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Topic: Mariner 9

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	Mars Exploration: Missions
		Mariner 8 and 9 were the third and final pair of Mars missions in NASA's Mariner series of the 1960s and early 1970s.
		Mariner 9 was launched successfully on May 30, 1971, and became the first artificial satellite of Mars when it arrived and went into orbit, where it functioned in Martian orbit for nearly a year.
		Mariner 9 exceeded all primary photographic requirements by photo-mapping 100 percent of the planet's surface.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/past/mariner8-9.html (275 words)

	Mariner
		Mariner 2 approached Venus from 30 degrees above the dark side of the planet, and passed below the planet at its closest distance of 34,773 km at 19:59:28 GMT 14 December 1962.
		In 1967 Mariner 4 returned to the vicinity of Earth again and engineers decided to use the ageing craft for a series of operational and telemetry tests to improve their knowledge of the technologies that would be needed for future interplanetary spacecraft.
		Mariner 9 was left in an orbit which should not decay for at least 50 years, after which the spacecraft will enter the Martian atmosphere.
	www.astronautix.com /project/mariner.htm (2789 words)

	The Mariner Missions
		Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 were identical spacecraft launched on February 24, 1969 and March 27, 1969 respectively, and their missions were entirely devoted to the flyby study of Mars.
		The restoration of the Mariner 7 imaging system was a prime example of the expertise being developed by mission operators during these early interplanetary missions and the event stood as a testament to the importance of having a reprogammable computer on the spacecraft.
		Mariner 9 carried sophisticated instrumentation similar to that of Mariner 6 and 7, but a larger propulsion system was required for controlling the spacecraft during its time in Mars orbit.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/mars/mariner.html (1966 words)

	Mariner Exploration Missions
		Mariner 2 was the first successful space probe and the first spacecraft to visit a planet.
		Mariner 9 arrived into martian orbit on November 13, 1971 in the midst of an enormous dust storm which completely obscured the surface for weeks.
		Mariner 10 mapped surface of Mercury in 1974 as a part of a fortuitous slingshot orbit with Venus.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/mariner.html (447 words)

	Mariner
		In 1967 Mariner 4 returned to the vicinity of Earth and engineers were able to use the ageing craft for a series of operational and telemetry tests to improve their knowledge of techniques needed for future interplanetary missions.
		The Mariner Mars '71 mission was supposed to involve two spacecraft: Mariner 8, which was to map 70% of the Martian surface, and Mariner 9 which was to study changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the ground.
		Mariner 9 provided the firsts global map of the surface of Mars, including the first detailed views of the Martian volcanoes, Valles Marineris, and the polar caps, and of the satellites Phobos and Deimos.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Mariner.html (1059 words)

	Mariner 8-9
		Mariner 8 was to map 70 % of the Martian surface and Mariner 9 was to study temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the Martian surface.
		Imaging of the surface of Mars by Mariner 9 was delayed by a dust storm which started on 22 September 1971 in the Noachis region.
		The Mariner 9 mission resulted in a global mapping of the surface of Mars, including the first detailed views of the martian volcanoes, Valles Marineris, the polar caps, and the satellites Phobos and Deimos.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/marner89.htm (1212 words)

	Mariner
		Mariner 5 was a refurbished backup spacecraft for the Mariner 4 mission and was converted from a Mars mission to a Venus mission.
		Mariner 6 and 7 comprised a dual-spacecraft mission to Mars, the sixth and seventh missions in the Mariner series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in the flyby mode.
		Mariner 10 was the seventh successful launch in the Mariner series, the first spacecraft to use the gravitational pull of one planet (Venus) to reach another (Mercury), and the first spacecraft mission to visit two planets.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /stu/advanced/20th_far_mariner.html (3898 words)

	Mariner 9 to Mars
		The 1971 Mariner Mars mission was planned to consist of two spacecraft on complementary missions, but due to the failure of Mariner 8 to launch properly, only one spacecraft was available.
		Mariner 9 combined mission objectives of both Mariner 8 (mapping 70% of the Martian surface) and Mariner 9 (a study of temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the Martian surface).
		Mariner 9 exceeded all primary photographic requirements by photo-mapping 100 percent of the planet's surface and taking the first closeup photographs of the tiny Martian moons, Deimos and Phobos.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/marin9.htm (239 words)

	Mariner 9 Mars mission -- NASA press release captions
		The Mariner Mars 1971 spacecraft is a Mars orbiter which is fully attitude stabilized using the Sun and the star Canopus as the basic attitude references.
		Mariner's orbit around Mars is planned to be with a high point of 10,700 miles and a low point of 750 miles.
		Mariner 9 took this picture on January 22, during its 140th orbit of the planet, from a distance of 4015 kilometers (2490 miles).
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/rpif/mariner9/mariner9_press_caps.htm (3398 words)

	Mariner
		The Mariner mission was a space program in the 1960's whose purpose was to visit the inner solar system and the three planets other than Earth: Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
		Mariner 4 was the sister probe of Mariner 3.
		Mariner 9 (left) was the sister probe of Mariner 8, and in 1971, it became the first probe to orbit another planet.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /stu/20th_far_mariner.html (489 words)

	Mariner Missions
		Mariner 4 was launched on November 28, 1964, on a 228-day mission to Mars and was the first successful flyby of the planet Mars on July 15, 1965.
		The Mariner 4 spacecraft consisted of an octagonal frame with four solar panels, two communications antennas, a high-gain antenna (the primary antenna with a narrow bandwidth) and a low-gain antenna (the backup antenna with a broader bandwidth).
		Mariner 8 was supposed to map 70 percent of the Martian surface, and Mariner 9 was to study temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the Martian surface.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /HAS/cirr/em/8/3.cfm (1324 words)

	Mariner 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Mariner 9 was the first successful orbiter of Mars and the first successful spacecraft to orbit another planet.
		Mariner 9’s main mission was to photograph the planet and monitor the changes in the Martian atmosphere.
		Mariner 9 collected data on the atmospheric composition, temperature, density, and pressure; and also collected data of the surface composition, temperature, and topography of Mars.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~gatto/mars/mariner9.htm (187 words)

	Mariner 9 Image Browser
		Mariner 9 was equipped with wide-angle and narrow-angle telescope cameras, small format selenium-sulphide vidicon sensors, and mechanical shutters.
		Mariner 9 had a narrow and a wide-angle TV imaging camera mounted on a two-degree-of-pointing-freedom scan platform.
		Mariner 9 images revealed the north polar cap, composed of water and carbon dioxide ice.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/mariner9.html (1226 words)

	Mars - The Red Planet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to orbit another planet.
		But after the dust cleared, Mariner 9 proceeded to reveal a very different planet - one that boasted gigantic volcanoes and a grand canyon stretching 4,800 kilometers (3,000 miles) across its surface.
		Mariner 9 exceeded all primary photographic requirements by photo-mapping 100 percent of the planet's surface and taking the first close-up photographs of the tiny Martian moons, Deimos and Phobos.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /everything/mars/mariner_9.html (139 words)

	Mariner 9 Images
		Mariner 9 view of the "labyrinth" at the western end of Vallis Marineris on Mars.
		Mariner 9 image of the central caldera of the Martian volcano, Olympus Mons.
		Mariner 9 image of the north polar cap of Mars.
	library.thinkquest.org /19455/mariner_9_images.htm (342 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA02999
		In the Mariner 6 and 7 flights in 1969, an outer ring, 1600 kilometers (1,000 miles) in diameter, was seen.
		The spacecraft was designed to continue the atmospheric studies begun by Mariners 6 and 7, and to map over 70% of the Martian surface from the lowest altitude (1500 kilometers [900 miles])and at the highest resolutions (1 kilometer per pixel to 100 meters per pixel) of any previous Mars mission.
		Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 and arrived on November 14, 1971.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA02999 (230 words)

	Mariner 9
		The Mariner Mars 7 mission was planned to consist of two spacecrafts on complementary missions, but due to the failure of Mariner 8 to launch properly, only one spacecraft was available.
		Mariner 9 combined mission objectives of both Mariner 8 (mapping 70 % of the Martian surface) and Mariner 9 (a study of temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the Martian surface).
		Mariner 9 arrived at Mars on November 14, 1971.
	library.thinkquest.org /19455/mariner_9.htm (191 words)

	Mariner 9 Mars mission - Online Imagery
		Mariner 9 was launched from Cape Kennedy, Fla. at 6:23 p.m.
		Mariner arrived at Mars on November 14, when the planet was 75.5 million miles from Earth.
		Martian Canyonlands, part of a 120,000 square kilometer complex in Noctis Lacus on the northern edge of the Solis Lacus region, were photographed by the Mariner 9 orbiting spacecraft from about 5050 miles (8150 kilometers) during its 69th circuit of the planet.
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/rpif/mariner9/mariner9_images.htm (404 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Mars: Past: Mariner 09
		It carried an instrument payload similar to Mariners 6 and 7, but, because of the need for a larger propulsion system to control the spacecraft in Mars orbit, it weighed more than Mariners 6 and 7 combined.
		Mariner 9 also found evidence of wind and water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more.
		Mariner 9 was designed to continue the atmospheric studies begun by Mariners 6 and 7, and to map over 70% of the Martian surface from the lowest altitude (1500 kilometers [about 900 miles]) and at the highest resolutions (1 kilometer per pixel to 100 meters per pixel) of any previous Mars mission.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Mars&MCode=Mariner_09 (306 words)

	MARINER 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Though the flights of Mariner 6 and 7 were successful in fulfilling the objectives of their mission, the data provided was only a brief glimpse of the surface of Mars.
		Mariner 8 would be launched on 9 May 1971, as primarily a means of mapping the planet, send back to Earth some 5400 pictures and spectral data during the 90 day orbit, (at an altitude of 1250 km).
		The second craft (Mariner 9) would be launched on 18 May 1971, and it was felt would allow a high resolution coverage at an altitude of 850 km.
	www.pianeta-marte.it /satelliti_artificiali/m_9/english_mariner_4.htm (392 words)

	Mariner 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Mariner 10 is still orbiting the sun, even though its electronic systems have probably been destroyed by solar radiation.
		The Mariner 10 mission required more course corrections than any previous mission and was the first spacecraft to use the gravitational pull of one planet to help it reach another planet.
		Mariner 10, shown in this artist's rendering, was the last in a series of Mariner missions designed to survey other planets in the solar system.
	pds.jpl.nasa.gov /planets/welcome/m10.htm (260 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft
		The Mariner Mars 71 mission was planned to consist of two spacecraft to orbit Mars on complementary missions, but due to the failure of Mariner 8 to launch properly, only one spacecraft was available.
		Mariner 9 was launched on a 398 million km direct ascent trajectory to Mars by an Atlas-Centaur SLV-3C booster (AC-23).
		The four solar panels were deployed at 22:40 UT. The sensors locked onto the Sun at 23:16, shortly after the spacecraft left the Earth's shadow and Canopus acquisition was achieved at 02:26 UT 31 May. A planned midcourse maneuver was executed on 5 June.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=1971-051A (973 words)

	Mariner 8,9 Quicklook
		On November 13, 1971 the spacecraft entered Martian orbit and began photographing the surface and analyzing the atmosphere with its infrared and ultraviolet instruments.
		At the time of Mariner 9's arrival, Mars was almost totally obscured by dust storms.
		The mission originally consisted of two spacecraft designed to simultaneously map the Martian surface, but the identical Mariner 8 vehicle was lost in a launch vehicle failure.
	leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov /msl/QuickLooks/mariner89QL.html (225 words)

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