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Markedness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Markedness is a linguistics concept that developed out of the Prague School (also known as the Prague linguistic circle). Markedness originally developed from phonology – where phonetic symbols were literally marked to indicate additional features, such as voicing, nasalization or roundedness. The concept of markedness has been extended to other areas of grammar as well, such as morphology, syntax and semantics. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Markedness   (232 words)

On the logic of markedness arguments Markedness inversion is thus bound to contribute to the overall relativity of markedness values. As it happens, text frequency tends to correlate highly with both content and form criteria of markedness [6], and it is rather tempting to reduce them all as far as possible to this single predictor, which is in addition among the ones which are the most objectively measurable. The passage from correlation to causation in Fenk-Oczlon is swift and unreflective. elex.amu.edu.pl /~sobkow/marked.htm   (5211 words)

Mid Frame "Markedness" is used to refer to: (a) specification for a feature (Trubetzkoy 1939), (b) a cluster of correlating properties of certain linguistic categories ("typological markedness"), (c) dispreference for complex structures, and (d) infrequency and unexpectedness. Even among those who agree that markedness cannot be reduced to performance, there is no consensus on how exactly markedness should be formally expressed and whether it displays any degree of functional adaptation to the requirements of performance ("grounding"). In an attempt to define markedness, a great deal of work in Optimality Theory has focused on the construction of segmental markedness hierarchies where the least marked feature is placed at one end of a hierarchy and the most marked feature at the other end. web.auth.gr /del/GLOW2004/work3.htm   (716 words)

Return to conference page First, segmental markedness constraints are unable to account for a striking cross-linguistic generalization: in the majority of cases where the historical phonology can be reconstructed, and where segments are not phonetically predictable, epenthetic consonants are precisely those for which earlier consonant-loss is evidenced. Second, segmental markedness constraints are unable to account for rare but attested cases of highly marked epenthetic consonants; in these cases also, historical rules of consonant loss are attested. A final problem for markedness accounts involves general phonotactics: consonant epenthesis is often restricted to either word-initial or intervocalic position, though, as a general onset-filling mechanism it is expected in both positions. www.ling.hawaii.edu /afla/plenary1.htm   (382 words)

Stanford Linguistics Colloquium   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) The notions of iconicity and markedness have played important roles in a diverse range of theoretical approaches, and as a result, the terms have become multiply polysemous, in a way that is not often acknowledged by theoretical linguists. For the term "markedness", I distinguish seven different senses, which are related by family resemblances: markedness (i) as overt coding, (ii) as specification for a feature (e.g. Trubetzkoy 1939), (iii) as restricted cross-linguistic distribution, (iv) as a cluster of correlating properties of meaningful categories ("typological markedness", Greenberg 1966), (v) as dispreference for difficult structures ("unnaturalness", Wurzel 1998), (vi) as rarity or unexpectedness, (vii) as deviation from the default parameter setting. www-linguistics.stanford.edu /colloq/2003/2003mar06.html   (380 words)

Markedness   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) "Semantic Markedness in Spanish and English Imperfect and Perfective Aspect." Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest 4.398-412. "On the Markedness of 'Narrative Temporal Clauses'." Olga Miseska Tomic (ed.), Markedness in Synchrony and Diachrony. "The Logical Basis of the Markedness Hypothesis." Benjamin A. Stolz, I. Titunik, Lubomir Dolezel (eds.), Language and Literary Theory: In Honor of Ladislav Matejka. www.scar.utoronto.ca /~binnick/TENSE/Marked.html   (821 words)

Call for papers: Markedness in Phonology   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) "Markedness" is used to refer to: (a) specification for a feature (Trubetzkoy 1939), (b) a cluster of correlating properties of certain linguistic categories ("typological markedness"), (c) dispreference for complex structures, and (d) infrequency, rarity and unexpectedness. Despite its long history, however, markedness remains one of the most problematic notions in phonological theory and a constant source of debate among theorists. Many scholars maintain that phonology is principally the study of markedness relations whereas others claim that this concept is devoid of any substance and reduce its effects to performance. www.meertens.knaw.nl /agenda/040418.html   (683 words)

Amittai F. Aviram : Literariness, Markedness, and Surprise in Poetry Finally, drawing upon these examples, I shall review the phenomenon of markedness in relation to communication in the special case of the literary utterance, suggesting how what is `communicated' is an aesthetic experience, rather than a message. Verse in poetry has, among its functions, that of setting the language of poetry off from that of normal communication, since, in verse, attention is drawn toward the mere surface of language — its pure sounds or visual appearance in writing — rather than to its meaning. But it is the very nature of literary texts, because they draw upon literary contexts to condition markedness and form patterns of surprise, that reading leads to more reading, and more reading deepens and enriches the experience of rereading familiar literary texts, making them forever new. www.amittai.com /prose/marked.php   (8246 words)

LINGUIST List 4.293: Markedness and Exception The summary of markedness in number contains a number of inaccuracies (to my knowledge, at any rate) and can be presented in a slightly wider typological perspective. The phenomenon is better described as "zero-marking" because the typological pattern of markedness involves many other cross-linguistic phenomena than simply whether or not a grammatical category is expressed by an overt morpheme or not. While it's always difficult for anyone who works in typology to assess the data they use in their work adequately--by the very nature of the field researchers cannot know well most of the languages they are examining--it's nevertheless true that "exceptional" cases have to be defined with considerable care. www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/4/4-293.html   (1277 words)

[No title] Focus: markedness, historical change, substance in phonology, and contrast 9. Markedness in phonology ‘Positing the type of universal substantive constraints found in the OT literature adds nothing to the explanatory power of phonological theory.’ (Hale and Reiss 1998) ‘The point is that for human beings certain actions are more complex than others. Battistella 1990: 27: ‘Indeterminateness refers to the semantic criterion that marked elements are characteristically specific and determinate in meaning while the opposed unmarked elements are characteristically indeterminate, a factor that follows from the definition of semantic markedness as having both a general meaning and a meaning opposite from that of the marked term’ b. web.gc.cuny.edu /dept/lingu/events/phonology_symposium/Rice_Cala_handout.doc   (799 words)

[No title] The initial state of the phonology, I propose, is one in which constraints against phonological markedness outrank the faithfulness constraints, which demand that the surface form (output) is identical to the underlying form (input, in OT terminology). The result is that in the initial stages of acquisition the outputs are unmarked. The child, who begins with dominant markedness constraints—and hence unmarked outputs—has the task of achieving the particular ranking of unmarkedness and faithfulness found in her target language. This markedness constraint rules out all complex onsets in G’s language, that is, *Complex is unviolated in G’s language. In order to satisfy *Complex, the output forms in (2a) are unfaithful to the input, and as such violate one of the faithfulness constraints on correspondence between input and output. www.let.uu.nl /~Rene.Kager/personal/gnanadesikan.doc   (12927 words)

NBL Conference: The Coda Conflict in Fluent Aphasia Not often taken into account, however, is the fact that the markedness value of linguistic structures may not be the same at all psycholinguistic levels of processing. Syllabic markedness, represented by constraints such as Coda Harmony (codas want to be sonorous) and Onset Harmony (onsets do not want to be sonorous) is only active at the pre-phonetic level. This type of markedness is active at both levels of processing, yielding a conflict with syllabic markedness at the pre-phonetic level. odur.let.rug.nl /nbl/program/70.html   (500 words)

Markedness In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. Outside of linguistics, markedness refers more generally to a choice that has meaning. One advantage is given on pg128: a less powerful presence allows other people (shy people) to expand a bit more, makes it easier for them to breathe. www.analytictech.com /mb119/markedne.htm   (1107 words)

LINGUIST List 6.51: Markedness Now, after I have written my paper, I can present a list of referenses on markedness for those who are interested in it. Benson, B. The markedness differential hypothesis: Implications for Vietnamese speakers of English. White, L. Markedness and parameter setting: Some implications for a theory of adult second language acquisition. www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/6/6-51.html   (684 words)

JMB 3.3 (Sep 2002): Shukaitis and Lichtenfeld, Tragedy of the Common To illustrate the phenomenon oft-referred to in sociological literature as ‘markedness' (a concept to which we shall return repeatedly), we can call to life the infamous Man on the Street. As we are not surrounded in our day-to-day lives by mass starvation, genocide, and warfare it would follow that these things, were they to suddenly enter our lives, would be highly marked social situations. All tragedy has the potential for markedness, but it was arguably the presentation of this tragedy that caused the populace to fly into a moral panic; one wonders if farmers in Wyoming would have trucked down to Wal-Mart to buy their American flags had the September 11 www.mundanebehavior.org /issues/v3n3/shukaitis-lichtenfeld.htm   (4035 words)

Simulation: Azba, LFCD M:Agr is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. M:*z is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. M:*b is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/linguistics/people/hayes/Acquisition/AzbaLFCD.htm   (281 words)

ORLAPUBS P. L45:  ASPECTS OF MARKEDNESS THEORY Feature values in markedness theory in the developmentalist framework are three-valued (ternary); there is usually a neutral value between the extremes. Their markedness varies according to the usage, though they are not markered (see the following box) by elision --i.e. A language phenomenon is natural to the degree that markering corresponds to its markedness; thus, a form is more or less natural according to the degree of parallelism between its degree of markering and its degree of markedness. www.orlapubs.com /AL/L45.html   (5025 words)

Harmonic Alignment in Morphosyntax   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) Languages also vary with respect to which dimensions of prominence are relevant to assessing the markedness of subjects and objects. But as in syllable structure, what we are dealing with is the alignment of two scales, one involving a structural dimension (grammatical function), the other, a substantial dimension (animacy, or definiteness. As in syllable structure, the overall situation is characterized by "markedness reversal". www-linguistics.stanford.edu /colloq/pastconf/ot98/ja.html   (489 words)

VIEW ROA 461 I propose new generalizations to explain the two types of freezing effects, namely markedness reduction in marked grammatical contexts and the emergence of the unmarked, and show that these pervasive patterns of markedness are incompatible with the classical conception of grammar within generative linguistics where principles of universal grammar (UG) are both universal and inviolable. The analysis I develop here, set within the framework of Optimality-theoretic Lexical-Functional Grammar, captures the universal basis of word order freezing and its parallels to markedness reduction and emergence of the unmarked effects observed in other systems for argument expressions and in other components of grammar, while at the same time allowing for crosslinguistic variation. This is due to the ranking in which the markedness constraints banning marked argument types in the marked positions dominate the information structuring constraints which favor realization of contrasting discourse prominence of arguments. roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?roa=461   (358 words)

Geraldine Legendre | JHU Cognitive Science Department In the context of a general OT theory of extraction phenomena (in particular wh- and related movement in English, Bulgarian, and Chinese) we argued that incorporating into syntax the two types of constraint families active in OT phonology - markedness constraints and input-output faithfulness constraints - provided a straightforward answer to the ineffability question. An input (a meaning) is ineffable when faithfulness is outranked by markedness, yielding as optimal an output whose meaning is distinct from the one intended in the input. This new idea was presented at a number of forums in 1994 and 1995, including the MIT conference on Optimality in Syntax, and has since been adopted by many OT syntacticians (P. Ackema, A. Neeleman, E.Bakovic, E. Keer, C. Wilson, and others). www.cog.jhu.edu /faculty/legendre   (2925 words)

ilani ilani: Excerpt: Markedness & Economy in a Derivational Model of Phonology There have been a lot of OT attempts to get a particular segment to be preferred via synchronic markedness constraints, perceptual accounts, etc., when looking into the language's history shows that there was once a rule deleting that same segment, and reanalysis of that rule led straightforwardly to epenthesis. That's a good example, though I think that at least some of the folks who pursue perceptually-based accounts ultimately believe that there's the same perceptual basis to the historical loss of the consonant in the first place. Yes, I have read your paper and cited it as the OT account that "gets it" as far as the history goes. bridgetsamuels.com /blog/2005/08/excerpt-markedness-economy-in.htm   (662 words)

Optimal Typology The Optimal Typology Project is a collaborative research project led by Judith Aissen at the University of California at Santa Cruz and by Joan Bresnan at Stanford University. The project aim is to develop a fully explicit Optimality Theoretic approach to markedness hierarchies in syntax, and to test it against both crosslinguistic typological research and language-internal studies of syntactic structures. The 1999 OT syntax seminar, focusing on issues of markedness, was held at Stanford University in the Winter Quarter of the academic year 1998-99, with participation by a large contingent of UCSC linguists. montague.stanford.edu /ot   (851 words)

Simulation: Pseudo-Korean with BCD No rankable markedness constraints are available for this stratum. Markedness constraint *[+v][-v][+v] prefers no losers, joins stratum #3. Markedness constraint *asp prefers no losers, joins stratum #3. www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/hayes/acquisition/PseudoKoreanBCD.htm   (156 words)

Markedness and Agreement - James (ResearchIndex)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) Abstract: This paper presents an account of the interpretation of unmarked verb forms in which the (Update) 0.3: The Incompatibility of Underspecification and Markedness in.. Markedness and Blocking in German Declensional Paradigms - Blevins citeseer.ist.psu.edu /440321.html   (365 words)

Simulation: Turkish, LFCD AlignL is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. *o is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. AlignR is a Markedness constraint that favors no losers, joins new stratum. www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/hayes/acquisition/TurkishVowelsLFCD.htm   (282 words)

McCarthy, John. 2003. Comparative markedness [short version]. Theoretical Linguistics (to appear). Comparative ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10) Abstract: The markedness constraints of classic Optimality Theory assign violation-marks to output candidates without reference to the input or to other candidates. This article explores an alternative conception of markedness: markedness constraints compare the candidate under evaluation with another candidate, the most faithful one. Comparative constraints distinguish two situations: the candidate under evaluation contains an instance of a marked structure that is also present in the fully faithful... citeseer.ist.psu.edu /594720.html   (153 words)

[No title] The aim of the paper is to investigate, in which way on the one hand markedness in the language system is reduced by language change and on the other hand new markedness is brought into the system. Grammatically initiated change (change ‘set by the system’) always reduces markedness, i.e. Because of the contradictions between the particular changes and their underlying markedness principles (MP; naturalness principles, preference laws), the reduction of markedness regarding a specific markedness principle may result in a build-up of markedness regarding another markedness principle. elex.amu.edu.pl /ifa/sle/a025.htm   (219 words)

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