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Topic: Marker (linguistics)

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	LSA: About Linguistics
		Modern linguists concern themselves with many different facets of language, from the physical properties of the sound waves in utterances to the intentions of speakers towards others in conversations and the social contexts in which conversations are embedded.
		And linguists are increasingly called on in legal proceedings that turn on questions of precise interpretation, a development that has given rise to a new field of study of language and law.
		Probably the oldest forms of applied linguistics are the preparation of dictionaries and the field of interpretation and translation, all of which have been greatly influenced by the advent of the computer.
	www.lsadc.org /info/ling-fields-overview.cfm (1785 words)

	The New York Review of Books: A Special Supplement: Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics
		The aim of linguistic theory was to provide the linguist with a set of rigorous methods, a set of discovery procedures which he would use to extract from the "corpus" the phonemes, the morphemes, and so on.
		Structural linguistics, with its insistence on objective methods of verification and precisely specified techniques of discovery, with its refusal to allow any talk of meanings or mental entities or unobservable features, derives from the "behavioral sciences" approach to the study of man, and is also largely a consequence of the philosophical assumptions of logical positivism.
		Instead of the appropriate subject matter of linguistics being a randomly or arbitrarily selected set of sentences, the proper object of study was the speaker's underlying knowledge of the language, his "linguistic competence" that enables him to produce and understand sentences he has never heard before.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/10142 (9636 words)

	marker \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Marker Marker may refer to: either a marker such as a writing utensil or a landmark.
		Marker penMarker (linguistics), a morpheme that indicates some grammatical functionMarker (telecommunications), a special-purpose computerMarker (alpine bindings), a company specializing in bindingsMarker (TV series), a 1995 American drama on UPNMarker, NorwaySurface marker buoy, a buoy that marks a diver's position while underwaterGenetic marker aka DNA marker, used to identify a geneMolecular markerBiomarker
		A marker can be an expressed region of DNA (a gene) or a segment of DNA with no known coding function.
	www.babylon.com /definition/marker/English (153 words)

	Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics, by John R. Searle
		The aim of linguistic theory was to provide the linguist with a set of rigorous methods, a set of discovery procedures which he would use to extract from the "corpus" the phonemes, the morphemes, and so on.
		Structural linguistics, with its insistence on objective methods of verification and precisely specified techniques of discovery, with its refusal to allow any talk of meanings or mental entities or unobservable features, derives from the "behavioral sciences" approach to the study of man, and is also largely a consequence of the philosophical assumptions of logical positivism.
		The aim of the linguistic theory expounded by Chomsky in Syntactic Structures (1957) was essentially to describe syntax, that is, to specify the grammatical rules underlying the construction of sentences.
	www.chomsky.info /onchomsky/19720629.htm (8879 words)

	Linguistics: Methods of synchronic linguistic analysis: TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR: Chomsky's grammar.
		The tree diagram, or phrase marker, may now be considered as a structural description of the sentence "The man hit the ball." It is a description of the constituent structure, or phrase structure, of the sentence, and it is assigned by the rules that generate the sentence.
		The phrase marker shown in Figure 5 (left) may be described as underlying, and the phrase marker shown in Figure 5 (right) as derived with respect to rule (6).
		The linguistic importance of these abstract considerations may be explained with reference to the relationship that holds in English between active and passive sentences.
	www.ifi.unizh.ch /groups/CL/volk/SyntaxVorl/Chomsky.html (1522 words)

	Japanese Language - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		When speakers use this honorific form to speak of a socially superior person and address their comments to individuals with whom they do not have a close relationship or who are older, both the politeness marker and the honorific form appear: irasshai-masu.
		The various pronoun forms, as well as the system of politeness and honorific markers, reflect the prominent role that social-group factors play in the Japanese language.
		Yoko Hasegawa, M.A., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Japanese Linguistics, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, University of California at Berkeley.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761568918___13/Japanese_Language.html (641 words)

	The Monumental Task of Warning Future Generations
		The NRC requires that the monuments or markers “accurately identify the location of the repository, be designed to be as permanent as practicable and convey a warning against intrusion into the underground repository, because of risk to public health and safety from radioactive wastes.”
		Current concepts include both monuments and markers, but the designs will not be final for some time because they will not be approved by the NRC until shortly before the repository is to be permanently sealed and closed.
		To ensure the markers would last, they could be made of diverse durable materials such as granite, fired clay, and stainless steel.Each marker would display the international radiation symbol and one of the written messages.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /factsheets/doeymp0115.shtml (756 words)

	[No title]
		In order to determine whether a given marker is a present-tense marker or an imperfective marker, place it on a state verb in the complement of a (perfective) verb of speaking, e.g., She said she lives in that house.
		In order to determine whether a given marker is a past-tense marker or a perfective marker, place it on a state verb in the complement of a future-tense verb of speaking, e.g., She will say she lived there.
		In order to determine whether a past-tense marker is an aspectually neutral past tense or an aspectually sensitive past tense, place it on a state verb in the complement of a perfective verb of speaking, e.g., She said she lived there.
	www.colorado.edu /UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/linguistics/courses/LAM7800/7800_05_term_paper_guidelines.doc (1453 words)

	bronze marker Resources & Information - bronze burial markers
		A cell surface marker is an antigen characteristic of the surface of a cell grave marker bronze or a cell type.
		when drinking, a marker refers to a token (usually an upside down shot glass) that purchased by another individual that allows the recipient to order another bronze grave markers round of what he/she is drinking.
		In the English language, the final -s in dogs bronze star grave bronze companion grave marker markers grave markers veterans bronze is a plural marker, for instance.
	www.bizhisto.com /Biz-Services-Au---Bt/bronze-marker.html (254 words)

	Marker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marker (linguistics), a morpheme that indicates some grammatical function
		Surface marker buoy, a buoy that marks a diver's position while underwater
		Genetic marker aka DNA marker, used to identify a gene
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marker (125 words)

	Megan Duque Estrada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Metadiscursive markers in spoken French: the example of bon and ben; marqueurs metadiscursifs en français parlé: l'exemple de bon et de ben.
		Discourse markers in the spoken Portuguese of Rio de Janeiro.
		TSHISUNGU, J. Linguistic analysis of conversational markers in Swahili; analyse linguistique de marqueurs conversationnels en swahili.
	www.ufpa.br /megan/megan1.htm (6414 words)

	Historical Linguistics Blog
		Borrowing a thought from Lyons (Lyons 1981:10), the aim of linguistics is to describe language competence as opposed to language performance, i.e.
		Generative Grammar is interested in language competence in a fairly straightforward manner -- relying on introspection and speaker抯 intuition, it is subjective and not empirical in the sense that it does not build itself on large amounts of heterogeneous data but rather on few languages or standard dialects.
		English corpus linguistics: Studies in honour of Jan svartvik, eds Karin Aijmer and Bengt Altenberg.
	yuyanxue.motime.com (2529 words)

	Maroon Societies and Creole Languages
		Such multilingual communities may result from persons of differing linguistic backgrounds coming together and having to communicate, such as in army or police barracks in some parts of the world; but these will not always become communities into which children are born.
		Although the formalized study of creolized language is well over a century old, it is only in the present day that linguists have come to realize its importance in our attempts to understand the processes of language genesis and acquisition.
		Ian Hancock is Professor of Linguistics and English at the University of Texas at Austin.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/maroon/educational_guide/37.htm (1469 words)

	Discourse of Style in Old Believer Lives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The topic marker zhe in previous studies has not been investigated in correlation with the discourse genre and register in which it appears, and the study shows that these are the key elements in identifying the discourse and stylistic functions of the topic marker zhe.
		The topic marker zhe signals a shift in crucial components of narrative, namely, participant, temporal frame, and episode, and is constrained by local-level sequential or global-level hierarchical discourse structure.
		Further, the study articulates metanarrative functions of the topic marker zhe encoding narrative-internal boundaries and the narrator's stances that are primarily constrained by the writer's narrative strategy.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/slavic/diss/song.html (197 words)

	Deixis, Topicality, and the Inverse
		A generation ago it was considered, by those linguists who were aware of it at all, to be a strange idiosyncratic feature of Algonquian languages.
		Gildea (1994:190) observes that linguists with a structural orientation tend to approach the inverse problem starting with the syntactic problem of the obligatory alternation in the "semantic" inverse, while discourse-oriented functionalists focus first on the discourse-pragmatic function of the obviative "pragmatic inverse" alternation, and extrapolate from there to explanations for the structurally-determined "semantic" pattern.
		Consider the well-known proposition by which agreement markers identical to possessive clitics arise is through nominalization of the verb, with concommitent genitivization of its dependents, and Giv¢n's further suggestion that finer points of typology can be explained along the same line, e.g.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/papers/inverse.html (7488 words)

	UC Davis Linguistics Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The analysis reveals that specific innovative quotative forms, imbued with specific semiotic associations, are not static markers of sociolinguistic identity but flexible indexical tools for creating affective and epistemic stances that position the speaker stylistically in relation to her speech and her interlocutors.
		Analyses of linguistic differences between the dialects and registers of the students on the one hand, and the language used in the CAHSEE on the other, reveal cultural differences realized through language.
		Nonetheless, some linguists have asserted that there are indeed clitic phenomena where the relationship between the clitic and its host bears the hallmarks of a lexical process.
	linguistics.ucdavis.edu /colloquiumSchedule (7209 words)

	Paintball Marker
		In addition to paintballs and markers, players also need a hopper to hold their paintballs (this also includes the use of anagitating hopper that feeds the marker faster for a steady rate of fire) and an air source (like a small tank of carbon dioxide) to propel the paintball from the marker.
		2) " Marker" -- In the context of Paintball Marker
		In linguistics, a marker is a morpheme that indicates some grammaticalfunction of the marked word or sentence.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust13188-paintball_marker.html (501 words)

	Look Here: The First Dot
		The students range from Ph.D. candidates writing dissertations on obscure ideas in the theory of Noam Chomsky to freshman in an introductory Linguistics course who are studying to fulfill a distributive requirement.
		The machine outputs a diagram, usually a phrase marker, indicating the phrasal breakdown of the sentence.
		Motivated by the thrill of success and the anguish of defeat, linguists change the dictionary in the program (the lexicon) and the principles of combination (the definitions of noun phrase, verb phrase, and so on) in order to find the correct grammar that will properly analyze any input sentence.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/linguistics/workbook/firstdot.html (571 words)

	HLW: Sentences: Direct Objects
		In that case the accusative case marker o is replaced by the topic marker wa.
		The accusative case marker a appears before the NP Lois, marking it as the direct object of this Spanish sentence.
		The accusative case marker is in a fuzzy box because it is only used in certain situations.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Sentences/dirobjs.html (2682 words)

	FAQs
		The Story Grammar Marker® is a hands-on manipulative tool that teachers and parents can use to model the discourse skills required for students to think, learn and communicate verbally and in writing.
		Professionals for speech and language pathology, reading, linguistics, cognitive psychology and counseling have used The Marker and feel that it appeals to all learning styles because it is visual, tactile and kinesthetic.
		Children love The Marker because, as a toy, it can be held, played with and easily referenced.The Story Grammar Marker® redefines and expands the traditional story sequencing of beginning-middle-end by providing easy to use, easy to remember icons that help parents and educators facilitate the oral and written language development of students.
	mindwingconcepts.com /faq.asp (627 words)

	GREEK, Modern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Related Languages: The linguistic affinities noted in the chapter on Ancient Greek are relevant for Modern Greek, though perhaps not as obvious as for the ancient language.
		The Ancient Greek positioning was valid throughout the Hellenistic period and on into Byzantine Greek, but in the Medieval period, the orientation of the weak pronouns toward the verb, as opposed to the clause, began to emerge, with the modern distribution developing after the 16th century.
		Increasingly in the Medieval period and on into Modern Greek relative clauses are marked with an invariant relative marker - in the modern language pu, homophonous with one of the indicative complementizers - with resumptive pronouns in the relative clause being fairly common.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm (4544 words)

	NHS-YES: A Brief Look at Discourse Markers in ASL
		Roy notes that these discourse markers, “are not part of the content of the lecture, per se, but do guide the listeners in how to interpret the information that they are hearing.
		Another aspect of nod l that points to it being a discourse marker is that it often stands alone at the end of an episode.
		That the signer uses the same marker to end each episode is not an accident, though it may not be a conscious decision either.
	home.earthlink.net /~terperto/id8.html (1608 words)

	VIEW ROA 871
		In traditional theory, the main function of the case markers is to assign/determine the grammatical role of the NP in a clause.
		The relationship between the case marker and the grammatical role is mainly regarded as one-to-one mapping such as subject-nominative case marker, object-accusative case marker, possessor-genitive case marker etc. When the possessor is marked with the accusative case marker in Korean (the so-called possessor raising construction), this one-to-one mapping fails.
		However, I claim that the genitive case marker, the accusative case marker, and the zero case marker can each optionally occur with the possessor in the possessor raising construction, even where the possessor satisfies these three conditions.
	roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?id=1227 (196 words)

	UNCG 2005-06 UGB: Linguistics
		It is possible to meet all GE Marker Requirements while completing the GE Core requirements or courses required by the major/ concentration.
		In addition to this WI Marker requirement, students must also complete a second WI course within the major.
		Linguistics majors with a concentration in Linguistics are required to have the equivalent of 6 semesters of foreign language study.
	www.uncg.edu /reg/Catalog/0506/Linguistics/major.html (728 words)

	abstract
		It may be additionally marked with honorific marker —si-, resulting in cwusita to mean ‘to give (by a respectable giver).’ However, this honorific-marked cwusita may not be used by the speaker referring to an action of giving by the speaker him/herself, however unquestionably superior the speaker’s relative socio-cultural status may be to the receiver.
		Aspect is the linguistic expression of a signer’s or a speaker’s perspective on the internal temporal structure of an event.
		Until recently research into linguistic universals has primarily focused on phonology, morphology and syntax, although to analyze the lexical domain is more vital for contrasting language world-views and establishing categories common to all languages irrespective of origin and structure.
	www.unm.edu /~hdls/conf/2002/abstract.html (17304 words)

	Beginner's Workbook in Computational Linguistics: 2.1.
		A common notation in linguistics is a phrase marker that spreads constituent structure information into two dimensions.
		The following diagram shows the screen contents (scriptfile, or screen capture) of what happens when you are using tree(X) in SWI-PROLOG on an IBM PC under Windows to parse a simple string (the woman sees in the house) to obtain a labeled bracketing.
		The two dimensional printout in the following is equivalent to this phrase marker.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/linguistics/workbook/2.1 (738 words)

	Nunez-Cedeno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Currently, he is coauthoring an anthology on general Romance linguistics to be published by Benjamin Press in 2003.
		His current linguistic interests include analyses of the phonology and morphology of languages in contact, particularly between Dominican Spanish and Haitian creole.
		Additionally, he is studying the emergence and consolidation of a morphological plural marker in Dominican Spanish, which is unique in the Spanish language.
	www.uic.edu /depts/sfip/people/nunez.html (214 words)

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