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	Mars probe program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mars 4, 5, 6, and 7 comprised an associated group of Soviet spacecraft launched towards Mars in July and August of 1973.
		Mars 5 reached Mars on February 12, 1974 at 15:45 UT and was inserted into an elliptical 1755 by 32,555 km, 24 h 53 min orbit with an inclination of 35.3 degrees.
		Mars 96 was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia and not directly related to the Soviet series of probes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_2 (1487 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mars probe program
		Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km.
		Mars 96 was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name.
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 UT on November 17 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mars-probe-program (824 words)

	Info and facts on 'Mars probe program' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Mars 2 through Mars 7 spacecraft were of a new, heavy design, weighing approximately 5 metric ton (A unit of weight equivalent to 1000 kilograms) s and requiring the Proton booster (additional info and facts about Proton booster) for launch.
		The 1973 Mars launch window was inefficient and thus the Proton rocket (additional info and facts about Proton rocket) could not deliver the mass to Mars that year that had been possible in 1971.
		Mars 96 (additional info and facts about Mars 96) was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia (A federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state) and not directly related to the Soviet series of probes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mars_probe_program.htm (1393 words)

	Mars (planet)
		Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system, named for the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color.
		Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, both small and oddly shaped, possibly captured asteroids.
		On June 2, 2003, the European probe Mars Express set off from Baikonur to the Mars, expected to arrive there in December 2003.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Mars_(planet).html (1693 words)

	Mars - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Mars' atmosphere is thin: the air pressure on the surface is only 750 pascals, about 0.75 percent of the average on Earth.
		The atmosphere on Mars is 95 percent carbon dioxide, 3 percent nitrogen, 1.6 percent argon, and traces of oxygen and water.
		The datum for Mars is defined by the fourth-degree and fourth-order spherical harmonic gravity field, with the zero altitude defined by the 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) atmospheric pressure surface (approximately 0.6% of Earth's) at a temperature of 273.01 K. This pressure and temperature correspond to the triple point of water.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Mars_(planet) (2797 words)

	biology - Exploration of Mars
		Mars Climate Orbiter is infamous for project engineers mixing up the usage of imperial units with metric units, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars' atmosphere.
		In 2002, it was announced that the probe's gamma ray spectrometer and neutron spectrometer had detected large amounts of hydrogen, indicating that there are vast deposits of water ice in the upper three meters of Mars' soil within 60° latitude of the south pole.
		Although the landing probe was not designed to move, it carried a digging device and possibly the smallest mass spectrometer, as well as a range of other devices, on a robotic 'arm' in order to accurately analyse soil beneath the dusty surface.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Exploration_of_Mars (3225 words)

	MARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
		Mars, Incorporated is a confectioner, and the Mars bar is the name of a candy bar they produce.
		The Mars probe program was a series of unmanned craft launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/ma/Mars.htm (200 words)

	ipedia.com: Mars probe program Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This reliability problem was common to much Soviet space hardware from the late 1960's and early 1970's and was largely corrected with a deliberate policy of consolidating (or "debugging") existing designs rather than introducing new ones which was implemented in the mid 1970's.
		The Mars 96 spacecraft was based on the Phobos vehicles launched to Mars in 1988.
		Mars 96 was scheduled to arrive at Mars on September 12 1997, about 10 months after launch, on a direct trajectory.
	www.ipedia.com /mars_probe_program_1.html (1645 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| China to Accelerate Mars Program
		While senior space scientists said a Mars probe was still years away, they plan to step up preparations.
		A second US probe to Mars is scheduled to be launched on June 26.
		Since its space program was set up in 1992 it has grown to employ tens of thousands of scientific, manufacturing and planning personnel in more than 3,000 factories.
	www.redorbit.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=1148 (612 words)

	Learn more about Unmanned space mission in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mars Surveyor '98 program (Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander)
		Voyager program - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune flyby
		Mars Express - launch and landing on mars in 2003
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /u/un/unmanned_space_mission.html (321 words)

	Mars General Circulation Modeling Group @ NASA Ames (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mars Odyssey was launched on April 7 from Cape Canaveral.
		Mar 28, 2000: An independent inquiry commissioned by NASA has determined that the failures in 1999 of the Mars Climate Orbiter, Polar Lander and Microprobe missions were due to inadequate software and systems testing resulting from underfunding.
		Mars Network will provide a series of communication orbiters to Mars, and Mars Micromissions is a program with the French space agency (CNES) to deliver small missions (50 kg payload) launched to Mars via piggyback on the Ariane 5 rocket.
	www-mgcm.arc.nasa.gov /MGCM.html (1604 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Unmanned space mission
		Since the early 1970s, most unmanned space missions have been based on space probes with built-in mission computers, and as such may be classified as embedded systems.
		Lunokhod program - unmanned Lunar Rover probes (1970-1973).
		Mars Exploration Rovers - A pair of wheeled robots to explore equatorial regions (2004)
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Space_probe (465 words)

	Did Europe's Mars lander fall in a crater? - Return to the Red Planet - MSNBC.com
		Malin Space Science Systems / AP This photo shows two craters on Mars, up to a half-mile wide and possibly several hundred yards deep, in the middle of the site where Europe's Beagle 2 Mars proble probe was supposed to have landed on Christmas Day.
		Mars Express will orbit for at least one Martian year — 687 Earth days — surveying the surface with a high-resolution camera and using powerful radar to look for underground water.
		Mars Express was designed to beam back data gathered by Beagle, and mission scientists said its communications were specifically set up to hear the probe’s transmissions.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/3757176 (1008 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Lost Mars Probe Found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mars Polar Lander was to have touched down near the planet's south pole, but the flight team was never able to contact the probe after its scheduled landing time.
		Another similarity is the relative brightness of the ground that was swept by the probes' rocket engines, the scientists said.
		"We can tell that Mars Polar Lander's descent proceeded more-or-less successfully through parachute jettison and terminal rocket firing," Malin said, adding that judging from the looks of the ground disturbed by the probe's descent engine, the landing appeared normal until the vehicle was close to the ground.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20050502/marslander.html (548 words)

	NASA pins hopes on Mars probe
		After back-to-back mission failures that devastated its Mars exploration program, NASA hopes to recover with a new probe designed to scan the Red Planet for signs of underground ice and elusive geyserlike springs.
		Though the probe was never heard from again, investigators later found a software error that could have caused the lander's braking rockets to shut down prematurely, causing the probe to crash.
		The Sept. 23, 1999, loss of the Climate Orbiter was blamed on navigational errors that caused the probe to dive too steeply into the Martian atmosphere and crash to the surface after its long journey from Earth.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/astronomy/news/2001/solarsys/20010402.html (829 words)

	Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mars probe program, launched by the Soviet Union
		"Mars, the Bringer of War" is a movement in Gustav Holst's The Planets suite.
		Mars is part of the name of Mars Hill, Maine.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mars.html (106 words)

	SPACE.com -- Despite Expertise, Russia Can't Afford Trip to Red Planet
		MOSCOW -- Sending humans to Mars with return tickets is technically and medically possible, but Russia cannot muster up the funds and resources necessary for such a costly program on its own, officials and experts said.
		The agency's Mars exploration program already saw one Mars-bound probe plummet back into the ocean when its launch vehicle failed in 1996.
		Such an interplanetary hike is "unreal" and, thus, Rosaviakosmos should limit its Mars exploration program to trying to send a robotic probe there in the next several years, he said.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/missions/russians_to_mars_010510-1.html (795 words)

	MarsNews.com :: NewsWire for the New Frontier
		The human mission to Mars is planned to take 2-1/2 years for the round-trip and will comprise three sets of vehicles.
		Instead, the studies argue, the layered rock outcrops probed by NASA's robot rover Opportunity and interpreted as signs of ancient water could have been left by explosive volcanic ash or a meteorite impact eons ago.
		The British scientist behind the failed Beagle 2 probe said Tuesday he believes he has located the craft’s wreckage on the surface of Mars.
	www.marsnews.com (1422 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Destination Mars \| Japanese space probe headed to Mars rendezvous
		Nozomi's troubles began in December 1998 during an Earth fly-by that was to send the craft onto a trajectory to arrive at Mars in October 1999.
		Once at Mars, Nozomi -- which means "hope" in Japanese -- will train its instruments on the Martian upper atmosphere to study its interaction with the solar wind.
		Gemini 12: The NASA Mission Reports covers the voyage of James Lovell and Buzz Aldrin that capped the Gemini program's efforts to prove the technologies and techniques that would be needed for the Apollo Moon landings.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /mars/nozomi/030604update.html (575 words)

	Doubts grow over fate of Japan's first interplanetary probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But the fate of this country's first interplanetary explorer -- a Mars probe dubbed Nozomi, which means hope -- is growing doubtful.
		Nozomi is to circle Mars at an average altitude of about 550 miles, collecting samples and measuring the composition of the atmosphere.
		Nozomi is part of an international fleet of probes now in orbit or on their way to Mars.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2003/11/17/state2344EST0236.DTL&type=printable (507 words)

	Japan Readies Mars Probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The probe is scheduled for launch early Saturday morning from the Kagoshima center in southern Japan.
		Matogawa said one objective of the Planet-B program is to examine the Martian atmosphere to see how it reacts to solar winds and to measure the rate at which life-giving oxygen escapes into space.
		Photographs from the Mars Global Surveyor last month showed a dark patch at the bottom of a crater that could be ice=97the latest evidence the frigid planet may once have been warm enough to sustain life.
	www.virtuallystrange.net /ufo/updates/1998/jul/m01-024.shtml (501 words)

	BBC News \| Sci/Tech \| Confusion leads to Mars failure
		The Mars Climate Orbiter Spacecraft was lost because one Nasa team used imperial units while another used metric units for a key spacecraft operation.
		This information was critical to the manoeuvres required to place the spacecraft in the proper Mars orbit.
		Mars Climate Orbiter was one of a series of missions in a long-term program of Mars exploration managed by JPL.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/462264.stm (316 words)

	Asia Times - India, China reach for the moon
		NEW DELHI - China and India, both in the throes of heady economic expansion and apparently buoyed by their political and military progress, in the same way that the United States and the then-Soviet Union did in the 1960s and 1970s Cold-War era, are building separate outer space projects in a race to the moon.
		Soon after, Liu Zhenxing, a space expert at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told the China Daily that though the country did not have an immediate timetable for a Mars probe program, such a project would surely benefit from the country's continuing efforts to embark on a maiden, manned lunar mission.
		This program would benefit only a handful of scientists working on it and has limited use for the scientific community at large or for adding to the stock of knowledge.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/EH14Df01.html (2021 words)

	Mars Polar Lander Official Website
		The latest Mars Global Surveyor images of the Martian South Pole are available here.
		The Deep Space 2 microprobes are the first penetrators to be sent to the subsurface of another planet.
		We wish to thank the corporations which are participating in the Mars Polar Lander mission.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /msp98 (178 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Mars 'more active than suspected'
		The team operating the Mars Orbiter Camera on MGS has found many sites on the Red Planet with fresh-looking gullies, and checked back at more than 100 gullied sites for possible changes between imaging dates, but this is the first such find.
		Michael Malin, the principal investigator on the Mars Orbiter Camera, said it was possible strong winds or even some kind of seismic activity had caused them to roll to their new positions.
		The Mars Global Surveyor has been orbiting the planet since 1997; Nasa expects it to carry on doing so for several years to come.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4266474.stm (407 words)

	SPACE.com -- Japan's Mars Probe Makes Swing by Earth
		TOKYO (AP) -- A Japanese space probe plagued by technical problems has made its final flyby of the Earth and is on its way to Mars, space program officials said Friday.
		The probe, named Nozomi, which means Hope, passed within 6,800 miles of the Earth in a manuever designed to use the planet's gravity to slingshot the probe toward Mars.
		Its mission is to orbit Mars and gather data on its atmosphere and topography for up to two years.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/nozomi_update_030620.html (417 words)

	CNN - Mission: Mars - Nov. 7, 1996
		A U.S. space probe is on its way to the red planet to try to start answering those and other questions about Mars.
		The mission is the first step in a planned decade-long exploration of Mars, and comes four months after NASA revealed what some say is "the biggest discovery in the history of science" -- a Martian meteorite with supposed evidence of ancient microscopic life.
		Mars Factsheet - from the National Space Science Data Center
	cnn.com /TECH/9608/mars.life.special (267 words)

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