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Topic: Marine Hospital Service

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	United States Public Health Service
		The earliest marine hospitals created to care for the seamen were located along the East Coast, with Boston being the site of the first such facility; later they were also established along inland waterways, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf and Pacific Coasts.
		A reorganization in 1870 converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C The position of Supervising Surgeon (later Surgeon General) was created to administer the Service, and John Maynard Woodworth was appointed as the first incumbent in 1871.
		The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps by legislation enacted in 1889.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/u/un/united_states_public_health_service.html (588 words)

	Commissioned Officers Association>>Public Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Under the immigration act of 1891, the Marine Hospital Service was assigned the responsibility for the medical inspection of arriving immigrants.
		The Service sent a Commissioned Officer to investigate the outbreak, and he identified the cause of the spread of the disease as feces and initiated a campaign for sanitary privies.
		The Service was given the responsibility of working with local health departments to keep the areas around military training camps in the United States free from disease.
	www.coausphs.org /phhistory2.cfm (719 words)

	HHS - Office of the Surgeon General - Previous Surgeons General
		The Service had its origins in a 1798 Act of Congress "for the relief of sick and disabled seamen." The 1798 law created a fund to be used by the Federal Government to provide medical services to merchant seamen in American ports.
		The marine hospital fund was administered by the Treasury Department and financed through a monthly deduction from the wages of the seamen.
		The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the Commissioned Corps by legislation enacted in 1889 under Woodworth's successor, John B. Hamilton.
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/history/biowoodworth.htm (1025 words)

	PHS - History Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The 1870 reorganization converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The position of supervising surgeon (later surgeon general) was created to administer the Service.
		Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians who could be assigned and moved as needed to the various marine hospitals.
		Since the Service already had hospitals and physicians located in many port cities, it was a logical choice to administer quarantine at the Federal level.
	history.usphs.gov /resources/phs_hist/pub_phs02.html (330 words)

	CNN.com - Coalition forces under fire in Ramadi - Apr 6, 2004
		The 1st Marine Expeditionary Force recently took over from the Army's 82nd Airborne Division in the region, which includes the area extending to the border with Syria.
		The Marine deaths in Ramadi and that of a soldier in a Baghdad rocket-propelled grenade attack made Tuesday one of the deadliest days for American troops in Iraq since President Bush declared the end of major combat on May 1.
		Hospital sources said 36 of those were killed in battles with U.S. troops in Baghdad's Sadr City, a Shiite slum named for the rebellious cleric's assassinated father.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/meast/04/06/iraq.main/index.html (1192 words)

	PHS - FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Marine Hospital Service, as it was called, was assigned increasing responsibilities of a public health nature, such as quarantine and medical inspection of immigrants, beginning in the late nineteenth century.
		As the Service continued to expand its responsibilities in the field of health, the name was changed again in 1912 to the Public Health Service.
		The Marine Hospital Service (forerunner of the PHS) and subsequently the PHS were based in the Treasury Department until 1939.
	history.usphs.gov /faqs.html (804 words)

	History of the Commissioned Corps, Public Health Service (PHS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the Commissioned Corps by legislation enacted in 1889.
		The Public Health Service seal was originally developed by John Maynard Woodworth, the first Supervising Surgeon (the title was later changed to Surgeon General) of the Marine Hospital Service (forerunner of the PHS).
		Ralph Williams, in his history of the PHS (1951), speculates that Woodworth used the caduceus of Mercury in the seal because of the Service's relationship with merchant seamen and the maritime industry.
	www.usphs.gov /html/history.html (1051 words)

	Hospital Flags (U.S.)
		Although most of the Hospital Department and Ambulance Department records were destroyed by fire in Richmond Virginia in 1865, I have found that the same U.S. Army regulations of 1861 were adopted by the Confederate Armies: Army of the Potomac/Army of Northern Virginia, Army of the Mississippi, Department of South Carolina, Georgia & Florida.
		The hospitals of the "Marine Hospital Service" was under the Department of the Treasury at that time.
		In 1864 the "United States Marine Hospital Service" only had 8 hospitals in service, the others had been transferred to the U.S. Army Medical Service and the southern hospitals were taken over for military use by the Confederate Medical Service.
	www.1uptravel.com /flag/flags/us^hosp.html (965 words)

	HHS - Office of the Surgeon General - Previous Surgeons General
		During Wyman's tenure, the Marine Hospital Service significantly expanded its responsibilities, and in 1902 was renamed the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.
		The quarantine activities of the Service were expanded by legislative acts of 1893 and 1906, and maritime quarantine functions were extended to Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Panama Canal, and the Philippine Islands.
		The Service first became involved in the situation in 1900 when PHS physician Joseph Kinyoun, stationed in San Francisco, confirmed by bacteriological analysis that the death of a laborer in the city's Chinatown section was due to bubonic plague.
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/history/biowyman.htm (976 words)

	History of Chicago : From 1857 until the Fire of 1871
		The boundaries of the old hospital lot were Michigan Avenue on the west, the Illinois Central Railroad on the east, a part of the Government reservation on the south, and the river and dockway on the north.
		McVickar was the first city physician under the primitive board of health, was surgeon of the Marine Hospital, surgeon of the Army Hospital, at Chicago, in 1863, surgeon of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, and member of the board of health for a number of years.
		In September, 1883, Dr. Maynard married Miss Nettie Hadley, of Albany, N. TRUMAN WASHINGTON MILLER, M.D., surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service, is a native of Seneca, N. Y., and was born on March 2, 1840.
	www.hhpl.on.ca /GreatLakes/Documents/Andreas/default.asp?ID=s008 (1346 words)

	DUNCAN A. CARMICHAEL
		One of his first assignments was Vineyard Haven (Massachusetts) Marine Hospital in 1895, and he became so fond of the community that three years later he built a permanent home on a hill near the hospital.
		On his arrival he became Superintendent of the Marine Hospital service in the Islands with headquarters in Honolulu.
		During his two years here, he established a marine hospital service in Hilo, Hawaii, and also played an active part in combating the bubonic plague in 1900.
	www.hml.org /mmhc/mdindex/carmicha.html (493 words)

	The West Wing: Query
		Outbreaks of smallpox in the North and yellow fever in the South, and an investigation of the Marine Hospital Service, lead to a reorganization of the Service in 1870.
		As a result, a bacteriological laboratory was established in the Staten Island Marine Hospital in 1887 and moved to Washington in 1891 to form the Hygienic Laboratory -- forerunner of the National Institutes of Health.
		The Service began to see public health as the study of people in their relationship to each other and their environment; the place they lived -- the home, the neighborhood, the city; the place they worked; their water; their food; their air; their sanitary facilities; in short, their total environment.
	westwing.bewarne.com /queries/surgeongeneral.html (1133 words)

	U.S. drives into heart of Fallujah / Army, Marines face rockets and bombs in battle to take insurgents' stronghold / ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Francis Piccoli of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force said enemy fighters were bottled up in a strip of the city flanking the major east-west highway that splits Fallujah.
		Marines fighting to the west of the Army units advanced to the main east- west highway that divides Fallujah and reported persistent resistance from insurgents firing from mosques.
		Civilians caught in the cross fire were gathered in a hospital donated by the United Arab Emirates and flying a blue and white UNICEF banner.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/11/10/MNG6P9P3ER1.DTL (1491 words)

	Hospital Campus
		The Buffalo Marine Hospital, a complex of five buildings on Main Street directly north of Sisters Hospital in the Parkside section of the city, received a bit of good news in late July.
		Prior to that, it was part of the Marine Hospital Service established by Congress in 1798.
		In 1937, alterations were made in the hospital building to accommodate, for the first time, “female beneficiaries of the Public Health Service classified as merchant seamen.” At some point it also came to care for seamen of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.
	freenet.buffalo.edu /PreservationWorks/bpr/9510bpr/hsptl.html (1075 words)

	United States Public Health Service Summary
		It is the uniformed service of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and one of the seven Uniformed Services.
		The origins of the Public Health Service may be traced to the passage of an act in 1798 that provided for the care and relief of sick and injured merchant seamen.
		The earliest marine hospitals created to care for the seamen were located along the East Coast, with Boston being the site of the first such facility; later they were also established along inland waterways, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Coasts.
	www.bookrags.com /United_States_Public_Health_Service (914 words)

	Marine Hospital Cemetery (1896) - Western Neighborhoods Project
		Too often the journey to the hospital proves to be Jack's last voyage on earth, for every month the roll call falls short in the local institution by four or five names.
		For this almost unheard of cemetery within the City's limits is the burial ground of the United States Marine Hospital.
		The United States Marine Hospital Service report for 1894 shows that fifty-six men of the sea died that year.
	www.outsidelands.org /marinecemetary.php (1195 words)

	[No title]
		The Service was divided into stations with functioning marine hospitals and relief stations where seamen were admitted to local hospitals for treatment; Philadelphia was a relief station of the first class.
		Duties of this officer included: examination of applicants for relief; prescription of medicine; issuance of permits for hospital relief; maintenance of records of the hospital; inspection of hospitals where seamen were admitted; observation of all quarantine regulations; and reporting of any outbreaks of disease.
		In 1902, the name of the Marine Hospital Service was changed to the "Public Health and Marine Hospital Service" to reflect the growing concern with quarantine regulations, hygienic standards and research, and inspection of immigrants.
	www.collphyphil.org /FIND_AID/hist/histusm2.htm (800 words)

	Program in Maritime Studies: Abstracts
		The Marine Hospital Service, backed by the Secretary of the Treasury and the President of the United States, declared a mandatory 20-day quarantine for all immigrant carrying ships.
		The Marine Hospital Service's initiatives were greeted enthusiastically by the public, but not by Dr. William Jenkins, the Tammany Hall connected Health Officer of the Port of New York, who chaffed at the intrusion and his loss of authority.
		In February 1893, congress enacted a new quarantine act that legitimized the Marine Hospital Service's many activities during the cholera crisis.
	www.ecu.edu /maritime/jense1.htm (390 words)

	Marine Hospital History
		The new U.S. Marine Hospital was completed in 1892 but the story begins with the original U.S. Marine Hospital, when, in 1853, “in response to repeated petitions of citizens who thought Evansville as much entitled to a hospital as Paducah, an appropriation was made for a marine hospital at this port.
		Bray, surgeon in charge, and John Kehoe, hospital steward, agreed that the number of patients, as compared with the capacity of the hospital, was small.
		During January 1862 “the river became blockaded by reason of the war (the Civil War), and applicants for relief were in consequence very few, the hospital was converted into a general military hospital…in 1867 the hospital and grounds were sold to Mr.
	www.westsideimprovement.org /marine_hospital_history.htm (676 words)

	Chronology of Events (by year) - Historical Data - NIH 1998 Almanac Content
		1798--The Marine Hospital Service was established with the July 16 signing by President John Adams of an act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen.
		John Maynard Woodworth was appointed supervising surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service in April, marking the beginning of central control of Marine hospitals.
		The research hospital was renamed the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center in honor of the former chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations.
	www.nih.gov /about/almanac/archive/1998/historical-data/chronology.html (5715 words)

	Public Health Service Flags
		The Public Health Service, one of the seven uniformed services of the United States, dates its history to the establishment of a series of marine hospitals for merchant seamen in 1798.
		Although the marine hospitals were closed in the early 1980s, the Public Health Service continues its status as a maritime service, enforcing the nation's quarantine laws, inspecting passenger liners to ensure their compliance with health regulations, and providing doctors and other medical personnel to support the Coast Guard and NOAA Corps.
		The caduceus is rather the attribute of Mercury, the Roman messenger of the gods, and therefore symbolizes the office of the herald, in whose presence a truce was observed.
	mysite.verizon.net /vzeohzt4/Seaflags/phs/phs.html (583 words)

	Legislative Chronology - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
		The Marine Hospital Service — forerunner of the present-day PHS — became a component of the Treasury Department.
		A monthly hospital tax of 20 cents was deducted from the pay of merchant seamen in the first prepaid medical care plan in the United States.
		The Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service was to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
	www.nih.gov /about/almanac/historical/legislative_chronology.htm (11095 words)

	PHS - Doctors at the Gate: PHS at Ellis Island
		A series of marine hospitals were established in port cities across the country to care for the mariners.
		The physicians of the Service were organized into a Commissioned Corps, with uniforms and ranks modeled after the military.
		As public concerns about the spread of epidemic diseases intensified in the late 19th century, the Marine Hospital Service (renamed the Public Health Service in 1912) was given increasing responsibilities for quarantine inspection of ships arriving from foreign ports.
	lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov /apdb/phsHistory/resources/docsatgate/docs.html (354 words)

	Dr. E. Alexander
		In 1874 he was located at Fort Bliss at El Paso, and has remained here in the federal service, with the exception of the period from 1876 to 1888 he having resigned because of his wife's failing health.
		His official capacity is that of surgeon in charge of the public health and Marine Hospital service at the Port of El Paso under the surgeon general of the Marine Hospital at Washington.
		He has for the greater portion of forty-four years been continuously in the federal service in connection with its health department and has continuously broadened his knowledge through research and investigation so that he is to-day a man of marked efficiency and comprehensive learning in the line of his chosen profession.
	www.genealogymagazine.com /alexander.html (427 words)

	HHS - History
		Passage of immigration legislation, assigning to the Marine Hospital Service the responsibility for medical examination of arriving immigrants.
		Conversion of Marine Hospital Service into the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service in recognition of its expanding activities in the field of public health.
		The Indian Health Service was transferred to HHS from the Department of Interior.
	www.hhs.gov /about/hhshist.html (869 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| A Medical Militia at the FDA
		The result of the act was a network of hospitals that eventually came to be known as the Marine Hospital Service.
		Officers were commissioned as a nonmilitary service with a distinct uniform and insignia, and with titles, pay, and retirement systems that corresponded to those of the military services.
		The Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service in 1902, and a decade later, the name was changed to the Public Health Service.
	www.redorbit.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=119443 (2631 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Joseph Goldberger
		He took the competitive exam to enter the Marine Hospital Service, and in 1899 joined its ranks.
		The Marine Hospital Service was established by Congress in 1798 to care for merchant seamen who were sick, and its main goal was fighting epidemics.
		By the end of the nineteenth century, in the wake of medical discoveries about germs, the Service's officers considered themselves "microbe hunters." In 1902 the Marine Hospital Service was renamed the Public Health Service, and over the decades, it turned more and more to basic science.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmgold.html (453 words)

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