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Topic: Maroon (slavery)

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	Maroon
		A Maroon (from the word marronage or cimarronaje) was a runaway slave, the the name given by the Spanish conquerers to its occupied colonies in Africa.
		Populations of Maroons are north from the Amazon river Basin to the American states of Florida and North Carolina, Islands off the coast of Guyana, Jamaica.
		The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938, with a final record of 271-260-91, and were Stanley Cup champions in 1926 and again in 1935.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Maroon.html (240 words)

	Creativity and Resistance : Educational Guide
		Maroons were among the first Americans in the wake of 1492 to resist colonial domination, striving for independence, forging new cultures and identities, and developing solidarity out of diversity--processes which only later took place, on a much larger scale, in emerging nation-states.
		The ancestors of the Leeward Maroons, whose main contemporary settlement is Accompong in the western Cockpit Country, began to escape from plantations in the late 17th century.
		The Maroons of the Costa Chica area in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca are descendants of Africans who began escaping in the late 16th century from Spanish cattle ranches and estates along the Pacific coast.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/maroon/educational_guide/10.htm (3910 words)

	Slavery
		Temple slavery, state slavery, and military slavery were relatively rare and distinct from domestic slavery, but in a very broad outline they can be categorized as the household slaves of a temple or the state.
		Slavery was a species of dependent labour differentiated from other forms primarily by the fact that in any society it was the most degrading and most severe.
		Slavery in Hindu India was complicated by the slave owners' ritual need to know the origins of their slaves, which explains why most of them were of indigenous origin.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/peace/abolitionism/slavery.htm (15961 words)

	The Jamaican Maroons (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the first winter, the Maroons, raised in an independent and dominating culture and not impressed with the apparently servile virtues of cultivating the soil, became less tolerant of the condition in which they were living in.
		The Maroons proved themselves to be excellent fighters, they were said to have been organized shortly after they arrived into military units to the style of self-government they had been used to in Jamaica.
		Although the majority of the Maroons left Nova Scotia, there were a few who remained; for example, a census done in 1817 of the Black community called Tracadie, Guysborough revealed that several persons living in that community were descendants of the Maroons and also Preston Area of Halifax County.
	www.bccns.com.cob-web.org:8888 /history_maroons.html (831 words)

	Smith Robertson Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Early Maroon communities were comprised of people from diverse African cultures who banded together to resist recapture and survive in the deep forests, swamplands, and jagged terrain.
		Maroons drew on full range of resources, integrating African, Native American, and European elements to develop new societies and shared languages suited to their demanding environment.
		Among the participants were paramount chiefs from Suriname and French Guiana, Maroon colonels from Jamaica, and Maroon leaders from the Seminole communities along the United States/Mexico border.
	www.city.jackson.ms.us /cityhall/maroon.htm (385 words)

	Maroon - WWW.SURINAM.NET DISCUSSIONS
		Maroon populations are found from the Amazon River Basin to the American states of Florida and North Carolina.
		The term Maroon was generalized to include any slave or group of slaves that had rebelled or escaped from their owners frequently within the first generation of their arrival from Africa, often preserving their African languages and many of their cultural traits.
		In the 19th and 20th centuries, Maroon communities began to disappear as forests were razed, although some countries, such as Guyana and Suriname, still have large Maroon populations living in the forests.
	www.surinam.net /showthread.php?t=400 (372 words)

	rastafaritoday.com:: livity \| MAROON LIVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Maroons are some of the most elusive people on earth and the truth about their historic past and contemporary relevance is just as elusive.
		It is the Maroons' love of peace that allowed them in many countries to accept treaties from the colonialists, that while recognizing their right to be free, also cut them off from the cooperative spy unit they had built among plantation slaves.
		Maroons were the force behind resistance against slavery and colonialism in the Americas.
	www.rastafaritoday.com /livity/maroon.html (2193 words)

	Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The experience of Caribbean slavery is vital in understanding the contemporary social structure of the region.
		In order to understand slavery it is imperative to recognize that it’s introduction to the Caribbean was driven by colonizers need for economic expansion and development.
		Although this occurred throughout the exploitation colonies the maroon communities were vital for the success of the Haitian revolution.
	www.trincoll.edu /~hcapella/slavery.htm (1426 words)

	Maroon Sites in the National Wildlife Refuge, Great Dismal Swamp
		Archaeological investigations of maroon societies are expanding the study of slavery beyond the plantation in an effort to better understand the tremendous variation in African-American environmental adaptation, land use, living conditions, and cultural contact with Europeans throughout the Americas (Sanford 1996:98; Singleton 1999:15-16; Weik 1997:83).
		Maroon archaeology aims to expand upon studies of African-American plantation life by exploring the extent to which slaves and masters negotiated their identities in ways that the monolithic language of “slavery” and “freedom” cannot capture (Walsh 1997:171-203; Heath 1999b:27-64; Sobel 1987; Fesler 2000:20-21).
		In order to build upon the foundation that Nichols established as the initiator of maroon archaeology in North America, a rigorous analysis of her theory and methods is critical to finding a new starting point for historical archaeology in the Great Dismal.
	www.geocities.com /dismalswamphistory (9626 words)

	Maroon (people) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of the Maroons primarily is the saga of Africans who refused to live in slavery, and it begins on the island of Jamaica with the fleeing of the Spanish in 1655.
		Living in inaccessible regions of Jamaica, the numbers of the Maroons grew as more and more runaway slaves, this time from the new British plantations, flocked to their cause, and with their continual raiding of the British plantations, they rapidly became a thorn in the side of the British colonists.
		The term Maroon recently was generalized to include any slave or group of slaves that had rebelled or escaped from their owners frequently within the first generation of their arrival from Africa, often preserving their African languages and many of their cultural traits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maroon_(slavery) (1510 words)

	JAMAICA - A premier caribbean travel destination featuring the resort areas of Montego Bay, Negril, Ocho Rios, ...
		Skilled fighters, the Maroons avoided open warfare, using instead their expert knowledge of the island’s terrain and the art of camouflage, to ambush and defeat the British militia.
		They recognized the Maroons as freemen and gave them right of ownership to all lands in the vicinity of their towns, moreover, exempting them from government taxes.
		A Maroon from Moore Town once said, “To be a Maroon to me means that, regardless of the challenges of life, they can be overcome.” To the wider Jamaican society, these noble freedom fighters and proud champions are symbols of strength and eternal hope.
	www.visitjamaica.com /vacation_themes/heritage/maroons.aspx (785 words)

	Africans in America \| Part 2 \| Freedom and Bondage in the Colonial Era
		Though only 25% of the colonial population owned slaves, slavery factored heavily in the economy of all the British North American colonies, and not just in the plantation economy of the South.
		While many southerners found slavery morally repugnant, there was a clear business rationale: in the long run, it was cheaper to acquire Africans than to hire laborers.
		Slavery flourished in pockets of the North, especially in the farming regions of New York and New Jersey.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part2/2narr1.html (974 words)

	rastafaritoday.com:: voices\| MAROON LIVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She was sent to teach those on the plantation how to survive slavery and those in her community how to survive the long and cruel war the British waged against them.
		Legend has it that formerly, Maroons could only marry inside their tribes, but a boy and girl from different tribes were united at Kindah and that led to the acceptance of Maroon marrying Maroon of whatever tribal origins.
		Many Maroons put on the branches of trees and walk with sticks, to remind them of the days when they dressed in ambush and used sticks, guns and whatever was at hand to defend themselves from invaders.
	www.rastafaritoday.com /livity/maroon01.html (2303 words)

	Research
		Maroon Archaeology in Jamaica The early part of the project was conducted in Jamaica.
		Although small in size and in the extent of their operations, Maroon communities were among the first Americans, in the wake of 1492 to resist slavery and colonial domination.
		Not only were Maroons at the forefront of resistance to slavery, they were also among the first pioneers to explore and adapt to the more remote, unsettled spaces in both American continents and the Caribbean.
	www.blackstudies.pdx.edu /research.htm (3067 words)

	Reggae Festival Guide Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most popular definition identifies Maroons as those Africans who fled from slavery to the hills, jungles, forests and swamps of the Americas, but in a broader sense, all refugees for freedom are Maroons.
		Historians of the Maroons usually tell us that Kormanti is a coast that Africans had to pass by on their way to the slave ship and that is why Maroons call themselves Kormantis.
		She served as an officer in the Accompong Maroon Council of JA and is now advisor and publicist for international cultural tours and educational programs for the Maroons.
	www.reggaefestivalguide.com /articles/2003/2003_maroons.html (3424 words)

	Examples of scholarly oversight of the Black Seminole slave rebellion, the largest slave revolt in U.S. history
		Jesup viewed the connections between the Seminole maroons and the plantation slaves as extremely dangerous because he knew that plantation rebels had led some of the attacks on the white forces; he feared the connection could lead to a wider servile war and general slave insurrection along the southern borderlands.
		The most impressive slave revolts in the hemisphere proceeded in alliance with maroons or took place in periods in which maroon activity was directly undermining the slave regime or inspiring the slaves by example.
		The maroons of the United States wrote heroic pages and made a vital contribution to the fl struggle against slavery, but under the circumstances their impact had to remain modest.
	www.johnhorse.com /toolkit/oversight.htm (3217 words)

	marooned - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Marooned, motion picture about three astronauts stranded in space when the return rockets on their ship misfire.
		establishment of maroon communities, in Jamaica and Sierra Leone, in Suriname, political structure, role in promoting opposition to slavery
		- descendant of escaped slaves: a descendant of people escaped from slavery...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /marooned.html (99 words)

	KET \| Kentucky's Underground Railroad \| Fugitive Slaves in Kentucky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Having inherited the slavery ideology of Virginia, from which the state had been formed, Kentucky in 1798 adopted a slave code that defined slaves as “chattel,” thereby denying them basic rights—including citizenship, education, legal marriages, and control over property and even their own bodies.
		Each decade in which slavery was legal in the United States is said to have increased both the public perception of a secretive network and the number of people willing to give aid to escaping slaves.
		The known active opposition to slavery in that city and the various religious communities’; continued aid to fugitive slaves, as well as steamboat and rail connections to both North and South, served as key factors in establishing this escape route for fugitives.
	www.ket.org /underground/history/kyunderground.htm (1857 words)

	Reexamining U.S. Slaves' Role in Their Emancipation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Maroon communities in the region during the 17th century have been estimated to number between 11,000 to possibly as many as 30,000 escaped slaves.
		Despite being outnumbered and ill-equipped, maroon communities in Jamaica in the 17th century launched armed rebellions and forced a treaty in 1739 with the colonial government.
		The conference, titled "Unshackled Spaces: Fugitives from Slavery and Maroon Communities in the Americas," is sponsored by the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition in New Haven, Connecticut, part of Yale University's Center for International and Area Studies.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/12/1206_021206_Abolition_2.html (1214 words)

	Maroons of Jamaica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The runaway slaves were called Maroons from the Spanish word 'cimmarron' meaning "wild" or "untamed." As the number of African slaves brought to Jamaica increased so too did the number of Maroons.
		The maroons would sweep down in the silence of the pre-dawn shifting in and out of the circling mist.
		The maroons agreed to ally themselves with the government of Jamaica against any invader, such as the French from nearby Haiti or the Spaniards from Cuba as well as to hand over any runaway slaves.
	www.nalis.gov.tt /Communities/MaroonsofJamaica.htm (713 words)

	Slavery scholar compares Cuba and Louisiana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The thrust of Scott’s work is a comparative analysis of two sugar production-based societies, both of which had slavery abolished by war in the middle part of 19th century.
		The problem with historical works comparing slavery in Latin and Anglo cultures, she explained, is that the differences were too great to make any conclusion about the roots of racism in contemporary society.
		While both societies were engaged in armed struggles to end slavery, the distinct natures of the wars may have led each society to develop along a different path.
	maroon.uchicago.edu /news/articles/2005/01/21/slavery_scholar_comp.php (842 words)

	Black Seminoles
		By the early 1800s, maroons (free fls and runaway slaves) and Seminole Indians were in regular contact in Florida, where they evolved a system of relations unique among North American Indians and fls.
		Maroons lived in their own independent communities, elected their own fl leaders, and could amass moderate wealth in cattle and crops.
		In the tradition of the Indians, maroons wore Seminole clothing, strained koonti, a native root, and made sofkee, a paste created by mashing corn with a mortar and pestle.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~birdja/index.html (2384 words)

	presentation
		Between the early 16th and late 19th centuries Maroons challenged the colonial powers and violently resisted enslavement, striking hard at the foundation of the plantation economy of the Western Hemisphere.
		In remote areas throughout the United States, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, Maroon communities emerged as free and independent societies that forced colonial governments to sign treaties and pacts guaranteeing their freedom, their land, and their political autonomy.
		After centuries of struggle, survival, assimilation, and adaptation, these Maroon communities were able to develop a unique sense of identity and history, contributing in many ways to the shape of the Western Hemisphere.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/maroon/presentation.htm (388 words)

	Alibris: Maroons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Under the brilliant leadership of the charismatic John Horse, a band of fl runaways, in alliance with Seminole Indians under Wild Cat, migrated from the Indian Territory to northern Mexico in the mid-nineteenth century to escape from slavery.
		The history of the Maroons, from their origin to the establishment of their chief tribe at Sierra Leone, including the expedition to Cuba for the purpose of procuring Spanish chasseurs and the state of the island of Jamaica for the last ten years with...
		Award-winning anthropologists Sally and Richard Price have produced the first comprehensive exploration of the aesthetic development of the Maroons, descendants of African rebel slaves who won their freedom from the Dutch in the 18th century and lived in the South American rainforests.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Maroons (766 words)

	Slavery in the U. S.
		This site contains hundreds of images dealing with slavery throughout the world, including the U. The collection illustrates the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World.
		There are illustrated essays on the history of the slave trade, the struggle against slavery and its abolition, family life, religion, literacy and education, and culture.
		It was originally published as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves (1941).
	www.yellow-springs.k12.oh.us /HS/pages/ABlake/SlaveryintheUSA.html (1131 words)

	[No title]
		"Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica," in Agorsah, ed., Maroon Heritage, pp.
		Verges, F. "TheIconography of the Emancipation in France" (Unpublished presentation to Conference on "Slavery from the 17th to 19th Century").
		Weston, H. "TheVisual Representation of Slavery in Relation to the St. Domingue Rebellion: A Case Study" (Unpublished presentation to Conference on "Slavery from the 17th to 19th Century").
	www.vcdh.virginia.edu /xml_docs/bibliography/test.html (4423 words)

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