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Topic: Mariner IV

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	Mariner program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mariner 2 was built as a backup to Mariner 1 and was launched on August 27, 1962, sending it on a 3½-month flight to Venus.
		The Mariner 5 spacecraft was launched to Venus on June 14, 1967 and arrived in the vicinity of the planet in October 1967.
		The Mariner 10 spacecraft launched on November 3, 1973 and was the first to use a gravity assist trajectory, accelerating as it entered the gravitational influence of Venus, then being flung by the planet's gravity onto a slightly different course to reach Mercury.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mariner_program (795 words)

	Mariner 4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mariner 4 was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface.
		Mariner 4 was designed to conduct closeup scientific observations of Mars and to transmit these observations to Earth.
		Mariner 4 may have concluded the gradual change, in science fiction, from describing intelligent aliens as dwellers on other planets in our Solar System, to describing them as living on planets circling distant stars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mariner_4 (1295 words)

	Mariner IV
		Mariners III and IV were identical, designed to fly by Mars, collecting scientific data along the way, and then pass by the red planet to obtain images of the surface.
		Mariner IV was launched successfully, proceeding to perform flawlessly (well, almost flawlessly, as we shall see), returning the first close-up images of the planet's surface.
		Mariner IV was equipped with the proven design nosecone, and on Nov.
	home.earthlink.net /~nbrass1/mariner/miv.htm (3243 words)

	Mariner 4
		Mariner 4 was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode.
		Mariner 4 gave scientists their first glimpse of Mars at close range, passing over the planet at an altitude of 9,846 kilometers (6,118 miles) above the surface and putting to rest the myths of the late 19th century that the planet might have harbored an advanced civilization.
		Mariner IV was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and the first spacecraft to succesfully image a planet.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/marin4.htm (487 words)

	Memoirs of a Space Engineer - on the fly
		Mariner IV was the backup spacecraft and was quickly fitted with an old style nose cone and was ready for launch in the only available window a month later.
		This meant that Mariner IV would take about 8 months to reach Mars, and when it reached Mars, they would both be at the opposite side of the solar system to Earth.
		The plan was that when Mariner IV reached Mars it would photograph Mars using a vidicon tube camera, and the digitised images would be stored on magnetic tape for later playback and transmission to Earth.
	www.abc.net.au /science/slab/memoirs/fly.htm (706 words)

	Mariner 10 Image Browser and Reconstructor
		Mariner 10 was launched on November 2, 1973 atop the Atlas/Centaur rocket from Launch Complex 36B.
		The path of Mariner allowed images to be obtained of the north polar region of the Moon, which, because of constraints on paths of other space vehicles, had previously been covered only obliquely.
		Mariner 10 was placed in a orbit around the Sun that returned the spacecraft to Mercury twice more at a six-month intervals.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/mariner.html (1517 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
		The Mariners were all relatively small robotic explorers, each launched on an Atlas rocket with either an Agena or Centaur upper-stage booster, and weighing less than half a ton (without onboard rocket propellant).
		Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly, and Mariner 3 did not get to Mars.
		The Mariner 4 spacecraft was not expected to survive much longer than the eight months to its Mars flyby encounter, but actually lasted about three years in solar orbit, continuing long-term studies of the solar wind environment and making coordinated measurements with Mariner 5, a sister ship launched to Venus in 1967.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/past/mariner3-4.html (276 words)

	Mariner 9 Image Browser
		Mariner 9 was equipped with wide-angle and narrow-angle telescope cameras, small format selenium-sulphide vidicon sensors, and mechanical shutters.
		Mariner 9 had a narrow and a wide-angle TV imaging camera mounted on a two-degree-of-pointing-freedom scan platform.
		Mariner 9 images revealed the north polar cap, composed of water and carbon dioxide ice.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/mariner9.html (1226 words)

	[No title]
		In 1964, while the Mariner IV spacecraft beamed back its first images of Mars --and the first close views of any planet, Momsen had the responsibility to transition their martian flyby from a wide angle to a tight one degree field of view.
		When Mariner IV imaged frost on some craters and a cloud in the atmosphere, the mission team was startled and at first suspected a malfunction.
		WM: Mariner IV didn´t require heavy computer power, as most of the functions were rather simple, such as timing events, multiplexing data, etc. There was no need for complex computations.
	www.astrobio.net /cgi-bin/xls.cgi?sid=930&ext=.xls (2895 words)

	release 1965 0338
		Since Mariner IV was launched last November 28, four American astronauts have orbited the Earth, two Ranger spacecraft have photographed the moon and dozens of other missions have begun and ended.
		Accurate tracking of Mariner IV is based on the Doppler shift of its radio signal, or the apparent change in frequency of the signal as the spacecraft moves farther away from Earth.
		If Mariner IV is still operating at Mars, its television camera system will take and record as many as 21 fl-and-white still pictures of the planet's surface for later playback to Earth beginning about 10 hours after the fly-by.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/60s/release_1965_0338.html (1365 words)

	SparkNotes: Coleridge's Poetry: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," Parts I-IV
		The Mariner reassures the Wedding-Guest that there is no need for dread; he was not among the men who died, and he is a living man, not a ghost.
		He tried to pray but was deterred by a "wicked whisper" that made his heart "as dry as dust." He closed his eyes, unable to bear the sight of the dead men, each of who glared at him with the malice of their final curse.
		After earning his curse, the Mariner is able to gain access to the favor of God--able to regain his ability to pray--only by realizing that the monsters around him are beautiful in God's eyes and that he should love them as he should have loved the Albatross.
	www.sparknotes.com /poetry/coleridge/section1.html (1489 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Mariner 4 was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and represented the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the martian surface.
		After launch the protective shroud covering Mariner 4 was jettisoned and the Agena D/Mariner 4 combination separated from the Atlas D booster at 14:27:23 UT on 28 November 1964.
		On 7 December the gas supply in the attitude control system was exhausted, and on December 10 and 11 a total of 83 micrometeoroid hits were recorded which caused perturbation of the attitude and degradation of the signal strength.
	freespace.virgin.net /p.thompson/missions/mariner4.html (1165 words)

	Mariner 2 - Milestones of Flight
		The unmanned Mariner 2 spacecraft, with its six scientific instruments, passed within 34,800 kilometers (21,600 miles) of Venus.
		Mariner 2 indicated that Venus is very hot and has no measureable magnetic fields or radiation belts.
		On the way to Venus, Mariner 2's instruments detected and measured the radiation, magnetic fields and dust of interplanetary space.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/gal100/mariner2.html (129 words)

	[No title]
		Photographic representation of digital data radioed from Mars by the Mariner IV spacecraft.
		Mariner photographed Mars beginning at 5:18:33 p.m., PDT, July 14, 1965 just prior to its closest approach of about 6,000 miles from the planet at 6:01 p.m.
		The longest line, carved at the top and trailing off straight to the lower right, represents the edge of Mars as viewed from Mariner IV during the 25 minutes that photos were taken.
	www.ou.edu /special/albertctr/archives/PhotoInventory/Monronph7.htm (1228 words)

	SparkNotes: Coleridge's Poetry: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," Parts V-VII
		Free of the curse of the Albatross, the Mariner was able to sleep, and as he did so, the rains came, drenching him.
		The Wedding-Guest declares again that he is afraid of the Mariner, but the Mariner tells him that the men's bodies were inhabited by blessed spirits, not cursed souls.
		The Hermit, a holy man who lived in the woods and loved to talk to mariners from strange lands, had encouraged the Pilot and his son not to be afraid and to row out to the ship.
	www.sparknotes.com /poetry/coleridge/section2.rhtml (1053 words)

	Mariner 3-4
		The protective shroud covering Mariner 4 was jettisoned and the Agena D/Mariner 4 combination separated from the Atlas D booster at 14:27:23 GMT on 28 November 1964.
		At 02:19:11 GMT Mariner 4 passed behind Mars as seen from Earth and the radio signal ceased.
		In 1967 Mariner 4 returned to the vicinity of Earth again and engineers decided to use the ageing craft for a series of operational and telemetry tests to improve their knowledge of the technologies that would be needed for future interplanetary spacecraft.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/marner34.htm (1385 words)

	Bellcomm, Inc Technical Library Collection
		The Mariner program was planned to explore Mars and Venus, the nearest planets to earth, by conducting a planetary flyby or by placing a spacecraft in orbit.
		The Ranger program was intended to return data on the earth-moon environment by launching a spacecraft on a lunar intercept course, gathering data during the flight, and obtaining close-up television images of the lunar surface before spacecraft impact.
		Follow-on missions in Block III (Ranger 6 through 9), Block IV (Ranger 10+), and Block V (Ranger lander missions) were in planning stages when the failure of the missions in Blocks I and II caused NASA to cancel Blocks IV and V and drastically simplify Block III to include only TV imaging.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/arch/findaids/bellcomm/bci_sec_33.html (1750 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1964, while the Mariner IV spacecraft beamed back its first images of Mars--and the first close views of any planet, Momsen had the responsibility to transition their martian flyby from a wide angle to a tight one degree field of view.
		WM: Mariner IV didn't require heavy computer power, as most of the functions were rather simple, such as timing events, multiplexing data, etc.
		Members of these hypothetical civilizations of Type IV, V, VI and so on, would be able to manipulate the structures in the universe on larger and larger scales, encompassing groups of galaxies, clusters, and superclusters of galaxies." Civilizations beyond Type III may have enough energy to escape our dying universe via holes in space.
	www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/2004/20040427.txt (11648 words)

	Radio Frequency Occultation
		The communication signal of the Mariner IV was the S-band radio frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum [2].
		The refractive index of the Martian atmosphere was the crucial property extrapolated from the Mariner data.
		The phase shift measurements of the Mariner I V mission to Mars are presented graphically in Figure 4.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~rculler (1047 words)

	Boeing: World's Newest Rocket Ship Ready for Launch in Mississippi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The facility was officially brought on line earlier this year with the assembly of the first Delta IV common booster core.
		Common booster cores are the building blocks of the Delta IV family of launch vehicles, and house the rocket's main engine, fuel tanks, and first-stage avionics.
		Delta IV common booster cores, the size of commercial airplane fuselages, will be carried on and off the ship by specialized mobile transporters via the ramp in the stern of the vessel.
	www.boeing.com /news/releases/1999/news_release_991215h.html (591 words)

	Complex 37 -- Cape Canaveral Air Station
		The DELTA IV Mariner, which was built to transport DELTA IV boosters and other components from the DELTA IV factory in Decatur, Alabama, made its first visit to the wharf on 15 October 2000.
		The Delta IV Mariner delivered the pathfinder to Port Canaveral on 29 May 2001, and workers transported the booster to the HIF to ensure compatibility with Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE) and working areas inside the HIF.
		Workers transferred the upper stage to a cradle pallet on 21 November, and the DELTA IV upper stage was "soft" mated to the First Flight CBC on 29 November 2001.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/facility/ccas-lc-37.htm (1609 words)

	The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 12: Mariner 9. University of Arizona Press.
		As it turned out, the belief in the drab and moonlike Mars that followed in the wake of the flyby Mariners was premature, and quite as unjustified as the belief in the Earthlike Mars that had preceded it.
		Mariner 9 found networks of channels and tributaries that looked for all the world like runoff channels and dry riverbeds, and which strongly suggested that conditions on Mars must once have been very different from what they are today; once, running water had existed on that surface.
		Even after the flyby Mariners it was obvious that in general the Martian craters are flatter and more subdued than their lunar counterparts, and usually lack the latters' hummocky surrounds.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /onlinebks/mars/chap12.htm (5032 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- The Full Picture from Mars -- Jul 30, 1965
		Mariner IV, the agile U.S. spacecraft designed to take the measure of Mars, has lived up to every expectation.
		At Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory last week, the last worries vanished; there was no longer any concern that the ship's tape recorder might have gone haywire during part of its historic pass at the red planet.
		Mariner got all the 21 pictures it went after—plus a bonus: 22 lines of a 22nd picture, which might show the dark edge of Mars.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,834062,00.html (400 words)

	Memoirs of a Space Engineer - Leadpencils
		In 1964, the Mariner IV spacecraft, nearing Mars, was about to give NASA scientists their first ever glimpse of the red planet at close range.
		The video pictures from the cameras on board Mariner IV were digitised and stored on magnetic tape for later playback.
		Of course, eventually after 8 hours JPL had their full 40,000 picture elements and were able to produce a perfect looking photograph, but they never forgave those pesky Aussies who stole a march on them and saw the pictures of Mars first.
	www.abc.net.au /science/slab/memoirs/leadpencils.htm (661 words)

	Mariner VI and VII - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Mariner IV opened a window on a virtually unknown world, inspiring and intriguing scientists with its wonders.
		Mariners VI and VII returned to the red planet to obtain basic information on the planet's surface structure, atmospheric composition, and temperature profile.
		The Mariner 1969 design was visibly very similar to the Mariner 1964 design.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/characterizations/mariner6.html (370 words)

	Mariner: Mars at Canadian Content
		Additional Information: Among the NASA Mariner missions, Mariner 4, 6, 7 and 9 were sent to Mars.
		Illustrated story of the Mariner IV mission to Mars, by project engineer Bill Momsen.
		The aircraft and 14 crew members were never found, and neither was one of the search planes, a Martin PBM Mariner, which also disappeared with the loss of 13 aircrew.
	www.canadiancontent.net /dir/Top/Science/Technology/Space/Missions/Unmanned/Mars/Mariner (301 words)

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