute, which shared the lute's tuning, gut strings, and tied gut frets, but was played with a bow (my initial reaction was, great - a cello with frets!
		On the other hand, no one seems to be resurrecting the fabled tromba marina, a strange instrument with one string that nevertheless survived from the twelfth to the nineteenth century!
		It seems the use of brass instruments in convents was frowned upon - so the nuns turned to this bizarre one-stringed bowed instrument which approximated the "blare" of a trumpet.
	home.earthlink.net /~minermusic/angels.htm (810 words)

	AboutCleanMarina
		Project goals are (1) to help marinas prevent water pollution, (2) to recognize marinas for doing so, and (3) through publicity, show boaters which marinas participants in the program.
		The state governments have recognized that the current regulatory process for marinas and boatyards is reactive, not proactive.
		Marinas achieving certification can use this logo on their letterhead, in newsletters, in advertising, at websites, civic events, and trade shows.
	www.uga.edu /cleanmarina/AboutCM.html (595 words)

	Marinas in Mallorca Marinas
		Mallorca possesses numerous leisure marinas, distributed along the whole coastline and the high quality and level of facilities they offer makes the island the leader of all the Mediterranean ports.
		In most of the larger marina complexes in Mallorca, there are also facilities to charter a varied number of craft types, to enjoy a few days sailing around the coastline, enjoying a great variety of beaches and coves, many of which are extremely beautiful and only easily accessible from the sea.
		The bay of Palma, on the island of Mallorca, is host to prestigious sailing competitions such as the King's Cup, the Almirall Comte de Barcelona Trophy and the SAR Princess Sofia Cup.
	www.spanishpropertyworld.com /mallorca_marinas.htm (771 words)

	Gainsborough Stables \| Horse in Training
		Marina Gamba made her racecourse debut at Ripon over ten furlongs in June.
		Marina Gamba was dropped back in trip for her second run, where she finished unplaced over eight furlongs at Windsor.
		She is by Galileo, who won both the English and Irish Derby and the King George and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at three years. Her dam was placed seven times in the USA and she is a half sister to Hot And Spicy, who has won three races in the USA.
	www.edunlop.com /horses/horse.html?hid=1058 (175 words)

	Books: Stars in their eyes - [Sunday Herald] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Maria Celeste was born in August 1600 to Galileo and his mistress Marina Gamba by whom he had a second daughter and that errant son.
		Marina died in 1619 and there is no reference to her in the letters.
		Named Virginia, Galileo and Marina's first daughter grew up in Padua until Galileo was appointed court philosopher and mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, allowing him to move to Florence.
	www.sundayherald.com /29400 (874 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Family \| Maria Celeste Galilei \| Galileo's Daughter: Letters and Essays \| Status of Women
		Galileo did not marry his children's mother, Marina Gamba, for it would not have been an honorable arrangement.
		Marina Gamba was much younger than Galileo and was of a lower social standing.
		The cost of maintaining his sister, Marina Gamba, and raising three children was a great strain on Galileo's budget.
	es.rice.edu /newgalileo/fam/status_women.html (1589 words)

	galileo.html
		For this he was accused of heresy and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
		Galileo had two daughters and a son by Marina Gamba of Venice, whom he never married.
		Because of the illegitimacy of the daughters, he placed both of them in a convent.The older daughter Virginia was 13 years old and Livia was 12.
	www.smm.org /boghopper/galileo.html (1024 words)

	Galileo's Daughter by Dava Sobel - Reviewed by Ann Skea - Eclectica Magazine v4n2
		Yet, all of Galileo's three children were illegitimate, even though he had a twelve-year relationship with their mother, Marina Gamba.
		Marina may not have been from an appropriate family background for him to marry her; it was customary for scholars to remain single; Galileo's own sisters had been schooled in convents and, with his work arousing animosity against him in some quarters, the girls would be well protected in a convent.
		He found good employment for Marina's new husband when she eventually married, and continued to support his children and treat them as "the heirs to his lineage."
	www.eclectica.org /v4n2/skea_sobel.html (713 words)

	Galileo's Daughter - About the Book - Chapter 1
		Meanwhile their brother, Vincenzio, the youngest child of Galileo and Marina's union, had been legitimized in a fiat by the grand duke of Tuscany and gone off to study law at the University of Pisa.
		Thus Suor Maria Celeste consoled Galileo for being left alone in his world, with daughters cloistered in the separate world of nuns, his son not yet a man, his former mistress dead, his family of origin all deceased or dispersed.
		He won appointment as chief mathematician and philosopher to the grand duke in 1610, and moved to Florence to assume his position at the court of Cosimo de' Medici.
	www.galileosdaughter.com /firstchapter.shtml (2173 words)

	Famous Italians - Galileo
		While there, he developed his explanation for tidal cycles as a result of annual and diurnal motions of the earth, published "Cosmographia" (a treatise on hydrostatics) and "Siderius Nuncius", and performed experiments with pendulums, inclined planes and projectiles.
		During this time Galileo met and entered into a relationship with Marina Gamba, who bore him two daughters and a son during the years they lived together.
		He left Padua (and Marina) upon receiving a lifetime appointment as "Chief Mathematician of the University of Pisa and Philosopher and Mathematician to the Grand Duke" of Tuscany.
	www.italian-american.com /galile2.htm (916 words)

	Sobel (Dava) Galileo's Daughter Summary
		His first son Vincenzio (1606-1669) was born out of wedlock to his longstanding mistress Marina Gamba of Venice and eventually legitimized.
		The difference in social positions between the poor but patrician Galilei family and Marina in part explained why he never married Marina, and Maria's illegitimacy forced her to be placed in the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri at the age of 13.
		Soon after, Marina married Giovanni Bartoluzzi and GG assisted her with her wedding expenses.
	www.mcgoodwin.net /pages/otherbooks/ds_galileodaughter.html (2755 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Galileo \| Introduction
		Marina lived in Galileo's house in Padua where she bore him three children.
		He left his son, Vincenzio, with Marina Gamba in Padua.
		In 1613, Marina married Giovanni Bartoluzzi, and Vincenzio joined his father in Florence.
	galileo.rice.edu /gal/intro.html (150 words)

	FT March 2000: Between Father and Daughter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Baptized Virginia at her birth in 1600, she was the eldest of three children of Galileo by Marina Gamba of Venice.
		According to Sobel, it was the custom of scholars in the period not to marry; and though Galileo acknowledged his children, Marina’s lineage seems to have ruled out marriage to his mistress.
		Once Galileo settled in Florence as "Philosopher and Mathematician" to the dukes of Tuscany, the demographics (there were more women than men in Flo rence) and his daughters’ illegitimacy seem to have ruled out marriages commensurate with the family’s status.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0003/reviews/powers.html (944 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Biography \| Family Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, he did have a brief relationship with Marina Gamba, a woman he met on one of his many trips to Venice.
		His two daughters, Virginia and Livia, were both put in convents where they became, respectively, Sister Maria Celeste and Sister Arcangela.
		In 1610, Galileo moved from Padua to Florence where he took a position at the Court of the Medici family.
	es.rice.edu /newgalileo/bio/narrative_5.html (123 words)

	CHRONOLOGY
		These products were sold to wealthy students along with his treatise explaining its use.
		Marina Gamba gave birth to a daughter, who was baptized Virgina.
		Galileo’s sister, Livia married Taddeo Galetti.Marina Gamba gave birth to second daughter who was baptized Livia.
	www.worldofbiography.com /0079-Galileo/Chronology.htm (491 words)

	AGORA: Summer 2001 Issue: McDaniel
		Her work chisels through the thick crust of half-truths that have so far obscured Galileo the human, and the unifying strand of the narrative -- a daughter’s love for her famous father - provides a unique opportunity to criticize the polarizing epithets traditionally appended to Galileo’s name.
		Although Galileo Galilei never married, he did beget three children by a Venetian woman named Marina Gamba.
		Contemporary concerns about social compatibility dissuaded the patrician Galileo from wedding his mistress, but he did provide for her welfare, eventually helping arrange her marriage to a gentleman closer to her social station.
	www.tamu.edu /chr/agora/mcdaniel1.html (408 words)

	Dava Sobel - Penguin Group (USA) Authors - Penguin Group (USA)
		Only Galileo and Marina Gamba know the whole truth here, but several obvious conditions may have ruled out wedlock, including the difference in social standing between the two of them.
		Galileo came from a highly respected, if not wealthy, family that had served the Tuscan government, while Marina's lineage was undistinguished—and Venetian to boot.
		Maria Celeste never mentions her mother because Marina had died well before the date of the first surviving letter.
	us.penguingroup.com /nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000015543,00.html (1350 words)

	The man who made the Earth move
		He was a popular, gifted lecturer, although the university had to fine him for refusing to wear his academic gown, which, he wrote in a ribald poem, was a pretentious nuisance that kept professors out of the brothels.
		Over 12 years, he had three children "by fornication" with the beautiful young Marina Gamba of Venice.
		They didn't live together (she was merely middle-class) but Galileo popped over often by gondola and he loved their offspring.
	www.cbu.edu /~rrubin/homepge/galileo.html (749 words)

	Galileo Galilei (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He also received a lectureship at Pisa as well as a teaching position from 1589-92.
		Galileo entered into a relationship with Marina Gamba, who bore him two daughters and a son, in 1599.
		He was able to provide an education for the sun, but due to the lack of dowry money, he had to place his daughters in a convent, and his correspondence with his daughter Maria Celeste, baptized Virginia, is one of the best sources of knowledge on Galileo's private life.
	www.ri.net /middletown/gaudet/teachersites/nassaney/alexw/alexw_galileo1.htm (1482 words)

	Book Reviews: Galileo's Daughter: A Drama of Science, Faith and Love by Dava Sobel - ExperiencePlus! Reading Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		During the second half of his life he lived the drama of a devout Catholic who believed something Catholics were forbidden to believe - the sun, not the earth, was at the center of the universe.
		Galileo recognized their children as heirs to his lineage, but Marina Gamba married another man soon after Galileo moved to Florence to become the chief mathematician and philosopher of the Tuscan grand duke.
		The eldest of Galileo's children, Virginia, was born in 1600, and at the age of 13, both she and her younger sister, Livia, entered the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri.
	www.experienceplus.com /reading_room/archives/000076.html (840 words)

	Galileo's Daughter by Dava Sobel : Booksamillion.com (0802713432, Hardcover)
		These letters, many of which were destroyed or lost, bring to life Galileo's personality and conflicts.
		Maria Celeste was the product of Galileo's illicit relationship with Marina Gamba of Venice.
		Because she was born out of wedlock, she was therefore unable to be married, and the convent became the natural place for her to find a home....
	www.booksamillion.com /ncom/books?id=3017016432179&pid=0802713432 (199 words)

	Biography of Galileo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Galileo never married but lived for 10 years with Marina di Andrea Gamba (from about 1600 to 1610) and they had two daughters Virginia and Livia, born in 1600 and 1601, respectively, and a son, Vincenzio, born in 1606.
		On none of the baptismal records is Galileo named as the father; in the case of Virginia she was described as "daughter by fornication of Marina of Venice" with no mention of the father, on Livia's record the name of the father was left blank and on Vincenzio's record it states 'father uncertain'.
		His association with Marina came to an end when he eventually left Padua in 1610 to return to Pisa, but the two of them remained on excellent terms apparently, and Galileo even carried on a cordial correspondence with the man, Giovanni Bartoluzzi, whom Marina eventually married in 1613.
	www.fau.edu /~jordanrg/bios/Galileo/Galileo_bio.htm (7208 words)

	The Hindu : Recasting Galileo's story
		Sobel tells a tale that combines a discussion of Galileo's research with extracts from the letters of his daughter that provide a background to Galileo's personality.
		Galileo never married but when he was 35 a Venetian girl by name Marina Gamba came to live with him and they had three children - two daughters, Virginia and Livia, and son Vincenzio.
		When he moved to Florence in 1610 A.D. he left Marina behind and she remarried soon after.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2000/12/26/stories/1326017a.htm (1085 words)

	Galileo Galilei Life
		During this time he turns to the Copernican theory of the planetary motion.
		In 1599 he meets Marina Gamba, who will give him three children: Maria Celeste, Arcangela and Vincenzo.
		In 1602 he carries out a few experiments on the pendulum, during a study of the accelerated motion.
	www.pd.astro.it /E-MOSTRA/NEW/A1001MAN.HTM (782 words)

	The Chemist's Bookshelf
		Born in Italy on August 13, 1600, Virginia Galilei was the product of an enduring affair between Galileo Galilei and the Venetian beauty Marina Gamba.
		Coincidentally, 1600 was also the year Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in Rome for committing various heresies and blasphemies against the Catholic Church, most egregious of which was his insistence that the Earth traveled around the Sun.
		Although a historical work, it also has contemporary implications, considering it was not until 1992 that Pope John Paul II publicly endorsed Galileo’s belief in a Sun-centered, rather than an Earth-centered, universe.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i04/html/TCAW04chem.html (638 words)

	Free-ResearchPapers.com - Galileo
		At age 28, in 1592, he moved to Padua, which was in the Venetian Republic.
		There he married Marina Gamba, 21 years old.
		In 1610 Galileo, at age 46 developed the telescope, which led to many discoveries such as mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, and phases of Venus.
	www.free-researchpapers.com /dbs/b8/skx75.shtml (1171 words)

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