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Topic: Marrakech Agreement

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	Marrakech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Marrakech (مراكش marrākish) known as the "Pearl of the " is a city in southwestern Morocco in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains.
		Marrakech is a Berber word; it means the country of god (murt 'n akush).
		Prior to the reign of Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty Marrakech was the capital of Morocco.
	www.freeglossary.com /Marrakech,_Morocco (545 words)

	Marrakesh Agreement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Marrakesh Agreement, signed in Marrakech, Morocco, on April 15, 1994, established the World Trade Organization, which came into being upon its entry into force on January 1, 1995.
		The Marrakesh Agreement developed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which it includes; but it supplemented it with several other agreements, on such issues as trade in services, sanitary and plant health measures, trade-related aspects of intellectual property, and technical barriers to trade.
		The various agreements which make up the Marrakesh Agreement combine as an indivisible whole; no entity can be party to any one agreement without being party to them all.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marrakech_Agreement (159 words)

	Marrakech Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bab Marrakech Bab Marrakech - Verkoop en verhuur van exclusieve Marokkaanse bruids,- en damesmode.
		Marrakech 2002 Marrakech 2002 Autumn School on Delay Differential Equations and Applications.
		Marrakech - Tafilalet.net Guide d'informations sur la ville, son histoire, sa culture et ses ressources touristiques.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Marrakech_Agreement.html (209 words)

	NRDC Press Archive: Marrakech Agreement Clears Last Hurdle For Global Warming Treaty
		MARRAKECH, MOROCCO (November 10, 2001) - Diplomats from around the world today reached agreement on key legal and technical provisions of the Kyoto global warming treaty, clearing the last hurdle needed before the deal can be put into effect.
		The agreement means that a critical mass of countries is now ready to ratify the Kyoto Protocol and bring it into legal force next year.
		The Marrakech agreement builds on the breakthrough reached last July in Bonn, Germany, where more than 170 countries settled their major political differences and resolved to move ahead with the Kyoto Protocol even without the United States.
	www.nrdc.org /media/pressReleases/011110.asp (474 words)

	Encyclopedia: World Trade Organization
		The WTO was created on January 1, 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a series of post-war trade treaties intended to facilitate free trade.
		General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (usually abbreviated GATT) functions as the foundation of the WTO trading system, and remains in force, although the 1995 Agreement contains an updated version of it to replace the original 1947 one.
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations to provide for the extension of the multilateral trading system to services.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/World-Trade-Organization (4588 words)

	World Trade Organization - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It was created in 1995 as a secretariat to administer the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, a post-war trade treaty which laid much of the groundwork for the WTO.
		The WTO is the long-delayed successor to the project of the International Trade Organization, which was intended to follow GATT and whose charter was agreed at the UN Conference on Trade and Employment in Havana in March 1948, but which was blocked by the US Senate.
		An alliance of 22 southern states, led by India, China and Brazil, resisted demands from the North for agreements on the so-called "Singapore issues": investment protection, competition policy, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation, while calling for an end to agricultural subsidies within the EU and the US.
	open-encyclopedia.com /World_Trade_Organization (729 words)

	CEPS - Thinking Ahead for Europe
		Legally, the Marrakech agreement has fixed a tri-polar climate change regime consisting of "Annex 1 minus one" (the industrialised countries apart from the US), the developing countries, and, poised awkwardly on the outside, the United States.
		The outcome of Marrakech is that the Kyoto Protocol has been modified one last time, but it is now finally ratifiable.
		Despite the political breakthrough of the Bonn Agreement, it appeared that the rump of the Umbrella Group - Japan, Canada, Australia and Russia - was still opposed to a treaty that did not include the United States.
	www.ceps.be /wp.php?article_id=232 (1218 words)

	10/10/01 -- Key points in the Kyoto Protocol and Marrakech agreement on climate change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		MARRAKECH, Morocco - Delegates from 165 countries agreed to the legal text governing the implementation of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol against global warming, clearing the way for countries to discuss its ratification.
		The protocol obliges nearly 40 countries to cut or limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by an average 5.2 percent from 1990 levels by 2012.
		At Marrakech, countries agreed on the legal text that defines how countries implement the protocol and employ the trading and sinks mechanisms.
	www.climateark.org /articles/2001/4th/keyokyo.htm (349 words)

	FAO - Twenty-seventh FAO Regional Conference for the Near East
		The Commission may conclude agreements with Members in which offices of the Commission may be located, specifying the privileges, immunities and facilities to be enjoyed by the Commission to enable it to fulfil its objectives and to perform its functions.
		Acceptance of this Agreement by non-members of the Organization shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of acceptance with the Director-General of the Organization.
		The Director-General shall be the Depositary of this Agreement.
	www.fao.org /docrep/meeting/007/J1563e.htm (4805 words)

	Untitled
		The great majority were resentful because the promised gains from trade expansion, under the 1994 Marrakech agreement and WTO monitoring since 1995, had not materialized in their case.
		Forming a trade agreement with our neighbors within a year should be a must; almost all the rich and many poor countries are already in some trade alliance or the other.
		The third world on the eve of the new millennium is not the same as it was when the Marrakech agreement was negotiated.
	www.pww.org /past-weeks-1999/Why%20Seattle%20failed.htm (789 words)

	News and Information
		In Marrakech, the primary challenge will be turning the broad principles of the Bonn Agreement into detailed "legal" text more clearly defining the operating rules for new instruments and institutions created under Kyoto.
		In Bonn, after the broad political agreement was reached, negotiators began working on detailed decision texts to reflect what had been discussed and agreed for the past three years.
		That work will continue in Marrakech with the hope that any issues not resolved in the technical negotiations can be settled by ministers when they arrive for the closing days of the conference.
	www.pewclimate.org /what_s_being_done/in_the_world/cop_7_morocco/overview.cfm (1285 words)

	GERMANWATCH / WWF International - Next Stop: Marrakech
		It is true that the Bonn political agreement paved the way towards the major articles of the Kyoto Protocol with a view to making it ratifiable, particularly after the breathtaking failure of COP 6 at The Hague last year and after the rude refusal to participate in the treaty by the Bush administration in March.
		Behind the main technicalities to be discussed and agreed in Marrakech (in technical papers attached to the political agreement of Bonn) are key issues of greenhouse gas inventories, verification and monitoring ("5,7,8" issues, according to articles 5, 7, and 8 of the Kyoto treaty).
		The Bonn agreement asks the subsidiary bodies of the Convention and the IPCC to develop definitions and modalities for sinks projects under the CDM by COP 9 in order to avoid leakage, nonpermanence and projects detrimental to biodiversity.
	www.germanwatch.org /rio/c7-einfe.htm (652 words)

	What are the Needs for Technical Assistance from an Asian Developing Country's Perspective ?
		9 To simplify, the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health is an instrument, having its political dimension and definitely possesing a certain degree of legal-binding effect, which commits Members to some extent even though the language in the Declaration per se is equivocal and could provoke a long debate.
		Or, it goes without saying that the TRIPS Agreement, like any other agreement within or outside the WTO framework, has no object and purpose in any sense to prevent any country, be it Member or non- Member of the agreement in question, from "taking measures to protect public health".
		Such Members are also in need of special and differential (S and D) treatment, whereas the TRIPS Agreement has provided only grace periods of implementation and a clause on technical cooperation,22 without a word on the transfer of technology.
	www.thailawforum.com /articles/techporn.html (2567 words)

	World Trade Organization -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The WTO is the successor to the (A United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and operates with the broad goal of reducing or abolishing international (Any regulation or policy that restricts international trade) trade barriers.
		WTO headquarters are located in (A city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations) Geneva, (A landlocked federal republic in central Europe) Switzerland.
		Where most international organizations operate on a one country, one vote or even a weighted voting basis, many WTO decisions, such as adopting agreements (and revisions to them) are determined by (Agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole) consensus.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/world_trade_organization.htm (1704 words)

	mendel.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In any case, it is advisable that franchising agreements should be structured quite carefully: for instance, they should stress what know-how is involved and transferred to the franchisee, in order to justify the limitations of the entrepreneurial independence which the agreement may cast on the franchisee in order to protect the know-how, and so on.
		Lastly, the parties may include in their agreement clauses that limit the franchisor’s obligations to the precise terms of the franchise agreement and exclude claims by the franchisee based on statements or promises made before the signing of the contract.
		Worth to be noted the qualification of the contractual relationship as a “franchising” agreement is reached on the basis of a provision whose field of application cannot go beyond the limits of EC (or national) antitrust law, and which could not be applied to the specific subject-matter, which regarded a claim for breach of contract.
	www.jus.unitn.it /cardozo/Review/Business/Frignani-1997/Mendel.htm (14865 words)

	COP 7 Morocco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Bonn Agreement defined the broad outlines of a compliance regime overseen by a Compliance Committee with facilitative and enforcement branches.
		The agreement also set consequences for failing to meet an emissions target, including: restoration of tons at a rate of 1.3 to 1 (a country must make up its shortfall, plus 30 percent, in the next target period); suspension of eligibility to sell credits; and development of a compliance action plan.
		Parties took conflicting positions in Marrakech on the legal character of the compliance regime - specifically, whether the consequences for non-compliance should be legally binding.
	www.pewclimate.org /what_s_being_done/in_the_world/cop_7_morocco/index.cfm (1148 words)

	THE MARRAKECH ACCORDS - Sustainable Development Ecosystems and Climate Change Committee Newsletter - January 2002 - ABA ...
		The Executive Board of the CDM was elected in Marrakech and held its first session on the Saturday (November 10, 2001) after the conference concluded.
		Consistent with the Bonn Agreement, the Marrakech Accords limit sinks projects in the CDM to afforestation and reforestation.
		The Marrakech Accords include an international accounting system to keep track of all the carbon credits bought and sold and calculate whether a country has met its target at the end of the commitment period.
	www.abanet.org /environ/committees/climatechange/newsletter/jan02/goldberg.html (2206 words)

	The Earth Times/CLIMATE CHANGE: Agreement in Marrakech Sustains Kyoto Protocol. By Bonner R. Cohen
		Despite repeated assurances by Olivier Deleuze, the EU's chief delegate at the talks, that the Bonn Agreement would not be reopened, the EU gave in to the Russian demand.
		Adhering to the time-honored COP tradition of putting off till tomorrow what cannot be resolved today, delegates at Marrakech managed to gloss over all issues that could have led to a collapse of the talks.
		Though the treaty's supporters in Marrakech still expressed the hope that the US can be brought back into the Kyoto fold, the American delegation at COP-7 left no doubt that, for Washington, the global warming pact is not an option.
	www.earthtimes.org /nov/climatechangeagreementnov13_01.htm (852 words)

	SICE - Free Trade Agreement between the EFTA States and the Republic of Chile
		The Parties confirm their rights and obligations under the Marrakech Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and the other agreements negotiated thereunder (hereinafter referred to as “the WTO Agreement”) to which they are party, and under any other international agreement to which they are a party.
		Where a Party recognises, by agreement or arrangement, the education or experience obtained, requirements met or licenses or certifications granted in the territory of a non-Party, that Party shall accord another Party, upon request, adequate opportunity to negotiate its accession to such an agreement or arrangement or to negotiate comparable ones with it.
		For the purposes of this Article, dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO Agreement are deemed to be initiated by a Party’s request for the establishment of a panel pursuant to Article 6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
	www.sice.oas.org /Trade/Chi-EFTA_e/Text_e.asp (11530 words)

	11/12/01 -- Marrakech nudges climate treaty onwards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It requires industrialised countries to reduce their emissions of the main gases believed to be exacerbating natural climate change by about 2% on their 1990 levels within the next decade.
		Marrakech eroded what had been agreed in Bonn, which itself signalled a retreat from the deal available earlier.
		Marrakech also suffered from the refusal of the US to sign it.
	www.climateark.org /articles/2001/4th/manukyot.htm (563 words)

	World Wildlife Climate Change Campaign
		MARRAKECH, MOROCCO - November 10 - As environment ministers from 160 countries agreed on rules for the Kyoto climate treaty, World Wildlife Fund called on governments today to turn the agreement into international law by next September's World Summit on Sustainable Development.
		In concluding the Marrakech Accord, ministers have confounded critics of the agreement, led by the Bush Administration, which had declared the agreement "dead" earlier this spring.
		The final barriers to the successful conclusion of the accord were finally removed by good will by all countries to finalize the agreement and move on to ratification.
	www.commondreams.org /news2001/1110-01.htm (627 words)

	Efta European Fair Trade Association promoting fair trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Five years later, it is clear that the system of world trade has reinforced the position of the richest countries in the world, and armed the multinational companies in their crusade to open up all markets and to deregulate national economies.
		Article 27.3 (b) of the Marrakech Agreement on TRIPS should be revised to exclude expressly from its field of application the patenting of all living organisms: animals, plants and micro-organisms without any distinction.
		We ask that all proposals for new rules or agreements are made public at least six months before the start of negotiations in order to allow civil society to absorb and understand them, and then have the chance to influence governments and parliaments in all member countries.
	www.eftafairtrade.org /Document.asp?DocID=65&tod=16423 (849 words)

	BVE - English publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Marrakech agreement, reached in 1994, opened the way for the progressive integration of agriculture into the trend towards trade liberalisation.
		Conscious of the fact that the agreement was only a first step, the contracting parties at the WTO agreed that the negotiations on agriculture would be resumed at the end of 1999.
		With regard to intellectual property issues, the CIAA agrees that this agreement is essential for the food and drink industry from 2 main aspects: brands (article 15 to 21) and geographical indications (article 22 and 24 of the TRIPS agreement).
	www.bve-online.de /englisch/publications/ciaa_en.html (2479 words)

	UMBRELLA GROUP BLOCKING AGREEMENT IN MARRAKECH
		Marrakech - Greenpeace demanded today that Canada, Australia, Russia and Japan stop their petty bickering over minor elements of the final package at the climate negotiations here in Marrakech and accept the deal that's on the table.
		Their bottom line for these negotiations was to secure an agreement for a Clean Energy Workshop to be held early next year, as part of its scheme get Kyoto credits for exporting electricity to the United States.
		- For interviews contact Bill Hare in Marrakech on + 212 6 1103 972 or +31 6 21296899, Steve Sawyer +212 6 1103898, or +31 6 5350 4715, Steven Guilbeault (French and English) on +212 6 1103895 or media officer Louise Fraser on + 212 6 1103 885 or on +31 6 5395 5202.
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/climate/2001nov9.html (284 words)

	Cotecna - Goverment Contracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most relevant are the rules on PSI elaborated within the framework of the former General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the European Community (EC) and the Code of Practice on PSI of the International Federation of Inspection Agencies (IFIA).
		This agreement is an integral part of the Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation.
		The WTO Agreement sets out guidelines on the price verification of goods and establishes a framework of rules that should be respected by the WTO Member States which have recourse to PSI and the PSIAs.
	www.cotecna.com.ar /PROD/prod_PSI_instbg.asp (648 words)

	Rising Tide
		The Seventh Conference of Parties intergovernmental climate conference in Marrakech continued in the well established pattern of further weakening the feeble Kyoto Protocol and increasing its vast loopholes.
		There weren>t many protests in Marrakech (hardly surprising in Morocco), but the COP7 meeting was marked by protests around the world.
		Marrakech was just three months after the COP 6.5 intercessional meeting in Bonn which finally reached a disastrously weak and compromised agreement, hailed by the participants as a major breakthrough.
	www.risingtide.org.uk /pages/news/marakesh.htm (145 words)

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