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Topic: Maro Reef

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	NWHI - Islands Background
		Maro Reef is the largest coral reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), with over 1,934 square kilometers (approximately 746 square miles or 478,000 acres) of reef area.
		Maro Reef is very large and hard to navigate, making it difficult for scientists to study.
		Maro Reef has a large amount of the hard, pink crusty algae that grows on coral called "coralline algae" that acts like cement and holds the coral together in high surf.
	www.navigatingchange.org /ib_maroreef.asp (281 words)

	Jean-Michel Cousteau : Ocean Adventures . Maro Reef \| PBS
		Reef layout makes the atoll hard to navigate, and therefore difficult to study.
		Researchers disagree on current state of the reef: Some fear it is in peril because its narrow, unconnected structure offers little protection from storm waves.
		Others think it is a complicated reef system in balance with the elements.
	www.pbs.org /kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/kure/diaries/maro.html (122 words)

	NWHI: About: Maro Reef
		Maro Reef is the largest coral reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with over 1,934 square kilometers (approximately 746 square miles or 478,000 acres) of reef area.
		Unlike the classic ring-shaped atoll, Maro is a complex maze of linear reefs that radiate out from the center like the spokes of a wheel.
		Maro Reef has a greater abundance and diversity of coral than most any other reef system in the NWHI chain with thirty-seven species of stony corals documented by coral scientists during the 2000-2001 NOWRAMP Research expeditions.
	www.hawaiianatolls.org /about/maro.php (345 words)

	NCCOS - Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment - Remote Sensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Approximately 1200 km WNW of Kauai and 1000 km ESE of Midway lies Maro Reef at longitude 170 degrees 35 minutes W and latitude 25 degrees 22 minutes N. Maro Reef is a shallow-water reef ecosystem approximately 50 km long and 30 km wide and covering an estimated 1,856 sq.
		Maro Reef is essentially an open atoll that lacks the typical protective outer ring of islands and ocean reefs that enclose a typical atoll lagoon.
		The outermost reefs of Maro Reef function as a broken reef crest complex, and absorb the energy of ocean swells that travel toward the inner lagoon region.
	ccmaserver.nos.noaa.gov /rsd/maro.html (657 words)

	CCMA: Ecosystems: Coral Reefs: Northwest Hawaiian Islands: Maro Reef: Maps and Imagery
		Approximately 1200 km WNW of Kauai and 1000 km ESE of Midway lies Maro Reef at longitude 170 degrees 35 minutes W and latitude 25 degrees 22 minutes N. Maro Reef is a shallow-water reef ecosystem approximately 50 km long and 30 km wide and covering an estimated 1,856 sq.
		Maro Reef is essentially an open atoll that lacks the typical protective outer ring of islands and ocean reefs that enclose a typical atoll lagoon.
		The outermost reefs of Maro Reef function as a broken reef crest complex, and absorb the energy of ocean swells that travel toward the inner lagoon region.
	ccma.nos.noaa.gov /ecosystems/coralreef/nwhi/maro.html (634 words)

	Maro Reef -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Maro Reef is a largely submerged (Marine colonial polyp characterized by a calcareous skeleton; masses in a variety of shapes often forming reefs) coral (An island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon) atoll located in the (additional info and facts about Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
		The largest coral reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, it contains 37 species of (Corals having calcareous skeletons aggregations of which form reefs and islands) stony coral.
		Located about 850 miles (1,370 km) northwest of (additional info and facts about Honolulu, Hawaii) Honolulu, Hawaii, Maro Reef contains about 1 acre (4,000 m²) of dry land which itself can be submerged depending on the tides.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/maro_reef.htm (142 words)

	Voyage to Kure - Island Profiles
		French Frigate Shoals is an atoll consisting of a large, crescent-shaped reef surrounding numerous small, sandy islets.
		While the land area is only square kilometer (67 acres), the total coral reef area of the shoals is over 938 square kilometers (232,000 acres).
		Though the island is small, the reef area to the southeast, called Neva Shoals, is huge, covering 979 square kilometers, an area nearly the size of O`ahu.
	www.oceanfutures.org /kure/island_profiles_index.php (759 words)

	Alohacyberian of Hawaii - The Leeward Islands with Keith Martin
		Maro Reef is the largest single coral reef system in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands with approximately 746 square miles, over 1,934 square kilometers or 478,000 acres of reef area.
		Maro is named after the whaling brig Maro, which traveled these waters in 1820 under the command of Captain Joseph Allen.
		Maro Reef has a greater abundance and diversity of coral than most any other reef system in the Northwestern Hawaiian Island chain with thirty-seven species of stony corals.
	home.att.net /~hawaii/vLeeward.html (5189 words)

	Spirit of Aloha - Aloha Airlines' in-flight magazine with information on Hawaii vacations, Hawaiian island maps and the ...
		It is one of the 10 islands, atolls and submerged reefs of the Northwestern Hawaiian Island (NWHI) group, some of the most remote islands in the world.
		At Maro Reef, we filmed an abundance of marine life at 80 feet and documented colorful sponges, ascidians, nudibranchs, flatworms, tube corals and even a few rare, endemic species of stony corals.
		Since many of the key components of the coral reef ecosystem are still intact here, including an abundant population of apex or top predators, the NWHI have become important nurseries and areas of dispersal for the restoration of the main islands.
	www.spiritofaloha.com /features/0304/kure.html (1856 words)

	Maro Reef - Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
		Maro Reef is a largely submerged atoll with only about 1 acre of land that is sometimes underwater.
		Maro was discovered in 1820 by Captain Joseph Allen of the ship, Maro.
		Maro is home to a number of Hawaiian monk seals.
	www.bishopmuseum.org /research/nwhi/maro.shtml (88 words)

	Maro Reef - TheBestLinks.com - Honolulu, Hawaii, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1820, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Maro Reef - TheBestLinks.com - Honolulu, Hawaii, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1820,...
		Maro Reef, Honolulu, Hawaii, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1820, Atoll...
		Located about 850 miles northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, Maro Reef contains about 1 acre of dry land which itself can be submerged depending on the tides.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Maro_Reef.html (154 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
		Both regions encompass large coral reef areas with a diversity of corals and fishes, and the extensive open coral atoll of Maro Reef is the largest coral reef area in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI).
		Laysan Island is often referred to as the Gem of the Leewards, and, at approximately one mile in width and about one-and-a-half miles in length, is the second largest island in the NWHI chain (Rauzon, 2001).
		With a large hypersaline lake at its center and approximately 700 acres of fringing reef, this unique oasis is home to more than 2 million breeding seabirds representing 17 different species, as well as Hawaiian monk seals, green sea turtles, and a great diversity of marine life.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/02hawaii/logs/nov5/nov5.html (893 words)

	alps.ca - Maro Reef (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We have a great selection of Reef sandals and thon...
		We have the Reef styles you are looking for at low prices.
		The Reefs at Five Star Alliance, the luxury experts.
	alps.ca /Maro-Reef/reference/fullview/wikipedia/689911 (148 words)

	Submarine hydrogeology of the Hawaiian archipelagic apron 1. Heat flow patterns north of Oahu and Maro Reef
		These values are not significantly different despite the fact that oceanic crust at Maro Reef is 19 Myr older than at Oahu.
		The mean heat flow along the Oahu profile is within one standard deviation of the global mean value for oceanic crust of the same age, while the mean heat flow along the Maro Reef profile differs by greater than one standard deviation for the global mean.
		However, the mean heat flow along the Maro Reef profile is within the uncertainty of previous heat flow determinations made offswell at Maro Reef [Von Herzen et al., 1989].
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2000/2000JB900164.shtml (482 words)

	Maro Reef (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Geography: A complex of reefs running northwest to southeast.
		Ships tend to avoid it because of the danger of being wrecked, and scientists have had problems trying to study it because it is so difficult to get to and through the reef.
		Biology notes: Maro, the largest coral reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, has more kinds of coral than any other of the chain's reefs and islands.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /specials/hokulea/islands/maroreef.html (91 words)

	Take a tour of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands! - UrbanPlanet.org
		The reef is estimated to be about 200,000 acres in size.
		Maro Reef is a largely submerged atoll with only about 1 acre of land that is sometimes underwater.
		Maro was discovered in 1820 by Captain Joseph Allen of the ship, Maro.
	www.urbanplanet.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=3247 (815 words)

	24app_nwh.htm - Revised Ordinances of Honolulu
		The northwestern Hawaiian islands consist of all islands, atolls, reefs and shoals in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
		All islands, atolls, reefs and shoals in the Hawaiian Archipelago, except for the Midway Islands, are included in the State of Hawaii under the Admission Act, the State Constitution, and the Hawaii Revised Statutes, and are a part of this development plan.
		Nine larger islands, or island groups, are: Nihoa, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan Island, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Kure Atoll.
	www.co.honolulu.hi.us /refs/roh/24app_nwh.htm (617 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Determinations of Prudency and Proposed ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Maro Reef is a largely submerged area marked by breakers and a few pieces of coral that intermittently protrude above the waterline.
		Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge The reefs and islets of the Northwestern Hawaiian chain from Nihoa Island through Pearl and Hermes Atoll are protected as the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge (HINWR).
		Within its boundaries are eight islands and atolls: Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan, Lisianski, and Pearl and Hermes Atoll.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2002/May/Day-14/e11225.htm (13852 words)

	[No title]
		The coral reef ecosystem of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands encompasses approximately 10,000 square kilometers and is home to a diverse and unique assemblage of fish, invertebrates, birds, sea turtles, marine mammals and other species, including many species found nowhere else on Earth.
		States and territories with coral reefs were invited to be full partners with the Federal Government in preparing an action plan to better protect and preserve the Nation's coral reef ecosystems.
		It is time now to take the Coral Reef Task Force's recommendations and implement them to ensure the comprehensive protection of the coral reef ecosystem of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands through a coordinated effort among the Departments of the Interior and Commerce and the State of Hawaii.
	www.eswr.com /i7120.txt (1103 words)

	Hawaiiandex.com - The Islands - Nalukakalanalukakala - Maro Reef
		Maro Reef - Island Profiles - Voyage to Kure - from Cousteau's son's site.
		Maro Reef - Northwestern Hawaiian Islands - a map and photo, with brief info.
		NOAA Remote Sensing Team - Maro Reef: Maps and Imagery - a map, several images, and a good description.
	hawaiiandex.com /islands_maro_reef.html (126 words)

	FR Doc 03-11157
		The HINWR was established in 1909 to protect the large colonies of seabirds, which were being slaughtered for the millinery trade, and a variety of other marine organisms, including sea turtles and the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi), as well as to address the commercial exploitation of wildlife resources (Executive Order 1019).
		Within the refuge's boundaries are eight islands and atolls: Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan, Lisianski, and Pearl and Hermes Atoll.
		However, Nihoa, Necker, and Laysan Islands, and their surrounding reefs, are part of the HINWR, which we manage in accordance with the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-11157.htm (16957 words)

	Hawaiian Islands
		1 Islands and reefs of the Hawaiian archipelago
		A total of 19 islands and atolls comprise the Hawaiian Islands, with a total land area of 16,636 km
		Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (beyond Ni‘ihau and all uninhabited); called the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands:
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hawaiian_islands.html (691 words)

	NGS Project - NW Hawaiian Islands
		Islands: Kure AToll, Midway Island, Pearl/Hermes AToll, Lisianski Island, Laysan Island, Maro Reef (visit 1)
		Islands: Nihoa Island, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef (visit 2)
		Northwest Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Preserve - includes the Executive Orders which established the Preserve, and information about on-going activities related to its management.
	www.ngs.noaa.gov /PROJECTS/HawaiiReef/hawaiihome.shtml (345 words)

	t42b in sm98
		A subsequent survey across the swell at Maro Reef [Von Herzen et al., 1989] found a “W” pattern in the heat flow variation, rather than the expected gaussianshaped profile peaking at the center of the chain.
		Using estimates from the core conductivity values, we find that the heat flow anomaly is elevated at both Maro Reef and Oahu, and is actually somewhat larger at the latter.
		The RMS variation in the average values for Oahu and Maro Reef are 12.7 mW/m² and 4.8 mW/m², respectively, values which meet or exceed the precision needed to distinguish among different models for the effect of hot spots on lithospheric thermal structure.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm98&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm98/sm98&maxhits=200&="T42B" (3923 words)

	OSS Pearl and Hermes Reef
		An old atoll, sinking into the sea as the northwesterly end of the Hawaiian chain subsides, the former reef, beaches, and lagoonal distributary channels (through which the ebbing and flooding tidal waters were carried) showed in bright, almost luminous blues in the crystal-clear North Pacific waters.
		Maro Reef, another former atoll, has sunk much deeper than Pearl and Hermes.
		The old distributary channels are still visible, along with a few of the lagoonal coral knolls, but the surrounding reef is too deep and eroded to be seen, despite the great clarity of the ocean's waters.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /oceancolor/shuttle_oceanography_web/oss_22.shtml (203 words)

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