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Topic: Mars 2

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Mars probe program

List of artificial objects on Mars

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	Mars probe program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mars 2 through Mars 7 spacecraft were of a new, heavy design, weighing approximately 5 metric tons and requiring the Proton booster for launch.
		It was announced that Mars 2 and 3 had completed their missions by 22 August 1972, after 362 orbits completed by Mars 2 and 20 orbits by Mars 3.
		Mars 96 was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia and not directly related to the Soviet series of probes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_2 (1481 words)

	Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth and only one-tenth the mass (though its surface area is approximately equal to that of the Earth's dry land because Mars lacks oceans).
		The atmosphere on Mars is 95 percent carbon dioxide, 3 percent nitrogen, 1.6 percent argon, and traces of oxygen and water.
		The datum for Mars is defined by the fourth-degree and fourth-order spherical harmonic gravity field, with the zero altitude defined by the 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) atmospheric pressure surface (approximately 0.6% of Earth's) at a temperature of 273.16 K. This pressure and temperature correspond to the triple point of water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_(planet) (3748 words)

	Mars probe program -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Mars 2 through Mars 7 spacecraft were of a new, heavy design, weighing approximately 5 (A unit of weight equivalent to 1000 kilograms) metric tons and requiring the (Click link for more info and facts about Proton booster) Proton booster for launch.
		The Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions consisted of identical spacecraft, each with an orbiter and an attached lander; they were the first human artifacts to touch down on Mars.
		Mars 4, 5, 6, and 7 comprised an associated group of Soviet spacecraft launched towards Mars in July and August of 1973.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mars_probe_program.htm (1440 words)

	Mars Introduction
		Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is commonly referred to as the Red Planet.
		The average recorded temperature on Mars is -63° C (-81° F) with a maximum temperature of 20° C (68° F) and a minimum of -140° C (-220° F).
		One of the discoveries of the Mariner 9 spacecraft was that the south polar cap of Mars was made of thin layers or laminations of ice and sediment.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/mars.htm (2681 words)

	Mars
		The southern hemisphere of Mars is predominantly ancient cratered highlands somewhat similar to the Moon.
		Mars' thin atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect but it is only enough to raise the surface temperature by 5 degrees (K); much less than what we see on Venus and Earth.
		Mars is a difficult but rewarding target for an amateur telescope though only for the three or four months each martian year when it is closest to Earth.
	www.seds.org /nineplanets/nineplanets/mars.html (2212 words)

	MARS - ENCHANTED LEARNING SOFTWARE
		The north and south poles of Mars are covered by ice caps composed of frozen carbon dioxide and water.
		Schiaparelli was an Italian astronomer who first mapped Mars (in 1877) and brought attention to the network of "canali" (Italian for canals or channels) on Mars.
		Mars is 1.524 times farther from than the sun than the Earth is. It averages 141.6 million miles (227.9 million km) from the sun.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/planets/mars (995 words)

	ipedia.com: Mars probe program Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 UT on November 17 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia.
		The Russian Mars 96 mission was designed to send an orbiter, two small autonomous stations, and two surface penetrators to Mars to investigate the evolution and contemporary physics of the planet by studying the physical and chemical processes which took place in the past and which currently take place.
		Mars 96 was scheduled to arrive at Mars on September 12 1997, about 10 months after launch, on a direct trajectory.
	www.ipedia.com /mars_probe_program_1.html (1645 words)

	Mars Watch: Complete Viewer's Guide
		At the beginning of October, Mars will still glimmer at magnitude -2.04, still brighter than all stars, and at the end of the month it will be at -1.16, remaining easy to find.
		The LMT for Mars rise is 10:11 p.m.
		As an example, on August 27, when Mars arrives at its closest point to Earth, it will be blazing directly overhead (or very nearly so) for all those living near and along latitude 15.6º south.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/where_is_mars.html (1372 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - The mission
		Having escaped the Earth's pull, Mars Express was sent on course for the Red Planet, cruising at a velocity of 10 800 kilometres and hour, relative to Earth.
		Beagle 2 was planned to descend to the surface, entering the atmosphere at more than 20 000 kilometres per hour.
		Beagle 2 was planned to land on Isidis Planitia, a large, flat sedimentary basin straddling the relatively young northern plains and ancient southern highlands, where traces of life could have been preserved.
	www.esa.int /export/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMNS75V9ED_0.html (702 words)

	ORRERY: Mars - the red planet
		Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
		Mars has many striking surface features, such as Olympus Mons (right), a giant volcano, three times the height of Everest, with a base 600 km in diameter.
		Viking 1 and 2 were to land on the planet in 1976 and provided the first views from the planet's surface.
	www.harmsy.freeuk.com /mars.html (733 words)

	Mars M-71
		The primary scientific objectives were to image the Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, and monitor the solar wind and the interplanetary and martian magnetic fields.
		However all Soviet Mars landers failed, showing the wisdom of the US Viking approach where the entire spacecraft was put into Mars orbit, and reconnaisance conducted to determine the best landing site and weather conditions before releasing the lander.
		Mars probe intended to conduct of a series of scientific investigations of the planet Mars and the space around it.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/marsm71.htm (972 words)

	Mars Exploration: Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		As of the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's 414th martian day, or sol, the robot had driven a total of 4.81 kilometers (2.99 miles) since landing.
		The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, were about to begin an amazing year of exploration.
		As the rovers keep journeying across the surface of Mars, scientists are busy churning out journal articles that herald the new discoveries revealed by their robot geologist partners.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov (381 words)

	Marswatch Home Page
		Mars is receding from the Earth and shrinking in size.
		The primary purpose of this project is frequent CCD imaging of Mars using B,V,R or other standard filters and visual drawings and photos in order to monitor the planet's atmospheric dust and cloud activity.
		This map was assembled using CCD images, videos, drawing and photos taken during the 1997 Mars apparition by observers of the ALPO International Mars Patrol and MarsWatch '97.
	www.astroleague.org /marswatch (574 words)

	StarChild: The planet Mars
		Some of the meteorites found on Earth are actually pieces of the planet Mars.
		Mars has many craters which were formed by meteorites or asteroids hitting it.
		Mars also has some of the tallest volcanoes and some of the deepest valleys in our solar system.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/solar_system_level1/mars.html (245 words)

	Phobos 1 & 2 to Mars
		Phobos 1, and its companion spacecraft Phobos 2, were the next-generation in the Venera-type planetary missions, succeeding those last used during the Vega 1 and 2 missions to comet P/Halley.
		This is a collection of all the color imagery taken by Phobos II containing both Phobos and Mars, and Mars alone as shown in the upper right-hand corner.
		This image was taken by the VSK instrument on the USSR Phobos 2 spacecraft in March of 1989 shortly before the spacecraft failed.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/phobos12.htm (609 words)

	the Mars network monitor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Two new plugins are shipped with Mars: an XML Snapshot plugin, which periodically dumps a copy of the Mars configuration with status information (intended for use with an XSLT stylesheet for web presentation), and a Client Debugger, which shows the status of Mars' various network backends in real time.
		Also, the Mars binary is now available for download both with and without the XML parser required on Java 1.3, for smaller downloads.
		Mars 2 is © 2002-2004 Leapfrog Research and Development, LLC, a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based custom software development firm.
	www.altara.org /mars.html (623 words)

	Viking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Once on the surface of Mars, the lander surveyed the soil, wind, and atmosphere and conducted numerous experiments to determine the existence of past or present life.
		Once the Viking orbiters were attached to their lander pods they were positioned inside the nose cones of Titan Centaur launch vehicles.
		The first of the two landers arrived on the surface of Mars July 20, 1976.
	pds.jpl.nasa.gov /planets/welcome/viking.htm (369 words)

	USGS Astrogeology: Mars MDIM Digital Image Mosaic
		This mosaic, known as Mars Digital Image Model (MDIM) 2.1, replaces two earlier mosaics produced by the USGS from the same set of approximately 4600 Viking Orbiter images.
		The positional accuracy of features in MDIM 2.1 is estimated to be roughly one pixel (200 m), compared to 3 km for MDIM 2.0 released in 2001 and >6 km for MDIM 1.0 released in 1991.
		In addition to relatively imprecise geodetic control, the previous mosaics were affected by changing definitions of cartographic parameters (such as the definition of zero longitude), resulting in an overall longitude shift of as much as 0.2° between the early MDIMs and other datasets.
	astrogeology.usgs.gov /Projects/MDIM21 (1707 words)

	What is MARS
		MARS members are volunteer licensed amateur radio operators who are interested in providing auxiliary or emergency communications to local, national and international emergency and safety organizations, as an adjunct to normal communications.
		The primary concept of MARS is to meet the requirements of training for any communications emergency.
		There are MARS stations in Japan, Korea, the Trust Territories, Hawaii, Panama, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Central America, Alaska, Germany, Africa and the continental United States.
	navymars.org /national/mission.htm (498 words)

	NETCOM/9th ASC \| U.S. Army Military Affiliate Radio System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		MARS is a Department of Defense sponsored program, established as a separately managed and operated program by the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
		MARS has a long and proud history of providing world-wide auxiliary emergency communications during times of need.
		The benefit of MARS membership is enjoying an amateur radio hobby through the ever-expanding horizon of MARS.
	www.asc.army.mil /mars (186 words)

	Mars
		Mars, Earth's outer neighbor, is the fourth planet from the Sun.
		Mars' bright appearance and reddish color stand out in the night sky.
		Impressive surface features such as enormous volcanoes and valleys are frequently obscured by huge dust storms.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/mars/mars.html&edu=elem (82 words)

	Planet Mars
		Japan's Nozomi (for Hope; former Planet B) Mars orbiter was successfully launched on July 4, 1998 with a M-V-3 rocket, and flew 2 Lunar swingbys on September 24 and on December 18, 1998, and one Earth swingby on December 20, 1998.
		Reached Mars and successfully entered Mars orbit on September 11, 1997; used aerobraking for achieving the low Mars orbit required for the intended orbital investigations of the Red Planet, which began in early 1998.
		Nasa officials have expressed their intention that these efforts should eventually be leading to a Mars mission with a human crew to be launched in 2018 (and to arrive at Mars in 2019), and to begin an era of permanent human presence on our neighbor planet.
	www.seds.org /~spider/mars/mars.html (2968 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-299 Release
		This was a compendium of airbrushed shaded relief maps, controlled photomosaics, and in a few cases albedo (shading) maps, mostly assembled from Mariner 9 survey images, with some gaps filled by Viking orbiter images.
		In 1999, the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) aboard the MGS orbiter acquired a global stereo image dataset using its red-filter Wide Angle Camera.
		The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Surveyor Operations Project operates the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft with its industrial partner, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, from facilities in Pasadena, CA and Denver, CO.
	www.msss.com /mars_images/moc/moc_atlas (375 words)

	The Whole Mars Catalog at Mars Today .com
		When it comes to longevity, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers on Mars are giving some real competition to the pink bunny from those battery advertisements - even though their original missions were only 90 days.
		If you're studying the history of a planet, the really good places to look are rugged terrains like canyons and other areas where water, igneous activity, wind, and seismic rumblings have left their respective marks.
		A new map of Mars' magnetic field made by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft reveals a world whose history was shaped by great crustal plates being pulled apart or smashed together.
	www.marstoday.com (663 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Mars Team Online has merged with several of Quest's other online interactive projects to form the new Solar System Online project.
		The Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft took off in November and reached the orbit of Mars on September 11, 1997 to begin an orbital mission that will provide detailed mapping and weather information.
		The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft blasted away in December and landed on the Red Planet on July 4, 1997.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /mars (272 words)

	MarsNews.com :: NewsWire for the New Frontier
		A new public exhibit, including a full-scale mock-up of the highest resolution camera ever sent into orbit, is nearing completion in the operations center of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment mission to Mars.
		The real 120-pound HiRISE camera, streaking toward Mars since its Aug. 12 launch from Cape Canaveral, is expected to reach the red planet in March, said Lorretta McKibben, public outreach coordinator for HiRISE, housed in the Sonett Space Sciences Building at the University of Arizona.
		By the time Spirit and Opportunity made Time's "What's Next" list in 2003, the pair were already millions of miles into their journey to Mars.
	www.marsnews.com (636 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Mars #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Mars one of few mangas where the plot is as great as the art.
		Mars is an exquisite example of storytelling and character development, but it isn't for the squeamish or faint of heart.
		Mars is full of shocking twists and turns.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1931514593?v=glance (2037 words)

	Deep Space 2
		The probes, which piggybacked aboard the Mars Polar Lander, were to slam into Martian soil December 3, 1999.
		Project manager Sarah Gavit said she couldn't envision any scenario in which the probes' batteries would still hold a charge after so many days on the planet.
		Deep Space 2 is part of NASA's New Millennium Program, which develops cutting-edge technology and flight tests it to reduce the risk for future missions.
	nmp.jpl.nasa.gov /ds2 (166 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Mars Global Surveyor wins the title of the oldest spacecraft currently in operation at Mars!
		Photographs from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft released today are the first pictures of any spacecraft orbiting Mars ever taken by another spacecraft orbiting Mars.
		NASA's Mars Global Surveyor is using an innovative technique to capture pictures even sharper than those it has already produced.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mgs (163 words)

	2. mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Beagle 2 remains silent, hopes pinned on Mars Express
		When Beagle 2 separated from Mars Express on December 19 -- after...
		La sonde Mars Express sur orbite polaire, pas de nouvelle de Beagle 2
	nynorsk.encyclopedia.st /2._mars (348 words)

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