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Topic: Marine Mammal Protection Act

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		The MMPA established a Marine Mammal Commission whose duties include reviewing laws and international conventions relating to marine mammals, studying the condition of these mammals, and recommending steps to federal officials (e.g., listing a species as endangered) that should be taken to protect marine mammals.
		The MMPA was amended on April 30, 1994, by the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (Public Law 103-238).
		Level B Harassment is defined as harassment having the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
	www.eh.doe.gov /oepa/laws/mmpa.html (587 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Some marine mammal species or stocks may be in danger of extinction or depletion as a result of human activities;
		Marine mammals have proven to be resources of great international significance.
		Level B Harassment - has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption or behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /pr/laws/mmpa.htm (294 words)

	NRDC: Written Statement on Proposals to Amend the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
		The "harassment" definition is one of the core provisions of the Act, establishing the threshold of regulatory concern for activities that disrupt or physically injure marine mammals.
		Its goal is to protect and promote the growth of marine mammal populations "to the greatest extent feasible commensurate with sound policies of resource management" and to "maintain the health and stability of the marine ecosystem." 16 U.S.C. § 1361(6).
		As the Marine Mammal Commission observed in its testimony before the House Resources Committee in 2001, the use of the clause "meaningful disruption" would have adverse regulatory consequences that the earlier panel, not having done a legislative analysis, appears to have overlooked.
	www.nrdc.org /wildlife/marine/cmmpa0303.asp (6112 words)

	United States v. Hayashi:(1) Taking Aim at the Marine Mammal Protection Act
		The Marine Mammal Protection Act was enacted, in 1972, to protect and restore marine mammal populations.
		This impetus reflects the lack of scientific certainty regarding marine mammals because it was the scientists' belief that led to the protection of marine mammals, not the scientists' certainty.
		If marine mammals are driven out of important and traditional feeding areas, the health and stability of the marine ecosystem is weakened, and thus, the goals of the MMPA are undermined.
	www.pace.edu /lawschool/pelr/vol14no1f1996/yaggi.html (10278 words)

	MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT: Summary from Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Marine mammal: any mammal which is morphologically adapted to the marine environment (including sea otters and members of the orders sirenia, pinnipedia and cetacea), or primarily inhabits the marine environment (such as the polar bear); also includes any part of a marine mammal, including raw, dressed or dyed fur or skin.
		The Act authorizes the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary, to enter into international agreements to establish a global moratorium for at least five years to prohibit harvesting tuna using purse seine nets deployed on or to encircle dolphins or other marine mammals.
		The Act requires the Secretary to provide for the storage, preparation, examination and archiving of marine mammal tissues in a National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank, to be used as means to monitor and measure overall health trends in marine mammal species and populations.
	ipl.unm.edu /cwl/fedbook/mmpa.html (3369 words)

	Animal Protection Institute - The Marine Mammal Protection Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The MMPA states as national policy that marine mammals are "resources of great international significance, aesthetic and recreational as well as economic," and that they should be protected along with the marine ecosystems of which they are a part.
		Species protected by the MMPA are whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, sea lions (the responsibility of the National Marine Fisheries Service, part of the Department of Commerce), walruses, sea otters, manatees, dugongs and polar bears (the responsibility of the Fish and Wildlife Service, part of the Department of the Interior).
		The MMPA and the Animal Welfare Act should be amended to transfer sole authority for the oversight of the care and maintenance of marine mammals held in captivity under public display permits to the National Marine Fisheries Service.
	www.api4animals.org /1381.htm (1881 words)

	THE U.S. MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT
		MMPA was enacted in response to increasing popular sentiment and growing concern regarding the welfare of marine mammals.
		The MMPA recognizes that marine mammals have an important role in marine ecosystems and that they are significant recreational, aesthetic, and economic resources....
		In 1991, SCI decided that the upcoming amendment of the MMPA to deal with the expiration of a temporary exception for incidental take of marine mammals during commercial fishery operations was an opportunity to try to amend the law, since the waiver process was so unworkable.
	www.highnorth.no /Library/Trade/GATT_WTO/us-ma-ma.htm (4378 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 Page 2
		Fishers participating in fisheries which have a remote likelihood of killing or seriously injuring marine mammals incidental to their operations (category III fisheries) are not subject to penalty for such taking under the MMPA, provided they report the serious injury or death of any marine mammal within 48 hours of returning from a fishing trip.
		When the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations has, or is likely to have, an immediate, significant adverse effect on a stock of marine mammals, the Secretary of Commerce is required to implement emergency regulations to reduce such mortality or injury.
		Although NMFS and the FWS had authority to protect marine mammal habitats under the MMPA prior to the 1994 Amendments and have achieved some progress in protecting marine mammal habitat, MMPA authority for habitat protection was not well defined.(I3) New explicit habitat protection authority is provided by the 1994 Amendments.
	www.netpets.com /fish/legislation/marinemam2.html (1193 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Secretary of Commerce is responsible for ensuring the protection of cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) and pinnipeds (seals and sea lions; walruses excepted).
		The Secretary of the Interior is responsible for ensuring the protection of sea otters, polar bears, walruses, and manatees.
		The MMPA also established the Marine Mammal Commission composed of three members appointed by the President (Source: Year of the Ocean Discussion Papers 1998).
	www.csc.noaa.gov /opis/html/summary/mmpa.htm (186 words)

	Stevens Wants Marine Mammal Protection Act Clarified (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Stevens noted a recent decision by a California court which interpreted the Marine Mammal Protection Act to mean that any action that has the potential to disturb even the most sensitive marine mammal in a population, is deemed a violation of the Act.
		The Act was passed to protect certain marine mammals that are in danger of extinction or depletion; help restore the reproduction capability of mammals if they fall below their optimum sustainable level; and achieve a better understanding of the ecology and population dynamics of marine mammals.
		Marine mammals cannot properly be managed because researchers are not permitted to go near them.
	www.senate.gov /member/ak/stevens/general/pr/2003/july/pr071603.htm (989 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994
		The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 was reauthorized by the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (Public Law 103-238) as signed by President Clinton on April 30, 1994.
		Maintaining the original aspirations of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Amendments continue to protect marine mammals, seeking to maintain stocks at, or recover stocks to, their optimum sustainable population levels.
		The House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Environment and Natural Resources held a hearing on general MMPA issues on April 20, 1993, with additional hearings on H.R. 2760 to reauthorize the MMPA on August 4, 1993, and on February 10, 1994.
	www.netpets.com /fish/legislation/marinemam.html (457 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act Title 1
		Permits for the incidental taking of marine mammals in the course of commercial fishing operations may only be issued as specifically provided for in sections 101(a)(5) or 306, or subsection (h) of this section.
		(9) No marine mammal may be exported for the purpose of public display, scientific research, or enhancing the survival or recovery of a species or stock unless the receiving facility meets standards that are comparable to the requirements that a person must meet to receive a permit under this subsection for that purpose.
		(A) the protection or welfare of the mammal,
	www.animallaw.info /statutes/stusfdmmpatitle1.htm (11936 words)

	Association for Cultural Evolution: Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Our mission is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.
		Violations of the Marine Mammal Protection Act may result in fines of up to $100,000 and one year's imprisonment for individuals and up to $200,000 for organizations.
		The primary authority for implementing the act belongs to the FWS and NMFS.
	www.ace.to /new/mmpa.html (666 words)

	Index
		The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was enacted in 1972 for the purpose of ensuring that marine mammals are maintained at, or in some cases restored to, healthy population levels.
		The original Act established a moratorium on the taking (under MMPA, "take" is defined as "to harass, hunt, capture, or kill or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any marine mammal") or importing of marine mammals except for certain activities which are regulated and permitted.
		Due to a lawsuit which effectively prevented the issuance of permits to incidentally take marine mammals in the course of commercial fishing operations, the Congress amended the MMPA in 1988 to establish a five-year interim exemption for commercial fishing operations (with the exception of yellowfin tuna fishing).
	www.legislative.noaa.gov /Legislation/mmpa.html (705 words)

	Efforts Underway To Weaken Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Sadly, efforts are underway in Congress to undermine the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act by greatly weakening longstanding federal protections of Florida manatees and many other marine mammals.
		The MMPA was intentionally designed to afford all marine mammals (whether endangered or not) with broader protections than the ESA provides for species listed as endangered or threatened.
		The MMPA is designed to achieve optimum “sustainable” populations of marine mammals because of their aesthetic, recreational, and economic value to the nation.
	www.savethemanatee.org /newsoemmpa10-04.htm (309 words)

	Ambergris Pathfinder: Subject Encyclopedias
		Ambergris falls under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and is illegal to import in the U.S.A. Analytical method for the detection and identification of ambergris: T. Governo et al.
		It is always found in association with the sharp beaks of squid, the principal food of the whale, and may be produced simply as a means of protection against damage caused by them.
		Ambergris falls under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and is illegal to import in the U.S.A. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances -
	www.netstrider.com /documents/ambergris/subject_encyclopedias (896 words)

	Marine Mammal Commission
		The Commission was created under Title II of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which took effect on 21 December of that year.
		The Commission's primary focus and duties are the protection and conservation of marine mammals.
		This site provides a single point of information on the activities, programs, and publications of the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals, and conveys other relevant information on the conservation and protection of marine mammals and their ecosystems.
	www.mmc.gov (109 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act established a Federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals with management vested in the Department of Interior for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, dugong, and manatee.
		With certain specified exceptions, the Act establishes a moratorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals as well as products taken from them, and establishes procedures for waiving the moratorium and transferring management responsibility to the States.
		The Marine Mammal Commission is required to issue guidelines, by 1990, to govern incidental take associated with commercial fishing after the 5-year period, and the Secretary of Commerce is required to review and transmit recommendations to Congress before January, 1992.
	laws.fws.gov /lawsdigest/marmam.html (1254 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act: information and background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For Native artists in many remote Alaskan villages, the creation and selling of artwork made from walrus ivory and/or the hides of seals, sea otters and other marine mammals is the only source of unsubsidized income.
		The sixth paragraph of this act exempts various Alaskan Native groups from the prohibition against the taking and sale of marine mammal parts to be used in the creation and sale of Native arts and clothing.
		For the purposes of this subsection, the term "authentic native articles of handicrafts and clothing" means items composed wholly or in some significant respect of natural materials, and which are produced, decorated, or fashioned in the exercise of traditional native handicrafts without the use of pantographs, multiple carvers, or other mass copying devices.
	www.bssd.org /eskimo_art/mmpainfo.html (345 words)

	Life History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Currently, the National Stranding Network is part of the broader Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program (MMHSRP) Although the passage of the MMPA established an official network, stranded cetaceans have been of interest to many people for a long time.
		Fishery observers are trained to collect biological samples from incidentally killed marine mammals, and the suite of data collected includes species identification, gender, total body length as well as samples of skin for genetics, gonads for reproductive status determination, stomachs for documenting prey, teeth for age, and the skeleton for morphological studies.
		Preliminary estimates of marine mammal mortality and biological sampling of cetaceans in California gillnet fisheries for 2002.
	swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov /PRD/PROGRAMS/POP-ID/lifehistory/lifehistory1.html (1298 words)

	WildLife in Arts and Crafts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, it is illegal for most Americans to possess, purchase, or sell products made from polar bear, sea and marine otter, walrus, seal, sea lion, whale, porpoise, dugong, and West Indian, Amazonian, and West African manatee.
		The Act's general restrictions on the commercial use of marine mammals and its exceptions for Native Alaskans apply to walrus ivory.
		The Endangered Species Act, however, allows Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos who are Alaskan natives or who live in Alaska to take listed animals for the creation and sale of authentic native articles of handicrafts and clothing.
	www.le.fws.gov /crafts_law.htm (1867 words)

	IWMC.org - Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Its intent, besides11 enhancing the image of elected officials, was to prevent the import of any marine mammal products.
		Dolphins as by-catch in fishing operations and whitecoat harp seal pups as objects of the fur trade, were highlighted as receiving special protection through the Act.
		Nations wishing to harvest marine mammals and sell the products in the United States and in Europe, should investigate all the known legal and public opinion levers available.
	www.iwmc.org /seals/seals02.htm (503 words)

	Marine Mammals - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries
		Marine mammals are mammals that are well adapted for life in the marine environment.
		All marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) regardless of whether they are endangered, threatened, or depleted.
		The NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources works in collaboration with the NOAA Fisheries Regions, Fisheries Science Centers, and Partners to develop and implement a variety of programs for the protection, conservation, and recovery of the approximately 175 marine mammal stocks listed under the MMPA, including:
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /pr/species/mammals (202 words)

	Dolphin at exZOOberance!
		The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, amended in 1988 and 1992, was passed to prevent exploitation of dolphins and related aquatic animals.
		The tail, like that of other aquatic mammals, strokes in an up-and-down motion, with the double flukes driving the animal forward; the flippers are used for stabilization.
		Echoes received at the area of the rear of the lower jaw are transmitted by a fat organ in the lower jaw to the middle ear.
	www.exzooberance.com /virtual%20zoo/they%20swim/dolphin/dolphin.htm (988 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 2003
		This Act may be cited as the `Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 2003'.
		`(iii) is directed toward a specific individual, group, or stock of marine mammals in the wild and is likely to impact the individual, group, or stock of marine mammals by disrupting behavior, including, but not limited to, migration, breeding, care of young, predator avoidance, defense, or feeding.
		Section 101(a)(5) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(5)) is amended--
	www.theorator.com /bills108/hr2693.html (2245 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Congress enacted the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972 (16 U.S.C. The MMPA prohibits (with some exceptions)
		Injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock the wild (Level A); or
		Disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by disrupting behavioral patterns (for example, migration breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering) (Level B).
	www.mms.gov /eppd/compliance/mmpa (135 words)

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