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	Marine mammal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A marine mammal is a mammal that is primarily ocean-dwelling or depends on the ocean for its food.
		Since different groups of marine mammals originate from different ancestors, this is a case of convergent evolution.
		Since mammals originally evolved on land, their spines are optimized for running, allowing for up-and-down but only little sideways motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marine_mammal (483 words)

	SMM STRATEGIES FOR PURSUING A CAREER IN MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE
		Marine mammal scientists try to understand these animals' genetic, systematic, and evolutionary relationships; population structure; community dynamics; anatomy and physiology; behavior and sensory abilities; parasites and diseases; geographic and microhabitat distributions; ecology; management; and conservation.
		Marine mammal scientists are hired because of their skills as scientists, not because they like or want to work with marine mammals.
		Marine mammal studies often involve long, hard, soggy, sunburned days at sea, countless hours in a laboratory, extensive work on computers, hard labor such as hauling buckets of fish to feed animals, hours of cleanup, numerous reports, tedious grant applications and permit applications.
	www.marinemammalogy.org /strat.htm (3759 words)

	Marine Mammal Research Unit: Personnel
		She is interested in estimating the energy requirements of all species of marine mammals using a multiple regression model.
		Her model generates a collection of predictive equations (i.e., tools) that permit the estimation of energy requirements under different conditions for marine mammal species whose metabolisms have never been determined in the field or in the lab.
		Her thesis also investigates the effect of phylogenic inheritence on the interspecific relationship between basal metabolism and body mass among marine mammal species, as well as the use of predictive models to describe life history characteristics of marine mammals.
	www.marinemammal.org /MMRU/andrea_h.html (349 words)

	CRS Report: 95-603 - Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate, Marine Mammal Issues - NLE
		Marine mammal monitoring and assessment surveys were conducted prior to and during HIFT from both visual and hydrophone (sonobuoy) platforms in accordance with the NMFS permit and MMC recommendations.(37)
		The marine mammal assessment and monitoring program was begun by the R/V Amy Chouest four days prior to HIFT, to establish relative abundance and distribution of marine mammals in the study area.(38) Concurrent visual surveys were conducted during the sound transmissions to assess the effects of HIFT on marine mammals in the area.
		These changes should encourage a broader range of marine mammal research as well as expedite the permitting process, although their long-term effects on marine mammal populations is uncertain.
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRSreports/Marine/mar-2.cfm?&CFID=899552&CFTOKEN=74765738 (5389 words)

	MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT: Summary from Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook
		Congress declared that marine mammals are resources of great international significance (aesthetic, recreational and economic), and should be protected and encouraged to develop to the greatest extent feasible commensurate with sound policies of resource management.
		Marine mammal: any mammal which is morphologically adapted to the marine environment (including sea otters and members of the orders sirenia, pinnipedia and cetacea), or primarily inhabits the marine environment (such as the polar bear); also includes any part of a marine mammal, including raw, dressed or dyed fur or skin.
		Federal, state and local government officials or employees are not prohibited as part of their official duties from taking a marine mammal in a humane manner if done for the protection or welfare of the animal or public health and welfare, or for the nonlethal removal of nuisance animals.
	ipl.unm.edu /cwl/fedbook/mmpa.html (3369 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		Mammals are a special group of animals, with a combination of characteristics that separate them from all others: mammals are warm-blooded, have hair or fur, breathe air through lungs, bear live young, and nurse young with milk produced by mammary glands.
		Marine mammals have the same characteristics as all other mammals, but they have adapted or adjusted to life in the ocean.
		All marine mammals are protected in the United States by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
	www.tmmc.org /learning/education/mammalinfo/mammals.asp (287 words)

	DRC - Marine Mammal Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Marine mammal/ human interactions were a common concern throughout the history of these laws.
		These groups expressed concern for marine mammal cruelties such as the continuation of whaling by many countries, the clubbing of baby harp seals for their white coats, the sport shooting of polar bears by helicopter, and the hundreds of thousands of dolphins dying in the tuna fishing industry.
		The marine mammal must not pose a threat to wild populations, and it must be healthy and likely to survive on its own in the wild.
	www.dolphins.org /Learn/lmm-mml.htm (4201 words)

	DRC - Marine Mammal Stranding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A stranding is defined as when marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds and manatees), come ashore alive under abnormal circumstances, are injured close to shore, or wash ashore dead, whether individually or in groups.
		This act is cited as the "Marine Mammal Health And Stranding Response Act" and was established to create organized responses to mass strandings, systematic assessments, standardized methods for the reporting of strandings, and a formal system for collecting data and tissue samples.
		Our feelings toward marine mammals, and belief that they are sensitive and intelligent creatures compel us to save them from what we perceive as a horrible death, thrashing on a sandbar or being devoured by sharks.
	www.dolphins.org /Learn/lmm-strn.htm (6681 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was enacted in 1972 to protect and manage marine mammals and their products (e.g., the use of hides and meat).
		The MMPA established a Marine Mammal Commission whose duties include reviewing laws and international conventions relating to marine mammals, studying the condition of these mammals, and recommending steps to federal officials (e.g., listing a species as endangered) that should be taken to protect marine mammals.
		Level B Harassment is defined as harassment having the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
	www.eh.doe.gov /oepa/laws/mmpa.html (587 words)

	Marine Mammal Viewing Guidelines and Regulations
		Marine mammals are more likely to be disturbed when more then one boat is near them.
		Marine mammals should not be encircled or trapped between boats, or boats and shore.
		Buzzing, hovering, landing, taking off, and taxiing near marine mammals on land or in the water is likely to harass the animals.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /protectedresources/mmv/guide.htm (1306 words)

	Home Page
		The Clearwater Marine Aquarium’s marine mammal training staff is devoted to maintaining the health and well-being of the animals, by providing a positive, safe, and enriching environment, while utilizing their presence to educate the public about marine mammals.
		Marine mammal trainers are responsible for the total physical and mental health and well-being of the animals, which includes the hands-on training, as well as exhibit maintenance, water quality, record keeping, and diet preparation.
		Marine mammal trainers also participate in educational programs and presentations for visitors to their facilities.
	www.cmaquarium.org /mmd.htm (316 words)

	Marine Mammal Health Care of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
		Maintaining the health of the Navy's marine mammals is central to the Navy Marine Mammal Program's mission and focus.
		The primary focus of the health care program is to keep the marine mammals healthy and fit for duty.
		As leaders in the field of marine mammal medicine, the NMMP actively collaborates with investigators to find ways to improve the understanding of marine mammal health and physiology.
	www.spawar.navy.mil /sandiego/technology/mammals/veterinary.html (618 words)

	[No title]
		It is intended to provide conceptual and fundamental information on marine mammal biology and medical applications in animals under human care, as well as in emerging population health issues impacting marine mammals in the wild.
		Instructors are at the forefront of marine animal health, welfare and conservation; they represent a diverse range of facilities and organizations from around the country, including oceanaria, aquaria, zoological parks, rehabilitation units, wildlife organizations and universities, as well as federal and state governments.
		TOPICS: Marine mammal anatomy, physiology, pathology, clinical medicine in oceanaria and in stranding rehabilitation facilities are presented in concert with health assessments in free-ranging marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, manatees).
	www.marvet.org (362 words)

	Marine Mammal Management
		Marine Mammal Management is an interdisciplinary course, open to everyone who has an interest in the Marine Mammals and their Management.
		The Marine Mammal Management course is essentially an interdisciplinary approach to examining the present state of the relationship between marine mammals, people and the environment: as this has evolved over time, as it stands today and as it is likely to be for the future, whether by default or by design.
		We will look at the position and influence of marine mammals within the environment, as well as the development of physical conditions, values and economic activities that have led to their present situation.
	www.nova.edu /ocean/marmam/marmam.html (708 words)

	Marine Mammals- Bridge
		Gulf of Maine Aquarium: Marine Mammals - Find information on cetacean behavior, communication, social structure, adaptations, interactions with humans, natural history, research, and classroom activities on whale feeding, physiology, and migration.
		The Marine Mammal Center - Contains information on education, research, volunteering, adopt-a-seal and a photo gallery.
		Florida Marine Research Institute: Manatees - Find general information on manatees, plus press releases, mortality statistics and PDF files of manatee facts and an annual report for the the Save the Manatee Trust Fund.
	www.vims.edu /bridge/mammal.html (611 words)

	Abaco Bahamas Marine Mammal Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Whenever marine mammals were encountered, identification photographs were taken of as many individuals as possible.
		Concurrently, marine mammal sighting forms were distributed to yachtsmen and fishermen throughout The Bahamas in an effort to obtain species distribution information over more of the island chain.
		With the support of Earthwatch, in 1992 the Bahamas Marine Mammal Survey began a photo-identification study in central Abaco concentrating primarily on an inshore population of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins.
	oii.net /ecology/eng/dolphin.html (1111 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some marine mammal species or stocks may be in danger of extinction or depletion as a result of human activities;
		Marine mammals have proven to be resources of great international significance.
		Level B Harassment - has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption or behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /pr/laws/mmpa.htm (294 words)

	Marine Mammal Bibliography
		Cetaceans stranded in Italy : I. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and north Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf.
		DUPUY, A.R., and J. Marine mammals from the shores of Senegal : 2.
		Experimental infection of the coracidia to marine copepods.
	cerf.bc.ca /pubs/biblio/marmam_biblio.html (15941 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Secretary of Commerce is responsible for ensuring the protection of cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) and pinnipeds (seals and sea lions; walruses excepted).
		The Secretaries of Commerce and Interior (Secretaries) are directed to initiate negotiations with foreign governments to protect and conserve marine mammals.
		The MMPA also established the Marine Mammal Commission composed of three members appointed by the President (Source: Year of the Ocean Discussion Papers 1998).
	www.csc.noaa.gov /opis/html/summary/mmpa.htm (186 words)

	MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
		Long Marine Laboratory is an internationally recognized center for research in marine mammal physiology, marine mammal bioenergetics and cognition, marine invertebrate ecology, and marine toxicology.
		It is dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and to the education of marine scientists and engineers.
		It focuses on marine animals and particularly on cetaceans inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, and aims at protecting its biodiversity by promoting the adoption of a precautionary approach for the management of natural resources.
	www.tamug.tamu.edu /mmrp/rlinks.html (857 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act
		Actions to deter marine mammals consistent with such guidelines or specific measures shall not be a violation of this chapter.
		Permits for the incidental taking of marine mammals in the course of commercial fishing operations may only be issued as specifically prov ided for in sections 1371(a)(5) or 1416 of this title, or subsection (h) of this section.
		(9) No marine mammal may be exported for the purpose of public display, scientific research, or enhancing the survival or recovery of a species or stock unless the receiving facility meets standards that are comparable to the requireme nts that a person must meet to receive a permit under this subsection for that purpose.
	library.law.unc.edu /ocean-coastal/mmpa.html (12678 words)

	The Marine Mammal Stranding Network at Florida's Gulfarium
		It is a coalition of professionals and volunteers whose purpose is to rescue, investigate, and rehabilitate stranded marine mammals.
		As a member of the Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Florida’s Gulfarium is committed to aiding any stranded marine mammal on the Emerald Coast.
		Call the Marine Patrol as soon as you are certain that the animal is stranded, injured, or ill. The Florida Marine Patrol can be reached at 1-800-342-5367.
	www.gulfarium.com /mmsn.htm (501 words)

	Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act established a Federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals with management vested in the Department of Interior for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, dugong, and manatee.
		Annual reports to Congress by the Departments of Interior and Commerce and the Marine Mammal Commission are mandated.
		The Marine Mammal Commission is required to issue guidelines, by 1990, to govern incidental take associated with commercial fishing after the 5-year period, and the Secretary of Commerce is required to review and transmit recommendations to Congress before January, 1992.
	www.fws.gov /laws/lawsdigest/marmam.html (1254 words)

	Special Offerings - Marine Mammal Workshop
		The Second National Workshop on Marine Mammal Research and Monitoring in the National Marine Sanctuaries was held on 28 November 1999 in Maui, Hawaii.
		The purpose of the workshop was to bring together researchers and sanctuary staff and to improve marine mammal research and monitoring throughout the sanctuaries.
		During the breakout working groups, there were several comments and suggestions consistent among each of the groups to improve marine mammal research.
	sanctuaries.noaa.gov /special/mammals/mammal.html (402 words)

	Mammals - Marine mammal collection
		Cetaceans are among the most challenging of mammals to collect, prepare and store given their generally large size and the oily nature of the bones.
		Cetaceans are among the least known of all mammal groups and detailed research of animals in the wild is generally expensive and logistically difficult.
		The skull and jaws of a Gray's Beaked Whale, Mesoplodon grayi, is one of the specimens recovered during the 'dig'.
	www.amonline.net.au /mammals/marine/collection.htm (1221 words)

	Marine Mammal Printouts - EnchantedLearning.com
		Marine Mammals are mammals that spend most of their lives in the seas.
		Marine mammals are hunted by other marine mammals (like killer whales and polar bears), sharks, and man. A few marine mammals (like manatees) are herbivores (plant-eaters).
		Harp Seals are marine mammals that live in the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/mammals/marinemammals/Marinemammalprintouts.shtml (494 words)

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