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Topic: Marine reserves of New Zealand

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	New Zealand 2004
		New Zealand lies in the South Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km (990 miles) to the east of Australia, 10,000 km (6,210 miles) from San Francisco and a similar distance from Tokyo.
		New Zealand is an old land with a young landscape: some of the rocks that underlie the country are, at 600 million years old, relatively ancient.
		New Zealand has been a land apart for 80 million years, with the result that it is home to a collection of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world.
	www.rozylowicz.com /retirement/new-zealand2004/newzealand-north.html (1925 words)

	Ocean Life Institute - Marine Protected Areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The primary purpose of marine reserves is to ensure that fisheries continue by protecting a portion of the spawning stock from exploitation.
		Marine reserves are designed to achieve this objective based on the ecology of typical reef organisms.
		Although marine reserves are primarily intended to protect or enhance fisheries by protecting the quantity and quality of reproductive output, they also help protect biodiversity and reduce user conflicts by separating incompatible activities, and they can act as reference areas for study of natural processes with limited human disturbance.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/oli/currenttopics/ct_mpa_marine_reserves.htm (3415 words)

	Marine Reserve
		A marine reserve is an area of the ocean and shore that is protected.
		All the living things within the marine reserve area are protected, including their homes in the rocks, sand and coral.
		Under the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Department of Conservation is responsible for caring for and managing marine reserves - this includes: marking marine reserve boundaries, law enforcement, issuing scientific permits and monitoring environmental changes.
	www.kcc.org.nz /places/marinereserves.asp (1191 words)

	Marine Reserves
		From identifying boundaries for the marine reserves based on biological and cultural data, to organising public meetings and hui, to negotiating the labyrinth of the marine reserve application process, the students have moved their case forward year by year.
		The aim of Experiencing Marine Reserves is to advocate for the establishment of marine conservation areas and raise awareness, understanding and involvement in marine conservation in New Zealand.
		According to marine biologists, as much as 60 per cent of New Zealand’s indigenous biodiversity may be found in the ocean.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /nzcleanandgreen/html/marine_reserves.html (1511 words)

	New Zealand's Marine Reserves - Biodiversity
		A number of marine reserve proposals are at varying stages of development, from early investigation and consultation phases to seeking Ministerial approval.
		In 2002, the Minister of Conservation approved three new marine reserve applications – at Te Matuku Bay, Waiheke Island (700 hectares) and Taputeranga on the south coast of Wellington (969 hectares), and Paterson Inlet on Stewart Island (1140 hectares).
		The Volkner Rocks/Te Paepae Aotea reserve proposal (off White Island, Bay of Plenty), a joint effort between the Whakaari Marine Reserve Committee and the Department, was formally lodged with the Director General of Conservation, publicly notified and submissions sought in November 2002.
	www.biodiversity.govt.nz /seas/biodiversity/protected/reserves.html (700 words)

	Scuba diving in New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New Zealand has a wide variety of marine environments due to the almost tropical waters in the north, and near arctic conditions in the south which give rise to a large variety of marine life.
		Kapiti Marine Reserve (1992) is 50 kilometres north of Wellington, the meeting place of two major sea currents, resulting in fascinating overlaps of marine plants and animals.
		Motu Manawa-Pollen Island Marine Reserve (1995) is in Waitemata harbour, Auckland and is an estuary of mangrove and salt marsh.
	www.dogsbreathdivers.com /NewZealand.htm (490 words)

	Marine Reserves Called Best Hope for Ocean Species
		The new scientific theory of marine reserves presented at the meeting is the culmination of three years of study by an international group of leading marine scientists working through NCEAS.
		Marine reserves differ from parks on land because most marine species disperse through the water as larvae or spores, moved by tides and currents.
		This new technology has the potential to revolutionize the design of future protected areas, as in the Channel Islands where it is being applied in efforts to establish fully protected marine zones.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/feb2001/2001-02-22-06.asp (1270 words)

	Marine Regionalisation for Australia Towards a Marine Regionalisation For Australia - PAPERS: SESSION 1 - BACKGROUND ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DoC considered that a marine biogeographic regional framework would be the most appropriate first step towards identifying areas for reservation because the marine reserves legislation emphasises protection of marine areas for scientific study of marine life.
		The next part of the marine reserve network process will be to use the regions developed through the workshop as a framework within which habitats are classified and areas selected for protection as marine reserves.
		Knox, G.A. The marine benthic ecology and biogeography.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/regionalisation/background2.html (4573 words)

	A Bibliography of Marine Reserves
		The New Zealand experience is that the social and political problems of creating such reserves are much larger in prospective imagination than in actual practice.
		However the scientific, social and economic benefits of fully protected marine reserves proved in the event to be considerable, in both degree and range.
		It is suggested that present knowledge of marine ecological principles is sufficient to design a network of non-extractive marine reserves large enough to test the important questions, while being small enough (at least in New Zealand) to be politically practical.
	www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov /tortugas/benefits/biblio/b.html (2177 words)

	Managing Existing Marine Reserves - Biodiversity
		As well as providing impetus for developing new marine reserves, additional funding from the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy (NZBS) is being used to support the day-to-day management of 16 existing marine reserves.
		Effective management of marine reserves after they have been established is essential if biodiversity within the reserves is to be protected.
		Marine reserves provide the perfect opportunity to track the changes that occur once fishing pressures are removed from a particular area.
	www.biodiversity.govt.nz /seas/biodiversity/protected/managing.html (263 words)

	Marine Reserves for New Zealand
		New Zealand's first marine reserve was established in 1977 on the coast alongside the Leigh Laboratory.
		Quite simply, marine reserves are places in the sea where the habitats and their life are left natural and undisturbed by people.
		Marine reserves are good places for the next generation of citizens to learn about their inheritance And places where anyone can observe the marine life for pure fun and recreation.
	www.seafriends.org.nz /issues/cons/maresnz.htm (2689 words)

	New Zealand Marine Reserves. Marine, Coast, Foreshore, Ocean, Conservation, Heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New Zealand Marine Reserves are areas of the ocean and foreshore which are managed for scientific and preservation reasons.
		These marine reserves contain unique and distinct scenery, features and marine life of national and international significance.
		The Department of Conservation (DOC) administers the New Zealand Marine Reserves, with a hope of protecting New Zealand’s unique and fascinating marine life from invasive and destructive practices – such as fishing and trawling.
	www.fourcorners.co.nz /new-zealand/marine-reserves (114 words)

	A Bibliography of Marine Reserves
		Efforts to establish marine protected areas in Atlantic Canada and several tropical countries suggest that the process by which communities become involved in the establishment of marine protected areas is crucial.
		Subsequent to the passing of the Marine Reserves Act (1971), New Zealand led the world in protection of the marine environment with an area of non-extraction at Goat Island, Leigh.
		Results confirmed the hypothesis that the establishment of marine reserves would be supported by the majority of respondents, dependent on the implementation of comprehensive social and environmental impact assessments, resulting in the identification of appropriate sites.
	www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov /tortugas/benefits/biblio/w.html (884 words)

	New Zealand Parks
		New Zealand has a well-established network of conservation measures in place to protect the abundant natural resources, and to ease the relationship between the resources and their healthy tourism industry, which is based mainly on natural features rather than urban attractions.
		There are 13 nationa parks covering 11,200 square miles, 20 conservation parks, 3,500 reserves, and 14 marine reserves in New Zealand, all of which join together under the auspices of the Department of Conservation to protect thirty percent of New Zealand's natural resources.
		There's great fishing, and also a marine preserve, where marine life is protected along 8 miles of the coast and into the waters, so no fishing from shore or from boats in that area, called the Tonga Island Marine Reserve, which is located on the northern part of the coastline in the park.
	www.discover-new-zealand.com /parks.php (1224 words)

	Big Fish Near Marine Reserves Called Weighty Evidence That Bans Work
		Marine biologists have documented a resurgence of sea life in closed areas in the Florida Keys and on New England's Georges Bank.
		One study of which he was co-author shows that the marine reserve around the Kennedy Space Center is teeming with two to 12 times as many fish as the adjacent waters, depending on the species, and that the fish are much older and larger.
		In New England, the collapse of the cod fishery prompted sweeping closures in 1994 on the Georges Bank.
	www.californiafish.org /bigfish_reserves.html (1543 words)

	Beehive.govt.nz - Marine protection advances with three new marine reserves
		Three new marine reserves have been approved as part of ongoing efforts to preserve and nurture New Zealand's marine life, Fisheries Minister Jim Anderton and Conservation Minister Chris Carter announced today.
		The reserves contain nationally important marine life and marine habitats, such as volcanic reefs, rare corals, distinctive and rare sponge gardens, tidal flats, and a vast array of fish species.
		All three of the new marine reserves have been altered in shape and size in response to concerns from different marine stakeholders.
	www.beehive.govt.nz /ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=24558 (402 words)

	Keynote Speakers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The marine communities within the EEZ are diverse, ranging from subtropical to subantarctic regions and the shallow continental shelf to abyssal depths.
		In New Zealand, the Marine Reserves Act, 1971 is implemented to establish marine reserves within the Territorial Sea.
		Marine reserves are areas of the foreshore, sea, and seabed which are protected from harvesting.
	www.converge.org.nz /seaviews/kwalls.html (337 words)

	Amazon.com: Marine Reserves: A Guide to Science, Design, and Use: Books: Jack Sobel,Craig Dahlgren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Marine Reserves is the first guidebook on no-take marine reserves, providing a synthesis of information on the underlying science, as well as design and implementation issues.
		Chapters examine: marine biological and geophysical issues relevant to reserve design; potential economic and biological benefits of marine reserves, and the likelihood of achieving them; influence of social and economic factors on reserve design and implementation; lessons learned from past efforts to establish marine reserves.
		Case studies provide background on the history of marine reserves in each location, the process by which reserves were created, and the effect of the reserves on marine populations and communities as well as on human communities.
	www.amazon.com /Marine-Reserves-Guide-Science-Design/dp/1559638419 (1255 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At 56,000ha, it would be by far the biggest marine reserve close to the New Zealand mainland, dwarfing the first marine reserve at Leigh (518ha), and even the large Te Tapuwae O Rongokoko marine reserve (2452ha) north of Gisborne.
		The area that DoC is looking at for a marine reserve extends from the Needles at the north end of Great Barrier to Korotiti Bay, about half way down the east coast, and eastward to the 12-mile limit of the territorial sea.
		The wide variety of marine habitats is one of the key factors of particular value in this proposed reserve, as protection of the full range of marine habitats is part of the Biodiversity Strategy 2000, the Government policy document driving the push for more marine reserves.
	www.divenewzealand.com /articles.asp?sid=386 (1027 words)

	Shifting Baselines
		The general definition of Marine Reserves is "no fishing/no take." And that immediately brings the resistance of fishermen, as is to be expected.
		The 2001 "Scientific Consensus Statement" on the use of Marine Reserves, produced by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) which is like an All-star team for the marine biology world.
		on marine reserves is about to come out from the National Fisheries Conservation Center who ran a workshop in June, 2004 in search of a "scientific consensus" on the most recent opinions of how to use marine reserves in managing fisheries.
	www.shiftingbaselines.org /mpas/florida.htm (211 words)

	SeaWeb - Ocean Citations
		We studied 2 marine reserves in northeastern New Zealand, the Leigh Marine Reserve (established 1975) and Tawharanui Marine Park (established 1982) in order to assess whether changes in protected predator populations had resulted in other indirect changes to grazers and consequently to algal abundance.
		Lobsters within the reserves had a mean carapace length of 109.9 mm, compared with 93.5 mm outside the reserves.
		In one of the reserves, densities of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus had declined from 4.9 to 1.4 m(-2) since 1978 in areas formerly dominated by it.
	www.seaweb.org /resources/citations/marinepro/1999/99marinepro.1.php (339 words)

	“A lot to learn about Manx marine life” - Isle of Man Government -
		The Minister was speaking after the Wildlife and Conservation Division of DAFF had led a marine weekend to raise awareness of the importance of marine conservation and to encourage local participation in marine conservation activities.
		Clearly, were we to create a marine reserve, it would be important to have the support of users of our marine environment.
		Dr Ballantine has been involved in establishing marine reserves in New Zealand for 40 years and has advised governments and community organisations around the world on marine conservation and marine protected areas.
	www.gov.im /lib/news/daff/alottolearnabout.xml (632 words)

	Marine Reserves Location Map
		Both this reserve and Te Awaatu have a unique underwater environment created by a layer of tea-coloured freshwater which sits on top of the salt water.
		The marine reserve and adjacent wildlife management reserve protect one of New Zealand's largest and most unspoilt estuaries.
		the year (in brackets) after the marine reserve name, is the year the area became a marine reserve.
	www.kcc.org.nz /places/marinereserve/map.asp (235 words)

	ENGLISH NATURE : News
		A ‘highly protected marine reserve’ is an area of sea where all exploitative activities are removed and other significant disturbances minimised in order to recover marine wildlife, their habitats and benefits the seas can provide.
		He is author of Marine Reserves for New Zealand (1991), was awarded a Goldman Environmental Award in 1996, and an MBE for services to marine biology and conservation.
		She has been a key player in New Zealand's marine reserves through her work with the Department of Conservation since 1987 where her main areas of focus have been in the establishment of new reserves and their biological monitoring.
	www.english-nature.org.uk /news/story.asp?ID=733 (1104 words)

	Index to New Zealand marine reserves
		On this overview map each of our marine reserves has been indicated by a red dot and a short name, which is often not its official name.
		The wreck of the Rainbow Warrior is a voluntary marine reserve.
		Mataitai reserves are managed by a local Maori committee for gathering seafood for traditional purposes such as meetings.
	www.seafriends.org.nz /issues/res (958 words)

	OceanPortal : Top > AGENCIES/INSTITUTIONS/FOUNDATIONS > National > New Zealand
		This web site is about Ã«no-takeÃ marine reserves Ã± areas of the sea in which there is no fishing at all; as little other human disturbance as can be reasonably arranged, but where people are encouraged to learn about the more natural marine life and processes that this produces.
		Major programmes falling within the theme include: marine biodiversity; marine conservation and coastal management; fisheries and aquaculture; antarctic marine ecology; polar biophysics and biochemistry; polar ecology and physiology; physics of the polar atmosphere; polar marine physics and modelling; antarctic earth sciences; ocean processes.
		Established in 1992 as one of nine New Zealand Crown Research Institutes (CRIs), NIWA's mission is to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of New Zealand's atmospheric, marine and freshwater systems and associated resources.
	www.iode.org /oceanportal/browse.php?cat=533 (507 words)

	New Zealand travel packages: Travel to New Zealand: Australia 2000 Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New Zealand is approximately the same size as England and one third of this extraordinary environment has been preserved in national parks, forest, sanctuaries, and marine reserves.
		New Zealand has more landform varieties than any other country in the world.
		The fascinating blend of European and Pacific cultures is expressed in the food, art and architecture of New Zealand.
	www.australia2000travel.com /about_new_zealand.html (150 words)

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