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Topic: Marine snow

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	Marine snow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column.
		In this way marine snow may be considered the foundation of deep-sea mesopelagic and benthic ecosystems: As sunlight cannot reach them, deep-sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source.
		The role of marine snow in the global carbon cycle may lessen the greenhouse effect to some degree: Atmospheric carbon in the form of carbon dioxide fixed by phytoplankton and subsequently transported to the ocean floor is thought to remain out of contact with the atmosphere for perhaps thousands of years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marine_snow (457 words)

	Current Research: Alice Alldredge
		We have since shown that TEP are essential for the aggregation of diatom blooms and the formation of marine snow and that they effect the carbon: nitrogen ratio of sinking matter, serve as food for zooplankton, and form microhabitats and refuges for bacteria.
		We are presently quantifying the role of swimming euphausiids (krill) on the abundance and size distribution of marine snow in order to assess their impact on the magnitude and patterns of ocean carbon sedimentation.
		Marine snow are large, amorphous aggregates of detritus, algae, bacteria, fecal matter and debris that form in the upper ocean and sediment to the seafloor.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /eemb/faculty/alldredge/research/research.html (290 words)

	Maine Perspective Magazine - Back Issue
		Marine snow is the ocean's dust balls: fecal pellets, parts of dead zooplankton and their feeding structures, algal remains and living micro-organisms.
		While typical marine snow drifts downward transporting nutrients to greater depths, scientists have discovered that in certain open ocean regions, there are aggregates of living algae which migrate back and forth between the surface and the deep nutricline.
		Pilskaln's master's student, Christina Darkangelo, is completing her thesis on estimates of the nutrient flux via sinking marine snow and is helping to quantify the transport of nitrogen by migrating algal mats in the North Pacific.
	www.umaine.edu /perspective/archives/oldissues/jan1298/pilskaln.html (1194 words)

	Untitled Document
		Marine snow is a mucopolysaccharide matrix in which living and dead organisms are embedded.
		Marine snow is especially abundant during periods of high photosynthetic activity when, in the N.
		Thus, marine snow is not only a vehicle for vertical flux of organic matter; the aggregates are also hotspots of microbial respiration which cause a fast and efficient respiratory turnover of particulate organic carbon in the sea.
	www.sos.bangor.ac.uk /marine/mb/O3B14/Marine_snow.html (1022 words)

	foundation, fellowships, Humboldt-Kosmos. The Online-Magazine Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Network, foundation, ...
		Marine snow sinks through the water column at speeds of up to several hundred meters per day, and part of the CO2 fixed in these aggregates thereby sinks into the ocean's interior where it may become isolated from the atmosphere for millennia.
		In the surface waters of the ocean, however, marine snow is quickly colonized by bacteria.
		The chemical microenvironment of marine snow is often distinctly different from that of the surrounding sea water.
	www.humboldt-foundation.de /kosmos/prisma/2004_006.htm (604 words)

	Marine Snow - AquariumSuperstore - The UK's Leading Online Aquatic Retailer
		These aggregates, collectively called 'marine snow' by ocean researchers, are known to be an important element in the food chain of marine ecosystems.
		Marine Snow is a food for tropical and cold water marine animals that feed on particulate and dissolved organic matter, phytoplankton and zooplankton.
		Marine Snow is based on the components of ocean plankton, does not contain yeast or egg solids, and is blended to provide food packages of the right size range for filter feeders.
	www.aquariumsuperstore.co.uk /mall/marinesnow.asp (187 words)

	Antarctica Overview
		Marine snow is the debris or dust that falls through the oceans and settles on the sea floor, the same way as dust in the air settles on an object in your home.
		Scientists believe marine snow is a major food source for life in the abyssal deep, bringing important nutrients into the deep sea while carrying with it diverse populations of microorganisms.
		Marine snow plays an important ecological role by moving atmospheric carbon from the surface of the oceans to the seafloor.
	www.marine.usf.edu /icestory2000/overview/overview.htm (7128 words)

	Marine Snow
		This is the "marine snow." Its constituents are mainly:
		Measured in millimeters, the marine snowflakes are much larger than the average interplanetary dust particles (but of course interplanetary dust itself is also a constituent of marine snow).
		To illustrate, the carbon content of bacteria on marine snow is 10,000 times higher than that of bacteria found away from the snow.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf093/sf093b05.htm (292 words)

	ScienceNotes -- Summer 1998
		A common base for snow in the open ocean is the cast-off houses of the giant larvacean, a small, tubelike hemichordate (which is not quite an invertebrate and not quite a vertebrate) that weaves a chambered house around itself.
		Microbes from the guts of marine animals are excreted in feces, becoming part of the snow community when the fecal matter sticks to growing snow particles.
		A larval crab emerges from the zooplankton and alights on the surface of the snow.
	scicom.ucsc.edu /scinotes/9801/text/flurry.html (3039 words)

	Selected Publications: Alice Alldredge
		Alldredge, A.L. The significance of suspended detrital aggregates of marine snow as microhabitats in the pelagic zone of the ocean.
		The physical strength of marine snow and its implications for particle disaggregation in the ocean.
		Diel patterns in the concentration of marine snow and its implications for particle flux in surface waters.
	lifesci.ucsb.edu /eemb/faculty/alldredge/publications/publications.html (1552 words)

	Offshore / Inshore Fisheries Development & Technologies: Species - Atlantic Snow Crab
		The snow crab is a crustacean (like lobster and shrimp) with a flat and almost circular body, slightly wider in the back.
		Snow crabs are common in the estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, around Cape Breton Island and in the bays of Newfoundland, from Fortune Bay to White Bay.
		Snow crabs live most commonly on muddy or sand-mud bottoms at temperatures ranging from -0.5 to 4.5°C. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, they are usually found at depths of 70 to 140 m, while in Cape Breton the depth varies from 45 to 245 m, and 170 to 380 m off Newfoundland.
	www.mi.mun.ca /mi-net/fishdeve/crab.htm (1666 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ecological consequences of the fragmentation of marine snow by swimming euphausiids
		Macroscopic ocean aggregates, generically categorized as marine snow, have significance in the ocean as chemically and biologically distinct microhabitats and serve as the primary transporter of surface-derived organic matter to the ocean interior.
		Thus, the most important effects of marine snow fragmentation were the release of nutrients to surrounding seawater and the slower daughter particle sinking rates, potentially increasing aggregate residence time and reducing carbon flux to depth.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200403-6.html (374 words)

	About Shanks 2
		Predation on planktonic marine and estuarine invertebrate larvae.
		Observations and geologic significance of marine snow in a shallow-water, partially-enclosed marine embayment.
		Marine snow: Microplankton habitat and source of small-scale patchiness in pelagic populations.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~ashanks/AboutShanks2.html (1338 words)

	JASON IX -- Mid-Water Research Article
		Marine snow is the continuous showering of organic and other particles from the ocean's surface to its depths.
		Marine snow can be a combination of all sorts of materials, including bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, larvae, detritus, diatoms, fecal pellets, pollen, and pollutants.
		Marine snow can range from 0.5 millimeters to several meters in length, although usually it is very small.
	www.jasonproject.org /expeditions/jason9/monterey/mid.html (868 words)

	Effects of Nutrient Loading on the Formation of Limnetic Organic Aggregates (Lake Snow)
		Macroscopic organic aggregates (snow) composed of detritus, mineral particles, inorganic material, and organisms such as bacteria, algae, and protists are common in freshwater (e.g.; Grossart and Simon 1993) and marine environments (e.g.; Alldredge and Silver 1988).
		Snow typically forms as microscopic particles collide through differential settling or physical shear and adhere by the actions of various organic compounds (Alldredge and Silver 1988).
		Lacustrine and marine snow is similar but can differ in regard to the formation and characteristics of aggregates.
	www.mtsu.edu /~scientia/journals/vol1/issue2/ehmann.html (1907 words)

	Inter Research » MEPS » v135 » p299-308
		Marine snow from the northern Adriatic Sea was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and non-disturbing embedding techniques in combination with ultrathin sectioning to visualize the fibrillar matrix of the snow and of the associated microorganisms at a resolution of ca 1 nm.
		The similarity in morphology between diatom-derived polysaccharides and the dominant fibrils in the marine snow matrix led us to suggest that diatoms (mainly Chaetoceros sp.) were the most important producers of mucilage in the northern Adriatic Sea in summer 1993.
		Thus we conclude that given the high bacterial abundance in marine snow found in earlier studies, the capsular envelope of marine-snow-attached bacteria might significantly influence the physical and chemical structure of the overall polymeric matrix of marine snow.
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/meps/v135/p299-308 (297 words)

	es96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		That layers of marine snow were below the maximum in beam-C suggests that beam-C was indicative of phytoplankton or detrital particles smaller than 500 µm.
		As no large accumulations of marine snow occurred below 8 m depth, either the sinking rate of the marine snow was reduced because of similarities of the density of the aggregates and the surrounding water, or marine snow that sank further was disaggregated.
		Observations by divers indicated that marine snow deeper in the water column was older and was disaggregated.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /biogeo/es/es96.html (346 words)

	Marine Snow - Richard Harker and Rob Toonen .... reefs.org Article
		I've read a number of your comments on Marine Snow and have a couple of questions related to some of your statements.
		The basic ingredients of Marine Snow are being determined by Ron Shimek right now, and he will be presenting a comparison of all the liquid invertebrate foods at MACNA that will be written up and submitted after that.
		The products such as Kent's Phytoplex and Sprung's Marine Snow contain dead, preserved phytoplankton, and their advertising claims that they provide a nutritious food source for marine suspension feeders (such as soft corals, clams, feather dusters and the like).
	www.reefs.org /library/article/harker_toonen.html (5508 words)

	Department of Marine Science
		Other projects are examining the relationship between microscopic marine algae and bacteria in physically dynamic environments such as the fronts between the Mississippi River plume and open Gulf of Mexico waters and at the edges of ocean currents like the Gulf Stream.
		Another biological program involves the study of "marine snow," which is the aggregate of organisms and organic matter that are important in the supply and distribution of energy and essential nutrients throughout the ocean.
		Other associated faculty are conducting studies on aquaculture, marine fisheries, marine invertebrates and their ecology, and salt marsh ecology.
	www.marine.usm.edu /bio_oc.html (255 words)

	Mary Silver
		She is probably best known for her studies of "marine snow" that began in the mid-1970s.
		She showed that marine snow is a major source of sinking organic matter in the world's oceans and that it is the site of intense microbial activity.
		Silver's findings on marine snow had a major impact on the basic understanding of the way that decomposition and nutrient regeneration processes occur in the ocean and the ways in which microbial populations interact.
	currents.ucsc.edu /04-05/03-07/silver.asp (684 words)

	Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Interactions of zooplankton with marine snow in the Northern Adriatic Sea, where large algal blooms were creating major ecological problems.
		Interactions of zooplankton and marine snow in respect to particle flux dynamics in a eutrophic sea.
		Ecology of amorphous aggregations (marine snow) in the Northern Adriatic Sea.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~bioocean/personnel/alexcv.htm (955 words)

	Southampton University - News Release - summer snow supports life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ref: 96/97 13 August 1996 Summer snows play key role in marine ecosystems Marine snow is an important food source for seafloor communities but the complex currents off the Scottish coast may affect the availability and seasonality of this essential supply, say Southampton scientists.
		These larger particles, commonly known as marine snow, are formed by a variety of both biological and physical processes.
		Because many types of marine snow are fragile and of low density, the detritus layer they form on the seabed is very difficult to sample.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~pubaffrs/1996/snow.htm (527 words)

	UGA Biological Oceanography Modeling Lab: Marine Snow Research. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		UGA Biological Oceanography Modeling Lab: Marine Snow Research.
		Most of the vertical transport of organic matter in the oceans is by the sinking of large particles called marine snow.
		These marine snow particles are aggregates of smaller particles, including phytoplankton cells, zooplankton fecal material and other detrital material.
	halodule.marsci.uga.edu /Research/marine_snow.html (444 words)

	PLANKTON
		Marine snow refers to particulate organic matter that originates in the ocean.
		It may be formed by collisions and merging of large macromolecules and also may start from decaying material, such as the "house" of a larvacean (such as at left) or a salp colony.
		Marine snow often has large numbers of attached microorganisms and protistans.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /marinebio/plankton.html (1733 words)

	AquaNews - The Vancouver Aquarium's Aquatic Environmental News Network
		Research divers use 'bongo nets' to collect marine snow, which researchers believe may be a byproduct of marine biofilms.
		The scientists are particularly interested in determining whether biofilms are related to marine snow, a phenomenon in which tiny snow-like particles rain down on and smother coral reefs.
		But because the highest concentrations of marine snow occur near the coast, where human inputs of sediment and nutrients are greatest, scientists are unsure whether marine snow is a natural event related to biofilms or one caused by human activities on land.
	www.vanaqua.org /aquanew/fullnews.php?id=1784 (364 words)

	L. Alex Kahl - RU COOL
		Marine snow forms from the flocculation and aggregation of marine detritus, colloids, and organic matter.
		In general, marine snow is charatcerized as aggregates larger than.5 mm.
		Marine snow is regarded as one of the primary mechanisms for carbon export from the surface to the deep ocean.
	marine.rutgers.edu /cool/people/alex.htm (158 words)

	AIMS AIMS/IBM - Settling of muddy marine snow
		However the strong circulation in the wake of a settling, muddy, marine snowflake results in the formation of a vortex ring and its subsequent rapid breakup into two or three smaller flakes.
		This process of mud acting as a ballast for marine snow is probably similar to that operating in the deep ocean where marine snow aggregates minerals.
		This ballast increases the settling velocity of the marine snow (Hill and Nowell, 1990; Armstrong et al., 2001).
	www.aims.gov.au /ibm/pages/research/marine-snow.html (237 words)

	Dynamics of Microbial Communities on Marine Snow Aggregates: Colonization, Growth, Detachment, and Grazing Mortality of ...
		Marine snow aggregates form and degrade in the water column.
		activities modify and degrade the marine snow (4, 8, 9, 43).
		Phylogenetic diversity of aggregate-attached and free-living marine bacterial assemblages.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/6/3036 (4838 words)

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