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Topic: Mark and recapture

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	Mark and recapture Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate population size and population vital rates (i.e., survival, movement, and growth).
		Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment.
		For example, suppose 50 individuals are marked on the first visit and 25 of those individuals are recaptured on the second visit.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Mark_and_recapture.html (1164 words)

	Grasshopper Mark and Recapture (GMR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Grasshopper Mark and Recapture (GMR) Activity is a method of estimating the population size (as in the Lincoln-Peterson Estimate) of grasshoppers and other animals.
		Some individuals will be marked, or recaptured (m) from the first sampling, while others will be captured for the first time, and thus will be unmarked.
		The ratio of marked animals (m) to the total number of animals in the second sample (p) is assumed to be the same as the total number of marked animals (M) is to the total population size (P).
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/AEF/1995/nevin_grasshopper.html (1072 words)

	Mark and Recapture Techniques for Determining Population Size (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In these cases an estimate of the population size can be made by marking a segment of the population at one time and later recapturing the organisms (hence "Mark and recapture techniques").
		The ratio of marked to unmarked individuals in the second sample can then be used to estimate the total number of organisms in the population.
		Marked animals are subject to the same mortality rate as unmarked organisms.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/mark_and_recapture_techniques_fo.htm (424 words)

	Bird Banding Recapture Database
		Recapture data are not collected uniformly, and their "value" to an analysis can vary depending on questions asked and models used to analyze them.
		Recaptures of Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) banded in the Pacific are being analyzed to estimate survival, movement rates, and age-specific breeding probabilities.
		Results from the same survey also revealed that, while there is popular interest in developing a recapture database, many individual banders and custodians of programmatic data sets have proprietary-based reservations about contributing their particular data sets.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /BBL/recapture/recapmain.htm (2744 words)

	Logic of the Mark Recapture Method
		M is the number of individuals captured, marked and then released back into the population (first sample).
		R is the number of marked individuals captured during the second sampling period.
		Thus, in words, the above equation states that the proportion of marked individuals in the total populations is equal to the proportion of marked individuals in the sample population.
	www.lec.edu /facstaff/vieira/BIOL1170mrm.htm (1228 words)

	Lecture2-mark-recapture
		317 pups were marked in the Nautilus North colony at the end of the pupping season in late January by clipping off a patch of guard-hairs off the top of their head, exposing the pale under-fur underneath.
		Where M is the number of marked individuals in a population of size Ñ, and m is the number of marked animals recaptured in a sample of n animals.
		At the end of the breeding season (mid-January), pups are marked by clipping a patch of guard-hairs off the top of their head, exposing the pale under-fur.
	www.zoo.latrobe.edu.au /Staff/sdg/Lecture2-mark-recapture.htm (1530 words)

	CIBL--Mark-Recapture Sampling
		After these marked individuals are mixed back in with the rest of the objects, students again sample the population, making note of the number of marked objects "caught" a second time.
		This proportion says that the ratio of the total number of beetles to the total number of marked beetles is equal to the ratio of the number of beetles in the sample to the number of marked (recaptured) beetles in the sample.
		When his adult moths were ready, he marked each one with a small dab of a special paint on the underside of its wing where it couldn't be seen by predators when the moth was resting on a tree trunk.
	www.biology.duke.edu /cibl/exercises/mark_recapture.htm (3628 words)

	Program MARK
		Marked animals are released into the population, often by trapping them from the populations.
		The recapture probability at encounter occasion 1 is p(2), and p(3) is the recapture probability at encounter occasion 2.
		Notes concerning the theory and use of MARK from the graduate course that David Anderson and Gary White teach at Colorado State University: FW663, Analysis of Vertebrate Populations, are available.
	www.warnercnr.colostate.edu /~gwhite/mark/mark.htm (12213 words)

	Marking Salamanders With Elastomer
		The colors red, orange and either green or yellow were used during one marking session since it is difficult to distinguish green from yellow under UV light.
		To obtain unique marks for salamanders, we used two mark locations (Figure 1.) on each side of the body (behind the front legs, in front of the hind legs or in the legs).
		During transporting and marking, salamanders were placed in a insulated box with damp paper towels and a little bit ice to prevent overheating.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /marking/pwrc.html (970 words)

	Windfall Lake Salmon Studies - Sport Fish Division - Southeast Region - Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game
		The main cause of the difference was the loss of 27% of the marked fish, possibly due to emigration from the system or handling stress.
		Equal chance of marking was suggested by the stable proportion of marked fish passing through the weir.
		Equal chance of marking and/or recapture was suggested by the recapture of fish from a wide range of marking dates and by the recapture of all sizes of marked fish.
	www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us /Region1/salmon/windfall.cfm (1594 words)

	Program MARK
		Marked animals are released into the population, often by trapping them from the populations.
		Notes concerning the theory and use of MARK from the graduate course that David Anderson and Gary White teach at Colorado State University: FW663, Analysis of Vertebrate Populations, are available.
		The existing 6 closed captures models in MARK were all extended to include the alpha parameter (probability that the animal was correctly identified, with 1 - alpha the probability that the animal was incorrectly identified).
	www.cnr.colostate.edu /~gwhite/mark/mark.htm (12164 words)

	Parkwise -Hoofin' It! Activity: Mark-Recapture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This represents the initial marking of the population.
		Before returning the beans to the container, the students mark all the beans in the sample that were not already marked.
		Have the students describe why a biologist might use mark and recapture as a means of estimating population size versus counting the whole population.
	www.nps.gov /akso/ParkWise/Teachers/Nature/WEAR_HoofinIt/activities/MarkRecapture.htm (897 words)

	Mark-recapture notes
		If marked animals failed to disperse from the transect (sampling) area, or if they tend to aggregate in groups, there is a higher probability that they will be recaptured relative to unmarked individuals (or not depending on where they aggregate).
		All individuals (marked and unmarked) in the population have an equal probability of being recaptured.
		Marking an individual does not make them more or less likely to be recaptured relative to unmarked individuals.
	www.msu.edu /user/vieirast/mrkrecap.htm (973 words)

	Mark and recapture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate population size and population vital rates (i.e., survival, movement, and growth).
		Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment.
		For example, suppose 50 individuals are marked on the first visit and 25 of those individuals are recaptured on the second visit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mark_and_recapture (1063 words)

	Journey North Monarchs
		On the 2nd visit, the biologist again captures individual monarchs and records the number that are "recaptures" (those caught and marked on the first visit).
		On your 2nd visit, the % of butterflies you recapture should be the same as the % of the total population you marked on your 1st visit.
		Again, the basic idea is that the number of individuals marked on the first visit (a) is to the total number in the population (b), as the number of marked individuals captured on the 2nd visit (c) is to the total number of individuals captured on the 2nd visit (d).
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/monarch/EstimateMRR.html (811 words)

	Software for Population Analysis
		Resightings or recaptures of marked animals, and the number of unmarked animals observed on each occasion are used to compute population estimates.
		Handles almost all kinds of analyses: both recovery and recpature analysis (including open and closed-popualtion models), telemetry analysis, multistate (i.e., movement models), and a variety of other permutations on the standard paradigm (including the ability to handle joint estimation from combined sources of data, and individual covariates!).
		MARK does all this in a very intuitive Windows-based application (intuitive if you have some experience with one of the other "big" programs - most notably SURGE or SURPH).
	www.phidot.org /software (1131 words)

	Lec Notes: mark-recapture
		Schnabel method: Closed populations, multiple marking and recapture events, equal probability of capture within a given sampling occasion but probabilities can vary between sampling periods.
		The Jolly-Seber model can also be used to estimate the loss rate and the addition rate of the population.
		Every animal present in the population (marked and unmarked) has the same probability of capture in sample t.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /wlf448/2004/mark_recap2004.htm (297 words)

	NWIFC \| News & Info \| NW Fishery Bulletin
		Coho Salmon Escapement to the Skagit River Estimated Using a Mark Recapture Method: 1986.
		Coho Salmon Escapement to the Skagit River Estimated Using a Mark Recapture Method: 1987.
		Coho Salmon Escapement to the Skagit River Estimated Using a Mark Recapture Method: 1988.
	www.nwifc.org /newsinfo/bulletin.asp (326 words)

	Mark-Recapture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The procedure is relatively simple: one goes out, captures as many individuals of the species of concern as possible and marks them distinctively, releases them immediately, and then, at some later time, comes back and captures as many individuals as possible again.
		And it's the proportion of recaptured individuals to the total captured in the second episode that will help us estimate population size.
		M in this equation is the number of individuals marked on the first day, n is the total number of individuals captured on the second day, and R is the number of recaptured individuals.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/toliver/bio141/captrecapt.html (604 words)

	Lec Notes: mark-recapture
		Use information obtained later in a study to improve estimates obtained early in the study.
		This works for open populations to estimate number still alive in the marked population.
		Every marked animal present in the population immediately after the ith sample has the same probability of survival (Ø
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /wlf448/mark_recap.htm (314 words)

	Mark - Recapture Index (Petersen) Applet
		Once initially to mark a subset and again later to count the number of recaptures.
		4) The mark used to identify the individual does not harm the animal or reduce the likelyhood of its being captured again in the second session.
		= number of marked and released individuals in the first session.
	people.hws.edu /ryan/Ryan/Pages/Petersen2.html (170 words)

	Lake-wide mark and recapture investigation of Lake Michigan yellow perch
		To evaluate the stock structure of yellow perch in the southern basin of Lake Michigan and Green Bay, we used recaptures and recoveries from a lake wide mark-recapture study implemented from 1996-2001.
		The Green Bay, Lake Michigan, and Illinois mark-recapture models fit the data poorly, which was evident from the large number of parameters that were inestimable, standard errors near the boundaries of theoretical thresholds (extending beyond in some cases), and the inability to achieve numerical convergence for many models.
		The poor fit of these models is most likely due to extremely low recapture/ recovery rates, but may also be due to bias introduced through assumption violations such as tag loss.
	www.glfc.org /research/reports/Glover.html (545 words)

	mark-recapture
		stop the Mark and recapture Lab he does each spring.
		five years ago we tried a mark recapture doing fin-clips on fathead minnows.
		we did a mark and recapture experiment with the "student body" as the subjects.
	biowww.clemson.edu /biolab/mark.html (690 words)

	Estimating Population Size
		Objective: You will be expected to estimate the size of a sample population using the mark-recapture technique. Be able to apply the technique to new population problems and compare the mark and recapture technique to other methods of population estimating.
		With your eyes closed, select 15 “animals” from the contain one at a time. This is the recapture step. Record the number of “animals” recaptured that have a mark on the data table.
		A biologist originally marked 40 butterflies in Wilson park. Over a month long period butterfly traps caught 200 butterflies. Of those 200, 80 were found to have tags. Based on this information, what is the estimated population size of the butterflies in Wilson park?
	www.biologycorner.com /worksheets/estimatepop.html (505 words)

	Mark and Recapture with StarLogo
		I used a free program called Star Logo to create a simulation where pill bugs are marked, released and recaptured.
		This simulation is valuable for student understanding of Mark and Recapture procedures.
		They can run the simulation 10 times and compute an average, verifying for themselves the efficacy of the procedure for obtaining a reasonable accurate estimate of the population of a species in a habitat.
	www.stlscienceteacher.com /mrsimulation.html (429 words)

	Mark and Recapture Lab Simulation
		Because many animals are continually moving around and seeking shelter and protection in hard to see areas, it is difficult to count them.
		One commonly used method which attempts to deal with determining population size for an organism in the field is called “Mark and Recapture”, or what might be called “Capture-Mark-Recapture”.
		As the name implies, a group of animals is captured, tagged, and then released.
	bensmithnamaste.com /population/mark_n_recapture_lab_sim.htm (245 words)

	Using Coded Wire Tags for Mark/Recapture Investigations of Juvenile Lobsters
		Scientists at The Lobster Conservancy (TLC) are using coded wire tags to mark juvenile lobsters at three nursery areas on the Maine coast.
		The tags measure 1 mm length x ¼ mm diameter and are encoded with a numeric code that includes (1) an "agency" code, (2) a "batch" code, and (3) individual identification code that is specific to each lobster.
		To identify a lobster that has been tagged and recaptured, the tag must be recovered and read using a dissecting microscope.
	www.state.me.us /newsletter/july2003/using_coded_wire_tags_for_mark.htm (720 words)

	Eco-ID - Software for the collection of animal mark and recapture data. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Eco-ID is a software application designed for the collection of animal mark and recapture data and other forms of ecological sampling.
		Eco-ID is similar to Digital Bander because it gives you an efficient means of collecting the data that are fundamental to any research involving marked animals.
		Eco-ID was developed to handle virtually any type of information associated with the mark and recapture of animals.
	www.timasci.com /eco.htm (678 words)

	Mark-Recapture Page
		Using recently developed methods that help us assess recaptures of tagged lobsters, we are able to estimate population size, gains, and losses.
		Figure 3: Map of lobster recaptures off of Vinalhaven.
		Tags are flexible plastic streamers with two ends visible between the carapace and the tail.
	www.bigelow.org /srs/lobstertag.html (373 words)

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