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	Mars 96 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 UT on November 17 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia.
		The Russian Mars 96 mission was designed to send an orbiter, two small autonomous stations, and two surface penetrators to Mars to investigate the evolution and contemporary physics of the planet by studying the physical and chemical processes which took place in the past and which currently take place.
		Mars 96 was scheduled to arrive at Mars on September 12, 1997, about 10 months after launch, on a direct trajectory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_96 (589 words)

	Mars 96
		The Mars 96 mission was launched on November 16, 1996.
		Mars 96 consisted of an orbiter, two soft landers, and two surface penetrators that were to be used to study the Red Planet.
		Mars 96 was to study the evolution of Mars, with special emphasis on studying the atmosphere, surface and interior.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/mars96.htm (249 words)

	Mars 8 (Mars 96)
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 UT on 17 November 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia.
		The Mars 96 Orbiter was a 3-axis sun/star stabilized craft based on the Fobos design with two platforms for pointing and stabilizing instruments.
		The Mars 96 Orbiter carried 12 instruments to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars, 7 instruments to study plasma, fields, and particles, and 3 instruments for astrophysical studies.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/mars-96.htm (1048 words)

	MSN Encarta - Mars (planet)
		Mars is the most Earth-like place in the solar system besides Earth itself, and so it is only natural to wonder if the similarities extend to the existence of life.
		This new appreciation for the possibility of life on Mars has been driven by the discovery, only in the last decade or so, of simple life forms on Earth tenaciously surviving and in some cases even thriving in what used to be considered inhospitable conditions.
		So even if the Mars meteorite does not preserve actual evidence of life on Mars, its most important message may be that Mars is one of the few places in the solar system where we know that the conditions were at least possible.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566582_4/Mars_(planet).html (1408 words)

	Exploration of Mars Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mars is a rocky planet, like Earth, that formed around the same time, yet it is only between one-quarter and one-third the surface area and its surface is cold and desert-like.
		Mars Global Surveyor completed its primary mission on January 31, 2001, and is now in an extended mission phase.
		Mars Climate Orbiter is infamous for project engineers mixing up the usage of imperial units with metric units, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars' atmosphere.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Exploration_of_Mars (2443 words)

	Mars Missions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mars 96 with its small stations, penetrators and radioisotopic generators reentered early on November 17 on orbit 3 near perigee, presumably in the Soutern Pacific.
		On orbit 2, telemetery from Mars 96 was recieved at Yevpatoriya ground station in Crimea from 22:19:14 till 22:26:55.
		Mars 96 was not tracked on orbit 4 and the conclusion was that it reentered in orbit 3 perigee somewhere in Southern Pacific.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/marsfail.html (490 words)

	Mars 96
		An ambitious Russian Mars probe, launched on Nov. 16, 1996, which fell back to Earth after a failed burn that should have taken it out of Earth orbit.
		Having achieved an initial 160 km-high circular orbit, Mars 96 was to have been boosted onto a Mars trajectory by the upper stage engine still attached to the probe.
		No advance warning of the probe’s imminent descent was given by the Russians despite the fact that Mars 96 was carrying 270 grams of plutonium-238 as an energy source.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Mars_96.html (191 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		NASA's Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder and Russia's Mars '96 mission are scheduled for three separate launches in November and December 1996.
		Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder will be the forerunners in this quest, becoming the precursors to a series of missions that may culminate in the first few years of the next century with robotic return of a Martian soil sample to Earth, followed by eventual human exploration.
		Mars '96 carries a dozen instruments and a dozen smaller devices designed to study the evolution of the Martian atmosphere, surface and interior.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /mars/news/10-16press.txt (1171 words)

	Mars 96: Failure and Aftermath
		The scope of Mars 96 was not widely appreciated.
		Mars 96 carried some unique instrumentation that is unlikely to be repeated in the near future.
		Mars 96 was launched by the traditionally reliable Proton booster from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 11:49 p.m.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /MPF/martianchronicle/martianchron8/mars96.html (927 words)

	Mars Express - Europe Conquers the Red Planet
		With "Mars Express" ESA wanted to compensate the loss of the Russian Mars mission "Mars 96", in which European scientists were involved to a large extent, and which crashed after failing to gain orbit.
		With "Mars Express" ESA wanted to compensate the loss of the Russian Mars mission "Mars 96", in which European scientists were involved to a large extent.
		Mars Express is due to pass within 3000 km of the 22 km diameter moon more than 300 hundred times during its first two year nominal mission lifetime.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/marsexpress-01c.html (1726 words)

	Sandia National Laboratories - News Releases
		Mars Pathfinder, whose science mission includes collecting Martian surface and atmospheric data, is also viewed by NASA as a major engineering flight.
		When Russian Mars '96 mission planners approached JPL in 1992 and offered it a chance to contribute a science package to the upcoming Mars flight, JPL scientists remembered a sensor technology they had discussed with Sandia researchers a few months earlier.
		In fact, three of the coatings to be flown to Mars (hydrogenated carbon films that emulate material expected to be deposited by meteorites on the Martian surface) were deposited at Sandia, two by Sandia chemist Rick Buss and one (based on Buckminsterfullerene or "Buckyballs") by Ricco.
	www.sandia.gov /media/mars.htm (1375 words)

	Mars '96 Mission Description
		Mars '96 is a Russian mission to Mars scheduled to be launched in November/December 1996.
		Mars '96 is scheduled to launch in late November 1996 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
		The Mars 96 orbit periapsis migrates from 25° to 55° North latitude over a 24 month period.
	www.msss.com /mars/mars9x/mission.html (1043 words)

	SpaceViews December 1996: News
		The total mass of plutonium onboard Mars 96 was estimated to be 200 grams (7 oz.).
		Mars Global Surveyor does carry a radio relay link that would have been used to relay data from the Mars 96 landers to Earth.
		The launch of Mars Pathfinder, the second American mission this year to the Red Planet, was delayed by one day due to poor weather conditions.
	www.seds.org /spaceviews/9612/news.html (3018 words)

	What Really Happened With Mars-96? Igor Lissov, with comments from Jim Oberg November 19, 1996
		Mars 8) was launched from Baykonur on Nov.16/20:48:53 UT. Mars 96 with its small stations, penetrators and radioisotopic generators reentered early on November 17 on orbit 3 near perigee, presumably in the Southern Pacific [JEO: about 4 hrs 20 min after launch].
		Moreover, it effectively killed Mars 96 [JEO:..since the burn apparently was made at a large angle to the horizontal, thereby fatally lowering the perigee with the burn's radial component].
		By this time, flight controllers were ready to command Mars 96 to maneuver to some stable LEO orbit for possible future use in Earth research [JEO: Or recovery by the US Space Shuttle].
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/mars96lo.htm (1240 words)

	Mars M1
		The Mars 96 Orbiter was a 3-axis sun/star stabilized craft based on the Phobos design with two platforms for pointing and stabilizing instruments.
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 GMT on 17 November 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia.
		The Russian Mars 96 mission was designed to send an orbiter, two small autonomous stations, and two surface penetrators to Mars.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/marsm1.htm (497 words)

	Mars96
		Mars, like Venus, is one of the terrestrial planets and is of great interest from the viewpoint of investigating the nature and evolution of the Solar system.
		Earlier missions to Mars showed that this planet in its earlier history was much more similar to the Earth than that is now.
		There is evidence that, at an earlier time, Mars had large bodies of water and rivers on its surface.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /mars96/01_mars_e.htm (504 words)

	Soviet/Russian Mars Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mars 4 and 5 were designed as orbiters, and Mars 6 and 7 were designed to drop landers onto the planet.
		Mars 4 experienced an engine failure that caused it to miss the planet and enter solar orbit.
		In July 1988, the nation launched the Phobos 1 and 2 missions in a bold effort to investigate Mars and its small moon, Phobos.
	astro.if.ufrgs.br /solar/sovmars.htm (1017 words)

	PhSRM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This issue describes the MARS-96 robotic spacecraft scientific mission to Mars prepared according to the Federal Program of Space Exploration developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Space Agency.
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched from Baikonur on 16 November 1996.
		The spacecraft was not inserted into the interplanetary trajectory to Mars due to a malfunction in the Block-D (the third stage of the rocket) and during the third revolution around the Earth the spacecraft reentered the Earth's atmosphere and fell into the Pacific Ocean.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /mars96/mars96hp.html (118 words)

	Exobiology Strategy Report
		Three missions are approved for launch in 1996: the U.S. Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Pathfinder missions, and the Russian mission, Mars-96 (formerly Mars-94).
		Mars Pathfinder will also carry a small, solar-powered rover that will be able to move within several to tens of meters from the lander, limited mainly by line-of-sight communications.
		The objectives of the mission are two-fold: (1) to study the martian upper atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind, and (2) to develop technologies for future planetary missions.
	cmex.ihmc.us /Exo_Strat/Docs/missions.html (2383 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - International collaboration
		Five of the instruments on Mars Express (HRSC, OMEGA, PFS, ASPERA and SPICAM) are descendants of instruments originally built for the Russian Mars '96 mission.
		Mars Express is also intending to use NASA's Deep Space Network for communications with Earth during parts of the mission.
		Mars Express marks the beginning of a major European involvement in an international programme to explore Mars over the next two decades.
	www.esa.int /export/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMVQ95V9ED_0.html (511 words)

	Mars 96 (James Oberg)
		We now believe that the object that re-entered on Nov. 17, which we first thought to be the Mars '96 probe, was in fact the fourth stage of the booster rocket.
		Aboard the booster was a spacecraft known as the Mars '96 probe destined for the planet Mars.
		Absent an indication at the time of any problems with the Mars '96 probe, U.S. space observers ascribed the Nov. 16th event as the booster stage re-entry -- which would be normal for a multistage rocket of this type.
	yarchive.net /space/politics/mars96.html (2274 words)

	Mars 96 - Russian Mars Spacecraft
		The trajectory would have taken the spacecraft to Mars in 10 months.
		Mars 96 was originally suppose to be launched in 1994 (originally called Mars 94), but was postponed due to Russian financial difficulties.
		Mars Express uses many payload instruments which were developed by Europe from the lost Mars 96 spacecraft.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /mars96.html (141 words)

	FMI - Research - Space Research - Planetary research - Mars 96
		Mars 96 was Russian empowered mission to explore the Red planet.
		The spacecraft was suppose to be launched in October 1994, but it was delayed for the next launch window of 16 November 1996.
		It is also important to notice that the surface station originated 1987 from a Finnish proposal on a meteorological network on the surface of Mars utilizing the Vaisala meteorological instruments for space applications.
	www.fmi.fi /research_space/space_26.html (265 words)

	[No title]
		The goal of the Project was to investigate the Mars atmosphere and soil using self-contained space vehicles.
		Having descended on parachutes from the orbit, the vehicle releases the Mars rover and stays in the atmosphere, being held by a helium filled balloon.
		The reason was the level of the solar activity calculated to cause strong storms on the Mars by the time of equipment delivery, which would have inevitably resulted in georadar breakdown.
	www.omnitron.net /radar/0mars.htm (492 words)

	BULLETIN 15 Nov 96 - mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This Russian built spacecraft will join the US Mars Global Surveyor, launched earlier this month, and the US Mars Pathfinder to be launched early December at the start of a new period of Mars exploration, after a lull lasting 20 years.
		The interaction of Mars with the solar wind is a major topic for study by ELISMA.
		At Mars this interaction is thought to be weaker than that of the magnetised planets such as the Earth or Jupiter, but stronger than that of Venus which has no magnetic field worth mentioning.
	www.sussex.ac.uk /press_office/bulletin/15nov96/item6.html (455 words)

	Mars 96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Mars 96 mission, set for launch in November 1996, will carry an orbiter, two soft landers, and two surface penetrators to the Red Planet.
		Mars 96 will study the evolution of Mars, with special emphasis on studying the atmosphere, surface and interior.
		Scientists will use Mars 96 to conduct plasma and astrophysics investigations.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/mars96.htm (183 words)

	Stay tuned: Weather reports from Mars (11/96)
		Tyler, professor of electrical engineering, leads the international radio science team for the MGS satellite, which is designed to orbit Mars and send back data for at least one Martian year (687 Earth days).
		Now the Mars Global Surveyor will carry the most sophisticated radio occultation equipment to date, so accurate that the orbiting satellite will be able to get substantially more accurate reports of atmospheric conditions than the Mars landers of the 1970s were able to obtain as they sat on the Martian surface
		After losing years of work when the Mars Observer mission failed, Tyler and his colleagues are watching the Mars Global Surveyor with more than a little concern.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/96/961106marsglobal.html (1768 words)

	Mars-96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mars-96 is a Russian mission to Mars scheduled to be launched on 16 November 1996 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
		The main scientific objectives of this mission are to investigate the evolution of Mars, that is, the evolution of its atmosphere, surface and interior.
		During cruise to Mars, interplanetary space parameters will be measured and some astrophysical observations conducted.
	helio.estec.esa.nl /intermarsnet/REDREPORT/node58.html (106 words)

	Pravda.RU:Ideas of Russian Mars-96 design used in European Mars-express project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He pointed out also that Mars exploration plays a special role in the study of the Solar System.
		It is known that during the period of the red planet's evolution Mars and its atmosphere have undergone cardinal changes.
		He believes Mars will be the first planet to be visited by cosmonauts.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2004/01/26/52042_.html (278 words)

	Mars 96 Failure Fuels Cassini Protest
		The recent failure of the Russian Mars 96 probe and its reentry and impact on the earth have raised new fears and reignited interest in the risks associated with Cassini.
		On November 16, 1996, the Russian Mars 96 probe failed to achieve its trajectory toward Mars, and reentered the earth’s atmosphere.
		In the final analysis, the Mars 96 failure means very little with respect to the risks of Cassini, because the chances of Plutonium release due to launch or staging failure are much smaller than the more important risks associated with accidental reentry during Earth flyby.
	www.rmbowman.com /ssn/cassini.htm (5133 words)

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