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Topic: Marsh Arabs

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	BBC - h2g2 - The Marsh Arabs
		Sadly, very few Marsh Arabs currently live in Iraq: the wars with Iran and the crisis over Kuwait meant that their culture and land was invaded by hostile forces that were completely incompatible with their way of life.
		The reeds in the marshes were prolific and exceptionally large which allowed the craftsmen of the tribes to create ornate canoes and barges to travel around the marshes.
		The AMARA Foundation is a charity that has been established to help the displaced Marsh Arabs maintain their unique lifestyle while campaigning on an international level on behalf of the displaced.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A751880 (999 words)

	Ma'dan(Marsh Arabs)
		The Ma'dan, or Marsh Arabs inhabit the marshy area at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq.
		The marshes where the Ma'dan live are created by the annual flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
		Dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are reducing the flow of water to the marshes.
	www.everyculture.com /wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Ma-dan-Marsh-Arabs.html (1727 words)

	Iraq NICS/RNIS Acticles
		As the Marsh Arab population is currently one of the most vulnerable in Iraq, it can be assumed that their nutritional situation is worse than that of the rest of the country which is increasingly being described as very poor.
		The Marsh Arabs, who have depended on the marshes for their livelihood for many generations, are being forced to flee due to me drainage programme and continued government acts of aggression including shelling of civilian settlements, arbitrary detention and execution and religious persecution.
		It has recently been reported that 2,000 Marsh Arab refugees in Iran would be moved from camps close to the border to areas in the western and central provinces so as to ensure their greater safety and to allow more regular access by UNHCR [UNHCR 28/02/95].
	www.unsystem.org /scn/Publications/RNIS/countries/iraq_all.htm (5919 words)

	JURIST - Dellapenna: The Iraqi Campaign Against the Marsh Arabs - Ecocide as Genocide
		The Marsh Arabs’ economy and way of life was based on agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, and the servicing of commercial boats that traversed the Tigris River between Basra and Baghdad.
		The marshes were the scene of much of the fierce fighting in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s - easily the longest and bloodiest war in modern Middle Eastern history.
		The marshes were a crucial stopover for migratory birds flying between Africa and the north of Asia and Europe.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /forum/forumnew92.php (1812 words)

	The Iraqi Government Assault on the Marsh Arabs (A Human Rights Watch Background Paper, January 2003)
		The crimes were committed as part of a widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population of the Marsh Arabs during the decade of the 1990s.
		Persecution of the Marsh Arabs through the intentional and severe deprivation of their fundamental rights on the basis of their religious and political identity as a group.
		To further deprive the marshes of the waters of the Tigris, the Euphrates, and their tributaries, at least four other major drainage canals were completed in 1993 and 1994: the al-Qadisiyya River, the Umm al-Ma'arik (Mother of All Battles) River, the al-`Izz (Prosperity) River, and the Taj al-Ma'arik (Crown of All Battles) River.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/mena/marsharabs1.htm (8783 words)

	Plight of the Marsh Arabs
		The Marsh Arabs are descendants of the ancient Sumerians and Babylonians and are probably the oldest people in the world-- long predating the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks.
		Throughout the history of the area, the Marsh Arabs have maintained their separate identity and their ancient traditions, protected by the wildness of the marshes.
		The Marsh Arabs' distinct culture is inextricably linked to their environment; their dwellings are made from papyrus and mud and they travel by reed canoe.
	www.edenbridgetown.com /ethics/injustice/marsh_arabs.shtml (665 words)

	The Human Rights of the Sukan Al-ahwar (Marsh Arabs of Iraq)
		The Marsh Arabs were targeted specifically: all of their cities, towns, villages, farms and individual dwellings were attacked by aircraft or artillery, and burned or demolished; weapons of mass destruction were also employed.
		The Marsh Arabs have been deprived of their basic means of subsistence, and the consequences have been catastrophic — under such conditions they cannot survive.
		It has brought the Marsh Arabs to the verge of extinction: indisputably this amounts to genocidal action under the Genocide Convention.
	www.cceia.org /resources/transcripts/5135.html (3310 words)

	InterAction.org \| Media
		The flight of the Marsh Arabs from their land in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War and the draining of the marshes in which they lived was noted, but there was a lack of political will by the international community to respond.
		The Marsh Arabs were punished for their lack of support of Saddam's invasion of Kuwait and brutally so.
		Some Marsh Arabs may have been part of the people being sent north to Kurdish areas as part of Saddam Hussein's Arabization campaign, but the Brookings-SAIS report in internal displacement in Iraq does not attempt to estimate the numbers.
	www.interaction.org /newswire/detail.php?id=1742 (1149 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Marsh Arabs Revisited (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Villages dot the marshes in clusters of anything from half a dozen to 200 dwellings, and wildlife -especially birds - is plentiful.
		In The Marsh Arabs, The siger compared the mudhis to Romanesque or Gothic cathedrals, an impression, he said, "enhanced by the ribbed roof and the traceried windows at either end, through which bright shafts of light came to penetrate the gloom of the interior." I agree.
		The sky had become prematurely dark and a warm breeze was gathering momentum, dragging a veil of dust and sand with it into the thickening air; the first of the summer dust storms, it bent the palms as easily as reeds, and a weak sun cast a primeval light.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198202/the.marsh.arabs.revisited.htm (2423 words)

	Marsh Arabs Cling to Memories of a Culture Nearly Crushed by Hussein
		The marsh Arabs, who numbered about a half a million people in the 1950's, have dwindled to as few as 20,000 today, according to the United Nations.
		After the 1991 gulf war and the uprisings by the Shiites in the south of Iraq, the marshes became both a base for rebel attacks and a haven for refugees.
		The marshes in Iraq used to cover nearly 8,000 square miles between Nasiriya in the west, Kut in the north and Basra in the south.
	www.iraqfoundation.org /news/2003/dapril/28_marshes.html (1566 words)

	Iraq: Devastation of Marsh Arabs (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, January 25, 2003)
		Many of the government’s acts of repression against the Marsh Arabs, because they were part of a widespread and systematic attack, constitute a crime against humanity, and Human Rights Watch called for an international tribunal to investigate and punish those responsible.
		The marshes region, some 20,000 square kilometers located at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southeastern Iraq, is the site of some of the country’s richest oil deposits.
		Prior to its destruction the marsh terrain was relatively inaccessible to security forces and provided shelter to political opponents and army deserters.
	www.hrw.org /press/2003/01/iraq012503.htm (531 words)

	Refugees International: Articles: Forgotten People: The Marsh Arabs of Iraq
		The flight of the Marsh Arabs from their land in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War and the draining of the marshes in which they lived was noted, but there was a lack of political will by the international community to respond.
		The Marsh Arabs were punished for their lack of support of Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait and brutally so.
		Some Marsh Arabs may have been part of the people being sent north to Kurdish areas as part of Saddam Hussein’s Arabization campaign, but the Brookings-SAIS report in internal displacement in Iraq does not attempt to estimate the numbers.
	www.refugeesinternational.org /content/article/detail/879 (1159 words)

	Marsh Arabs Summary
		The Marsh Arabs are the inhabitants of the lowlands of southern Iraq, the former Mesopotamia, whose families have lived in the area for thousands of years.
		The 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq and subsequent coalition and Iraqi efforts to restore the marshes have led to signs of their gradual revivification as water is restored to the former desert, but the restoration of the ecosystem may take far longer to rebuild than it took to destroy.
		Thesiger lived with the Marsh Arabs for months at a time over a seven-year period (1951-1958), building excellent relationships with virtually all he met, and recording the details of day-to-day life in various regions of the marshes.
	www.bookrags.com /Marsh_Arabs (1089 words)

	The Marsh Arabs' Story
		The marshes are divided into the central section, or what's called the Al-Amarah marsh, and an eastern section which goes into Iran for some way, and then a western section which is along and south of the Euphrates.
		The Marsh Arabs who normally used the water buffalos, the rice and millet, fish and so on, for trading in the urban areas and for bringing into the marshes manufactured goods...they were prevented from taking any of their goods outside the marshes, and the government also prevented any trade with the Marsh Arabs.
		And the situation in the marshes, including the economic blockade, the effects of it, are included in several of the reports that he submitted in 1993-94, and I refer you for greater detail to those reports.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~mariposa/marsharabs.htm (6902 words)

	International Medical Corps \| Marsh Arabs--a healthy future in an ancient culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Surviving decades of targeted oppression and attempts by the previous regime to encroach on their way of life, the Marsh Arabs are still proud and hopeful about a future without fear where their children have an opportunity to flourish and their ancient connection to the land will bring bountiful fishing, agriculture, and self-sustenance.
		One woman expressed her concerns for the dangers the children of the marshes face, witnessing first hand the struggles of fearful mothers struggling to maintain the health of their babies in such a harsh environment.
		Marsh Arabs rely on fishing, hunting, and agriculture for their daily sustenance, as health conditions improve daily thanks to IMC water and sanitation initiatives in the marshes.
	www.imcworldwide.org /loc_iraq2_AmarahHealth.shtml (830 words)

	InterAction.org \| Media
		It is a way of life for the Marsh Arabs that goes back to the time of the ancient Sumerian civilization that dominated this land over 5000 years ago.
		The Marsh Arab people who depended on the marshes for fishing, sugar cane, papyrus reeds, and livestock were forced to flee to survive.
		Many of the dams and canals that had drained the marshes were broken and the marshes have begun to be revived, to a small extent.
	www.interaction.org /newswire/detail.php?id=2766 (1137 words)

	Marsh Arabs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Marsh Arabs (or Ma'dan) are the inhabitants of the lowlands of southern Iraq, the former Mesopotamia, whose families have lived in the area for thousands of years.
		Marsh Arabs participated in a rebellion against Saddam Hussein immediately following the Persian Gulf War.
		The marshes are showing signs of re-vivification, as water is restored to the former desert, but the restoration of the ecosystem may take longer to build again than it took to destroy it.
	www.usapedia.com /m/marsh-arabs.html (208 words)

	The Marsh Arabs of Iraq: Hussein's Lesser Known Victims: Press: U.S. Institute of Peace
		The Marsh Arab people, she said, "form a subset of humanity," as defined by the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide, so those responsible for their extreme misfortune should be prosecuted under that treaty.
		Clark said the Marsh Arabs have always engendered a certain amount of distrust and suspicion among urban and northern Iraqis; the marshlands have long been thought of as a refuge for smugglers, political dissidents and other transgressors.
		It is that the Marsh Arabs in the south, as well as the Kurds in the north, rose in revolt against Saddam Hussein at the end of the Gulf War.
	www.usip.org /newsmedia/releases/2002/nb20021125.html (1320 words)

	Iraq's Marsh Arabs, Modern Sumerians
		Marsh dwellers were providing nearly two-thirds of the fish consumed by all Iraqis during the mid-1980's, according to U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization.
		After their defeat, the regime's soldiers burned and bombed marsh villages, while its engineers completed massive dikes and canals to divert the entire flow of the Euphrates away from the marshes.
		"The implications for the return of marsh dwellers to their original area of residence are extremely negative," said Ernestina Coast, a sociologist at the London School of Economics, in a report on the Ma'adan refugees.
	www.simplysharing.com /sumerians.htm (1576 words)

	Betoog Aardrijkskunde Marsh arabs \| scholieren.com
		A beautiful nature reserve which doesn't need people to care for it, the marsh arabs are dependent on the environment.
		The marsh Arabs are one of the “less known victims” of Saddam Hussein.
		The marsh lands are very important to Iraq, because most of the oil is in the wetlands.
	www.scholieren.com /werkstukken/22460 (569 words)

	The Prince of Wales - HRH hosts a reception at Clarence House for a charity that supports Marsh Arabs
		The AMAR (Assisting Marsh Arabs and Refugees) International Charitable Foundation was set up in 1991 to provide emergency aid for refugees in southern Iran and the Iraqi marshlands in response to the acute humanitarian crisis there.
		More than 200,000 Marsh Arabs were forced to flee their homes after the former dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, set about draining the marshes in a bid to destroy their homeland.
		The marshes of the Haur al-Hammar and al-Huwaizah used to provide habitat for two thirds of the wintering wildfowl of the Middle East and are a vital staging area for birds moving between breeding grounds.
	www.princeofwales.gov.uk /newsandgallery/news/hrh_hosts_a_reception_at_clarence_house_for_a_charity_that_s_757.html (453 words)

	Mercy CorpsTopics > Water > Re-flooding of Iraq’s Wetlands Offers New Hope to the Marsh Arabs
		It is a way of life for the Marsh Arabs that goes back to the time of the ancient Sumerian civilization that dominated this land over 5000 years ago.
		The Marsh Arab people who depended on the marshes for fishing, sugar cane, papyrus reeds, and livestock were forced to flee to survive.
		Many of the dams and canals that had drained the marshes were broken and the marshes have begun to be revived, to a small extent.
	www.mercycorps.org /item_print.php?sections_url=topics&subsections_url=water&items_id=339§ions_id=4&subsections_id=111&items_types_id=7&items_types_url=stories&type_label=Stories&item_table=items_stories (1102 words)

	The last of the Marsh Arabs - theage.com.au
		Saddam's political defenders say he drained the marshes to get at the rich oil reserves, to open huge areas for agriculture, and to build roads before he could provide schools and hospitals for the near half-million people who used to live here.
		As a new 560-kilometre-long canal drains the marshes to less than a tenth of their original 20,000 square kilometres, aid agencies estimate that more than half of the Iraqi Marsh Arabs have fled to Iran and others have been dispersed within Iraq.
		The old men will not discuss the war, in which the past failure of the US to support their uprising is almost certain to ensure that they sit on their hands when American troops again march in from the south.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2003/02/26/1046064103640.html (1195 words)

	AMAR appeal - AMAR International Charitable Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Marshes of the Haur al-Hammar and al-Huwaizah used to provide habitat for two thirds of the wintering wildfowl of the Middle East.
		Abraham’s city of Ur is at the edge of the marshes and the prophet Ezra has his tomb south of al-Amara.
		However, it will be of paramount importance that the vulnerable people of the marshes play a full part in the developments of their homelands.
	www.amarappeal.com /marsh_arabs.php (657 words)

	Their Lagoons and Reedbeds Gone, Iraq's Marsh Arabs Have No Refuge
		The last time I went there, the women from one Marsh Arab village were prostituting themselves to lorry driversto make money for their impoverished families.
		For years, the Marsh Arabs were turning up in Kuwait and Iran with stories of dried up river-beds, of starvation and disease.
		The author attacked the Marsh Arabs for their poverty, backwardness and immorality, referring to them as vicious, slatternly and dirty.
	www.commondreams.org /views01/0519-02.htm (896 words)

	Waters return but the Marsh Arabs are still hungry \| Iraq \| Middle East \| International News \| News \| Telegraph
		Of the 200,000 people displaced in the central marshes only a few thousand of the poorest have returned from the slums outside Baghdad and other cities where they have lived for the past decade.
		The rising floodwater is also proving a menace for the Marsh Arabs who remained to farm.
		Political discussion can be trying on a half-empty stomach and few Marsh Arabs like to dwell on their past sufferings.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/06/26/wirq126.xml (740 words)

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