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Topic: Marine Pollution

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	Marine pollution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marine pollution is the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles.
		A big problem is that many toxins adhere to tiny particles which are taken up within a few days by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are filter feeders, concentrating upward within ocean foodchains.
		Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marine_pollution (237 words)

	Marine Pollution
		Oil pollution is an eyesore, and cleanup and subsequent disposal of oily wastes is difficult.
		These areas receive large amounts of pollution which is not dispersed and mixed with the greater ocean as a result of the protection offered by the bay.
		Marine pollution is generally more serious in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /Envfacts/facts/marinepollution.htm (1093 words)

	Alcoa: Environment: Marine Pollution
		Marine pollution is defined as pollution of any of the world's oceans, seas, or other saltwater systems.
		Marine waters are a globally shared resource, however, most effects of marine pollution are realized on a local scale.
		Pollutants discharged to the marine environment may be converted to other forms, which may be more, or less toxic than the original substance.
	www.alcoa.com /global/en/environment/position_papers/marine_pollution.asp (1071 words)

	References: polluted and other stressed environments
		From abstract: Benthic foraminiferal distributions in polluted marine areas have been investigated over the last three to four decades, and several workers have pointed out that they provide one of the most sensitive and inexpensive markers available for indicating deterioration of marginal marine environments.
		Pollution effects on the biota in estuaries can best be evaluated by comparing the natural, pre-pollution assemblages with those of the present day.
		This recolonization may reflect the combined effect of government regulations imposed on local industrial polluters in the early 1970's and the capping of a large area of contaminated sediment by a layer of clay that was transported to the basin at the head of the fiord as the result of a catastrophic landslide in 1971.
	www.marine.usf.edu /reefslab/foramcd/html_files/pollution_studies_refs.htm (6612 words)

	UNEP-Caribbean Environment Programme_Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution
		Pollution is discharged either directly into to the sea, or enters the coastal waters through rivers and by atmospheric deposition.
		Marine organisms may be affected either directly, as the pesticide moves through the food chain and accumulate in the biota, or by loss or alteration of their habitat.
		Domestic sewage is a significant contributor to marine pollution in the WCR.
	www.cep.unep.org /issues/lbsp.html (5239 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Marine animals and plants contain many chemicals that can be used to cure human ailments: an estimated 500 sea species yield chemicals that could help treat cancer.
		Marine pollution is conceptualized as a human activity, thereby omitting all natural activities that could potentially have damaging effects on the ocean eco-system.
		Marine pollution is harmful, and its danger can be identified in a variety of ways.
	pachome2.pacific.net.sg /~oryanx (413 words)

	IMO: Preventing marine pollution -
		Marine pollution as defined by the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), which is part of the basic framework of the UNCLOS 1982 (Article 1.4) is the:
		Historically, pollution has been the major issue regarding concern on the state of the oceans and tended to overshadow the effects of other threats such as overfishing and destruction of habitats on human health and the environment.
		In addition, a number of co-operative and collaborative mechanisms to address, manage and mitigate pollution and degradation of the environment at the global and regional levels have been developed under the auspices of the United Nations system in partnership with governments, industries, scientific institutions, international organizations, NGOs and the public at large.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/imo_preventing_marine_pollution__en_438_23213.html (533 words)

	Marine Pollution Control
		For both pollution mitigation purposes and the conservation of marine biodiversity it is critical that international efforts to address land based sources of marine pollution are accelerated.
		The GPA is a non-legally binding instrument, aimed at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities by facilitating the realisation of the duty of States to preserve and protect the marine environment.
		Australia is a signatory to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention 1972) and the 1996 Protocol thereto.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/international/pollution/index.html (357 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		While the overall impact of pollution on the marine environment is unknown, contaminants introduced by rivers, coastal runoff, ocean dumping and various other activities are beginning to take their toll on the oceans.
		Benthic marine algae are usually less sensitive to oil pollution than plankton, however indirect impacts on other organisms could be significant since seaweeds are a source of food and shelter for fishes and invertebrates.
		Marine garbage can be seriously harmful to species such as seals and birds from accidentally eating it or getting it wrapped around their bodies.
	oceanlink.island.net /ask/pollution.html (9578 words)

	International Symposium on Marine Pollution - 1998 IYO
		The main aim of the Symposium will be to review recent achievements in identifying the sources of pollution in the marine environment, and the behaviour and fate of contaminants in water, biota and sediments.
		Studies on pollutant transfer and transport processes in the sea, computer modelling and information systems, assessment of radiological doses, biological effects, and potential impact of non-nuclear pollutants on marine systems will be addressed.
		To synthetise data on present levels of pollutants in the marine environment, to derive information on past time-trends and to predict possible scenarios for the near future.
	ioc.unesco.org /iyo/activities/conferences/marinepollution.htm (597 words)

	Marine Pollution Secrets - Marine Pollution Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Marine pollution studies laboratory at moss landing marine laboratories 7544 sandholdt rd, moss landing, ca 95039, 831 771 4161, 831 633 0805 fax mpsl main mpsl mlml mpsl dfg ucd granite dfg wpcl.
		Residents say that news stories about water pollution increased their wariness about drinking tap water, according to the Report Card on Safe Drinking Water Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors that was commissioned by the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation NEETF and conducted by the Roper national survey organization.
		With improved modeling techniques of the classic criteria pollutant, it will be possible to reduce direct monitoring of these pollutants to a new primary goal to repeatedly validate the modeling results rather than to provide measured point values across a dense network.
	www.pollution-research.info /marine-pollution.html (1150 words)

	U. of South Florida-College of Marine Science, Reef Indicators Lab
		Brown, B. "The significance of pollution in eliciting the 'bleaching' response in symbiotic cnidarians." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 13(1-6): 392-415.
		Huber, M. "An Assessment of the Status of the Coral-Reefs of Papua-New-Guinea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 29(1-3): 69-73.
		Experimental-Design and Research-Program." Marine Pollution Bulletin 29(1-3): 112-120.
	www.marine.usf.edu /reefslab/pages/pollutant_effects_biblio.html (5699 words)

	CRS Ocean & Coastal Resources Briefing Book
		With regulatory attainments for ship-based pollution under numerous federal law and international agreements, attention has turned to land-based and inland sources of coastal and marine pollution.
		Governmental awareness that nations are environmentally interconnected occurred early in the area of marine pollution, where the first international marine pollution treaty was signed in 1954.
		In the 102nd Congress, the Senate gave its advice and consent to the ratification of several marine pollution agreements, including Annex III of MARPOL and maritime agreements concerning standards of watchkeeping and safety of life at sea.
	www.ncseonline.org /nle/crsreports/briefingbooks/oceans/r.cfm (2104 words)

	Maritime New Zealand - Marine Pollution Prevention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		New Zealanders have an intrinsic link with the marine environment and expect to be able to use the ocean as a source of amenity, recreation and food, as well as for other economic benefits that it may provide.
		As a consequence, the protection of the marine environment from the impacts of maritime activities is of high importance.
		The prevention of marine pollution from all sources is critical to ensuring the health of the marine environment and environmental sustainability.
	www.msa.govt.nz /Pollution/prevent_intro.asp (308 words)

	Marine Pollution: How the Ocean Became a Toxic Waste Dump
		Of these pollutants, nowadays coastal areas are most endangered by the introduction of excess nutrients that overwhelm the local ecosystem.
		According to a Pew report on water pollution, slowing or reversing coastal pollution will, in particular, require management strategies for a variety of watersheds that are often far inland from coastal environments.
		Some measures to reduce pollution could include: advanced treatment of municipal wastewaters; the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants and vehicles; the control of ammonia emissions from animal feedlots; the more efficient use of fertilizers and manure; and the restoration of wetlands and floodplains that often act as nutrient traps for runoff.
	www.motherjones.com /news/featurex/2006/03/marine_pollution.html (1018 words)

	Marine Environment
		The most important convention regulating and preventing marine pollution by ships is the IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78).
		The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990 provides a global framework for international co-operation in combating major incidents or threats of marine pollution.
		IMO also has Secretariat responsibilities for the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972, generally known as the London Convention.
	www.imo.org /Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=197 (186 words)

	Marine Pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		While oil spillage is still a major form of marine pollution, the majority of marine pollution is land based.
		Marine animals such as turtles and whales can die because they mistake a discarded plastic bag for a jelly fish - something they like to eat.
		Polluters must be held responsible for their actions.
	www.safeboating.org.au /Boating/Kids_in_Boats/Marine_pollution.asp (663 words)

	Implementation of Marine Pollution Treaties and International Agreements \| Water \| International Affairs \| USEPA
		OIA lead the negotiations for the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol), which was signed on October 6, 1999 in Aruba, Netherlands Antilles.
		Contracting Parties shall individually and collectively protect and preserve the marine environment from all sources of pollution and take effective measures, according to their scientific, technical and economic capabilities, to prevent, reduce and where practicable eliminate pollution caused by dumping or incineration at sea of wastes or other matter.
		Through pollution prevention, source reduction, remediation, and technical assistance, these projects address threats to the Arctic marine, terrestrial, and human environment from persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, radionuclides, and stratospheric ozone depletion.
	www.epa.gov /oia/water/marine/treaties.html (1413 words)

	MSQ - Marine pollution - Oil/chemical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Oil and chemicals can be toxic to marine and human life.
		If it is toxic to humans, it is not good for marine life either.
		Everyone can help protect the marine environment by reporting pollution incidents to their local regional harbour master's office or port authority.
	www.msq.qld.gov.au /qt/msq.nsf/index/pollution_oil_chem (426 words)

	Appendix -- Chapter 5, Environmental Education Volume
		marine pollution: the dirtying or spoiling of oceans and coastal areas
		Most ocean pollution comes from shipping activities or from the atmosphere, but there is one kind of pollution that is found in all the world’s oceans: plastic litter.
		The major source of this ocean plastic pollution is human activities on land.
	exchanges.state.gov /forum/journal/env5appendix.htm (564 words)

	Nearctica - Environment - Marine Pollution - General
		The site has a series of frequently asked questions about water and water pollution at the beach, but the most impressive feature of the site is your ability to find out about water quality at your local beach on a very detailed level.
		A very extensive slide show on a wide variety of topics in marine pollution ranging from general, to heavy metals, ship sewage, and oil spills to name but a few.
		This site is a combination of general marine environmental and conservation news, and specific information about Keiko, the killer whale.
	www.nearctica.com /environ/water/gmarine.htm (426 words)

	Coastal and marine pollution
		Under the Natural Heritage Trust, the Marine Waste Reception Facilities Program funded projects that demonstrated the establishment of best practice facilities for the management and treatment of marine waste at ports, marinas and boat harbours around Australia.
		Poor water quality and sediment quality are the most serious known pollution issues affecting Australia's coastal and marine environments.
		The 1995 State of the Marine Environment Report found that pollution from the land contributes up to 80 percent of all marine pollution and is a major threat to the long-term health of nearshore marine systems.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/pollution/index.html (761 words)

	Paying the cost of marine pollution
		Dumping sewage on land perhaps causes the forest to grow faster, while dumping huge amounts of sewage in the sea and near the reef will cause algal blooms, and when these end up on the beach and decompose there is a problem.
		On the atoll where I live, sewage is the cause of a seasonal accumulation of algae on the beach, which dries and pollutes the air with a smell of decomposition.
		Let the developers prepare the sewage plan, and let the stakeholders, including the people living close to the developed area, see that something is being done and give them a chance to have an input to the plan.
	www.news.vu /en/news/environment/060606-Paying-the-cost-of-marine-pollution.shtml (640 words)

	Marine Pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		To survey and consider critically the major sources of pollution in the marine environment from both anthropogenic and natural sources.
		Consequences of Marine Pollution: Effects of the various types of pollutant on the marine environment, including metal uptake by marine organisms, the effect of added nutrients on phytoplankton and the development of regions of eutrophication and hypertrophication; consequences for benthic populations.
		Management of Oil Spills and their Remediation: Survey of economic and organisational aspects of oil spill remediation; responsibilities of legislative and civil authorities; rationale behind use of booms and mechanical collection devices; use of absorbents and gelling agents; burning as a means of disposal; sinking and dispersal of oil.
	www.tech.port.ac.uk /tud/db/UnivPort/level_3/1CHEM326.htm (579 words)

	Marine Pollution Adviser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Pacific Futures Programme includes Marine Pollution component which aims to advise and assist SPREP member countries through management and implementation of projects under PACPOL and related conventions related to marine pollution protection and management.
		The Marine Pollution Adviser is responsible to the Director through the Pacific Futures Programme Manager, under the supervision of the Programme Coordinator Pollution Prevention Focus Area, to perform the following duties:
		Duration: Appointment is for a term of 3 years initially with renewal for a further period, up to a maximum of six years, depending upon the officer’s performance during the first term and availability of funds.
	www.sprep.org.ws /vacancies/MarinePollutionAdviser.htm (1481 words)

	Amazon.com: Marine Pollution: Books: R. B. Clark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Clark "Everyone knows what pollution is and that it is a 'bad thing', but for a scientific examination of marine pollution or any other sort of..." (more)
		The problems of pollution in the seas worldwide are explained clearly, unemotionally, and authoritatively.
		Everyone knows what pollution is and that it is a 'bad thing', but for a scientific examination of marine pollution or any other sort of pollution, value judgements of this kind have to be quantified.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0198792921?v=glance (681 words)

	California Clean Boating Network Catalog of Education Materials
		Provides approaches to reduce pollution inside the home, garden, garage, outside the home, on the road, at a construction site, on the boat, on the farm, along streams and shores, at work and in the community.
		Award objectives include: increasing public awareness of the importance of protecting the marine environment and delicate marine ecosystems, encouraging environmental innovation in operations, maintenance, cargo handling, refueling, training and other industrial activities; and providing the means for sharing with other marine enterprises successful methods and techniques used by the winners.
		Details what stormwater and urban pollution are, where it goes, how it differs from other forms of water pollution and how it affects the ocean.
	www.coastal.ca.gov /boatbib.html (4140 words)

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