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Topic: Marram grass

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	Poaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from growing tips: this gives the grasses a competitive edge under pressure of grazing herbivores, as the growing points are less likely to be damaged.
		Grasses are used for construction; larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses.
		Grasses are the primary plant used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed grasslands in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poaceae (944 words)

	Marram - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		European beach grass is a stout grass that grows along the seacoasts of northern...
		- shore grass: a variety of grass that grows on sandy shores and is often planted to prevent erosion of sand dunes.
		crabgrass, bamboo, beach grass, bluegrass, bulrush, couch grass, esparto, fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, lyme grass, marram, meadow fescue, pampas...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Marram.html (73 words)

	Marram grass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marram Grass or Beach Grass is a genus of two species of grass growing almost exclusively on coastal sand dunes, where rhizomes on its extensive root system allow it to survive in a very harsh and windswept ecosystem.
		Marram has adapted to the harsh conditions of the Main Ridge sand dunes by having leaves which can roll into a tube in dry weather to reduce surface area.
		They are also shiny and aligned to wind direction in order to reduce transpiration rates and minimise salt deposition from sea spray.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marram_grass (347 words)

	Marram Grass on the dunes of Tynemouth UK
		In early spring Marram Grass is able to form new roots in the fresh sand before the arrival of the nematodes.
		The natural successors of marram grass (Ammophila) in the Netherlands are red festure (Festuca rubra), sand sedge (Carex arenaria) and sea couch (Elymus athericus).
		Marram Grass planted in bundles of six tillers at a distance of 50 cm x 70 cm.
	www.fgillings.freeserve.co.uk /marram.html (2246 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for grasses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		grass GRASS [grass] any plant of the family Gramineae, an important and widely distributed group of vascular plants, having an extraordinary range of adaptation.
		Species of wheat grass, both native and introduced, are important range forage grasses in the prairie states.
		Stems and seeds: grasses in the fossil record; scientists are beginning to use the broken bits of ancient grasses as important clues in the fossil record.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=grasses (661 words)

	IHE Delft - Dicea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As alternative, Baltic Marram Grass (Calammophila baltica) or Vetiver grass can be used.
		Van der Putten et al., 1993) that harmful soil organisms, notably nematodes and fungi, may be involved in the degeneration of Marram Grass.
		Van der Goes, P. and Van der Putten, W.H. Are Nematodes involved in degeneration of Ammophila Arenaria (Marram Grass)?; Med.Fac.Landbouww.
	www.ihe.nl /we/dicea/clm32/clm3201.htm (2401 words)

	West Beach Succession Trail
		Marram grass not only survives the barrage of sand which the lake and wind bring; it actually thrives on rapid sand burial.
		The rhizomes and roots of a single marram grass plant may spread up to 20 feet in all directions.
		Cottonwood tree and marram grass roots are exposed alongside these stairs which climb up the blowout's south slope.
	www.savedunes.org /html/w.beach.html (1372 words)

	Revitalisation of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) in foredunes, The Netherlands
		Revitalisation of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) in foredunes, The Netherlands
		However, in stabilised dunes marram grass often degenerates because of a poor supply of wind-blown sand.
		The rejuvenation of marram grass on the edges of the blowouts occurs whereas replanting in blow outs itself often fails.
	www.coastalguide.org /dune/marram.html (653 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Confocal Image Gallery - Beach Grass (Marram)
		Marram is the common name for a beach grass that grows on the sandy coasts of Europe, North America, and North Africa and is also known as psamma or sand reed.
		These course and hardy grasses grow in tufts producing tightly rolled spike-like leaves that are naturally resistant to wind and salt spray.
		Beach grass has the unusually ability to grow most vigorously on seaward slopes where it is regularly buried by windblown sands.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/confocal/beachgrass.html (373 words)

	Propagating dune grasses by cultivation in a nursery in Norderney, Germany
		It is more vigorous than Marram Grass, it still grows on the older dunes and it seems to be more robust and does not need as many nutrients, but because stocks for cutting are limited, it is not used extensively for dune conservation.
		The superiority of the Baltic Marram Grass was established.
		Because of the great success of the Baltic Marram, a method for field propagation has been developed, further in 1990 an area of 2.8 ha was set aside to propagate this grass to have a sufficient source for annual planting on Norderney.
	www.coastalguide.org /dune/nordern.html (614 words)

	Cheviot Trees - Coastal Erosion
		Marram grass can be planted using seed but this option does unfortunately incur very mixed results and is time consuming with very little reward.
		Traditionally, the best results occur when Marram Grass is planted manually in bundles of six plants at a spacing of 50 cm x 70 cm.
		Planting Marram grass on the windward side of reed or willow screens has proven to be the most efficient, effective and labour saving method for establishment.
	www.cheviot-trees.co.uk /conservation/coastal_erosion.htm (886 words)

	Marram Grass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Marram was planted at Mason Bay as part of efforts to farm the area in the 30s and 60s.
		Control is by use of ‘Gallant’ a herbicide specific to grasses (pingao is a sedge) and an ‘Argo’ — an 8-wheeled vehicle, complete with a 250-litre spray tank and two long hoses under pressure from a petrol pump.
		Results are impressive and the choking cloak of sage-green marram is being gradually drawn back to reveal creamy white dunes topped with a crest of golden pingao.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Conservation/003~Weeds/001~Weedy-Reads-(Weed-Stories-From-Around-the-Country)/Marram-Grass.asp (362 words)

	Sable Island: Marram - The Sand Trapper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Marram is the most important plant on Sable Island.
		As it grows upward through accumulating sand, its roots, rhizomes and old buried stems become the skeleton of the dune.
		Dunes stabilized by Marram pave the way for new habitats and a diversity of plant and animal life.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /sableisland/english_en/nature_na/surviving_su/marram_su.htm (206 words)

	[No title]
		The marram grass, on the other hand, indicated a sudden surge between the distance of 0-10 meters, a decline in density between 10-30 meters, another increase on the 30-35 meters mark, and finally, a downward trend from the 35-50 meters distance.
		In regards to the difference between the expected marram grass density and the gathered data, the variation, quite possibly, was caused by several factors that disturbed the landscape in this particular area.
		The second reason is more logical because, as shown by the graph above, the density of the marram grass decreased as the density of the woody plants increased, indicating perhaps that the two were engaged in some sort of “food” competition.
	www.andrews.edu /~leonorj/INFS110/DunesLab.doc (439 words)

	sjhoward.co.uk » Effect of competition on the distribution of Marram Grass within a sand dune system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The marram grass can survive the extreme hot and dry conditions to which it is exposed due to adaptations such as thick, waxy cuticles on the leaves and an extensive root system.
		It is the roots of the marram grass which cause the formation of an embryo dune, as then hold the mound of sand together.
		This investigation aims to examine the plant species found in a sand dune system, concentrating particularly on marram grass, which plays an essential part in the early formation of the dunes, and yet is barely present in the final stages of succession.
	sjhoward.co.uk /biology/the-effect-of-competition-on-the-distribution-of-marram-grass-within-a-sand-dune-system (1412 words)

	Pikao (or Pingao) the Golden Sand Sedge - Threats to Pikao (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Currently competition with marram grass and lupin are the greatest threats (particularly in southern regions of New Zealand), followed by damage and browse by stock and rabbits and hares.
		Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) is an exotic sand-binder and dune builder and can be found on virtually every beach in New Zealand.
		Marram grass and lupin subsequently have become the major sand binders and dune builders in New Zealand and continue be the dominant species used for erosion control and dune stabilisation.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Conservation/001~Plants-and-Animals/002~Native-Plants/pikao-(or-pingao)/005~Threats-to-Pikao.asp (1911 words)

	west beach succession trail foredune community
		The new green shoots of the marram grass indicates these important dune builders are growing again and will continue to hold the sand in place.
		Surviving the barrage of sand brought by the wind, the marram grass prevents a sand burial with specialized underground stems called rhizomes.
		To highlight how the marram grass roots interlock and form a net to hold the sand, have the students play this variation of red rover.
	www.nps.gov /indu/education/westbeach/wbforedunecom.htm (658 words)

	Beach Grass, Marram Grass (Ammophila breviligulata)
		Beach grass is clearly one of the most critically important dune plants.
		Its fast growing rhizomes can respond to the constantly shifting sands, enabling this species to serve as a significant sand binder, Sand reed grass (Calamovilfa longifolia) is also a common grass of the dunes, bearing tough rhizomes that allow it to perform a similar ecological role.
		The latter species, which is usually a much taller plant than beach grass, can also be distinguished by its more open seed heads.
	www.michigan.gov /dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12146_12209-61330--,00.html (98 words)

	Untitled Document
		A common grass of sand dunes, marram has creeping roots and has an important ecological function binding sand on the shore, thereby reducing erosion.
		On Colonsay, marram was considered to be one of the best and most durable thatching materials.
		Marran grass was also used to make combs for separating the weaver’s weft and beating the warp.
	rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk /celtica/Shoreplants/Ammophilaarenariab.htm (128 words)

	beach grass
		perennial grasses used to control the shifting of sand dunes, thereby protecting sandy coastal areas.
		marram grass - marram grass: see beach grass.
		grass - grass, any plant of the family Gramineae, an important and widely distributed group of vascular...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0806585.html (117 words)

	www.microscopy-uk.net: Biology for Schools - Marram Grass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is low power section throuh an Ammophilia (marram grass) leaf.
		Marram grass is a colonising species on sand dunes and therefore needs to survive where the environment offers little water supply.
		It has long roots to locate water and this helps to bind the sand together.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /schools/images/marram.html (127 words)

	Crest of the Dune (Sand Dune Blowout) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One kind of plant that does live here is marram grass.
		Though marram grass stabilizes the soil for its own survival, an inadvertent side effect is that it makes it possible for other kinds of vegetation to begin to take hold.
		Cottonwood trees may take hold in the inhospitable conditions of the dunes, once marram grass has begun to calm the shifting sands.
	www.chias.org /www/diorama/w2.html (330 words)

	rye grass - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		- cultivated grass: a grass that is widely cultivated as forage, as a cover crop, and for lawns.
		Rye (grain), common name for an annual cereal grain, of the grass family, allied to wheat and barley (Cereals; Grasses).
		Search for books about your topic, "rye grass"
	encarta.msn.com /rye+grass.html (139 words)

	Marram Grass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Why sheep will not eat Marram Grass - this is a transverse section through a stem of Marram Grass, the plant commonly found holding together sand dunes.
		The spiny growths inside the stem are the plant's defence against sheep and other grazing animals.
		The spikes are formed from silica separated from the nutrients taken in by the grass roots
	www.btinternet.com /~bsingleton/Gallery3/photos/photo_6.html (59 words)

	couch grass - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- rapidly spreading coarse grass: a grass with rapidly spreading underground roots that is a troublesome weed in gardens.
		Grain, common name for the fruit of certain cereals of the grass family (Grasses).
		Search for books about your topic, "couch grass"
	encarta.msn.com /couch+grass.html (152 words)

	AllRefer.com - marram grass, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - marram grass, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Plants > marram grass
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on marram grass
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/X/X-marramgr.html (109 words)

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