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Topic: Marsh Chapel Experiment

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	Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 6699 : Drugs and Mysticism: An Analysis of the Relationship between Psychedelic Drugs and ...
		Experiment conducted in Marsh Chapel, a basement chapel at a Theological Seminary near Harvard.
		(2) Some drug experiences were empirically studied not by collecting such experiences wherever an interesting or striking one might have been found and analyzed after the fact, but by conducting a double-blind, controlled experiment with subjects whose religious background and experience as well as personality were evaluated before their drug experience.
		The experience of the experimentals was certainly more like mystical experiences than that of the controls who had the same expectation and suggestion from the preparation and setting.
	www.erowid.org /references/refs_view.php?ID=6699&S=Pahnke_W&SField=Author (699 words)

	LSD - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His experiments lost their scientific pretense, and the pair evolved into countercultural spiritual gurus, making LSD a household brand among the hippies of the 1960s.
		LSD experiences can range from indescribably ecstatic to extraordinarily difficult; many difficult experiences (or "bad trips") result from a panicked user feeling that he or she has been permanently severed from reality and his or her ego.
		Many notable individuals have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD, both when it was legally available in the US and Europe for non-medical uses as well as for psychiatric treatment in the 1950s and 60s, and later illegally, through its continued use for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/LSD (4455 words)

	The Man Who Turned on the World-Chapter 3
		Some advocates of the psychedelic experience suggested that God may himself be at work in these biochemical compounds, and would quote the work of W. Stace, William James even Henri Bergson, in support of their growing mystical beliefs.
		Accordingly, we began to experiment closer to home, as it were, trying to find other areas in which these substances could be used, particularly those with distressed or helpless people, for whom life had become one long unrelieved struggle.
		I think for the majority the experience was intense and highly emotional, with hallucinations of colours, of positive and frightening scenes; yet it apparently stimulated them to do some thinking about their lives and what they were doing with them.
	www.psychedelic-library.org /holl3.htm (9233 words)

	Psilocybin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, in the Marsh Chapel Experiment, which was run by a graduate student at Harvard Divinity School under the supervision of Timothy Leary, graduate degree divinity student volunteers who received psilocybin, almost all reported profound religious experiences.
		(A brief video about the Marsh Chapel experiment can be viewed here.) In fact, some people who have eaten the mushrooms without knowing of their hallucinatory effects typically believe they have had an unprovoked religious experience.
		The possibility of such experiences may be mitigated by being cognizant of one's set and setting.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psilocybin (1530 words)

	Pahnke's "Good Friday Experiment" - Follow-up
		Describing the experiment, Walter Houston Clark, 1961 recipient of the American Psychological Association's William James Memorial Award for contributions to the psychology of religion, writes, "There are no experiments known to me in the history of the scientific study of religion better designed or clearer in their conclusions than this one" (Clark, 1969, p.
		On the morning of the experiment, a helper who did not participate further in the experiment and who did not know any of the subjects, flipped a coin to determine to which group, psilocybin or placebo, each member of the pair would be assigned.
		This experience of a powerful loss of the usual sense of self and identity would be highly correlated with mystical experience in the questionnaire but may not actually be related because it can occur for a variety of reasons.
	www.psychedelic-library.org /doblin.htm (10087 words)

	Entheogens and the Mystical State: Christopher Altman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Those experiences found outside of the ordinary spectrum of existence tend to be illogical and often paradoxical, leaving their meanings shrouded in a veil of mystery.
		Whether or not the mystical experience brought about by these chemicals is authentic, their cultural and sociological influences upon the history and the development of religion are of immense interest to the philosopher.
		When attempting to explain the experience to others, there are frequently logical contradictions in explanations, such as emptiness in which one simultaneously feels full and complete, or a dissolution of self in which something of the individual remains to experience the phenomenon.
	artilect.org /altman/mysticism.html (1593 words)

	LSD - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		Both the CIA and the Army experiments became highly controversial when they became public knowledge in the 1970s, as the test subjects were not normally informed of the nature of the experiments, or even that they were subjects in experiments at all.
		The experiments lost their scientific character as the pair evolved into countercultural spiritual gurus associated with the hippie movement, encouraging people to question authority and challenge the status quo, a concept summarized in Leary's catchphrase, "Turn on, tune in, drop out".
		LSD experiences can range from indescribably ecstatic to extraordinarily difficult; many difficult experiences (or "bad trips") result from a panicked user feeling they are going to die, are going to stay insane forever or that he or she has been permanently severed from reality and his or her ego.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/LSD (7111 words)

	Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, there is an enormous amount of evidence that certain drugs can facilitate the experience of states of consciousness that are then described by the experiencing subjects in words that are indistinguishable from many reports of religious experiences without drugs.
		In the Marsh Chapel Experiment, which was run under the supervision of Timothy Leary, volunteer graduate school divinity students from the Boston area, almost all reported profound religious experiences under the influence of psilocybin.
		The term "entheogen" was coined in 1979 by a group of ethnobotanists and scholars of mythology (Carl A. Ruck, Jeremy Bigwood, Danny Staples, Richard Evans Schultes, Jonathan Ott and R.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entheogenic (2472 words)

	Pahnke's "Good Friday Experiment" - Follow-up
		Describing the experiment, Walter Houston Clark, 1961 recipient of the American Psychological Association's William James Memorial Award for contributions to the psychology of religion, writes, "There are no experiments known to me in the history of the scientific study of religion better designed or clearer in their conclusions than this one" (Clark, 1969, p.
		On the morning of the experiment, a helper who did not participate further in the experiment and who did not know any of the subjects, flipped a coin to determine to which group, psilocybin or placebo, each member of the pair would be assigned.
		This experience of a powerful loss of the usual sense of self and identity would be highly correlated with mystical experience in the questionnaire but may not actually be related because it can occur for a variety of reasons.
	druglibrary.org /schaffer/lsd/doblin.htm (10087 words)

	[No title]
		High marsh plants that are flooded less frequently may experience greater stress, lower phenolic concentrations, and increased consumption by herbivores.
		Low marsh plants are frequently flooded resulting in reduced soil salinities and lower physiological stress compared to high marsh plants that are subject to infrequent tidal flooding, longer evaporative periods, increased soil salinities, and greater physiological stress.
		Low marsh snails may be able to maximize the assimilation of consumed leaf material to counteract reduced feeding rates resulting from increased phenolic deterrents in low marsh leaves.
	www.mtsu.edu /~scientia/journals/vol3/issue2/snail99.html (3058 words)

	On the Neuropsychology of Religious Experiences
		The experience is also influenced by the setting, including the physical environment, visual and auditory stimuli present, and the purpose of the occasion.
		The fact that he did not have a religious experience emphasizes the importance of the mindset that a subject enters a drug facilitated altered state of consciousness with in determining whether or not he or she has a religious experience.
		The last type of viewpoint is that a persons drug experience, as it is informed by insight from already established religious traditions, is a beneficial tool for increasing the significance of and growth potential in a religious experience.
	www.psych.uiuc.edu /~bhidalgo/litreview.htm (9620 words)

	The Good Friday Marsh Chapel Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He had come to that room in the basement of Marsh Chapel, on the campus of Boston University, to take part in what would become one of the most famous - and one of the last - large scale experiments in the effects of hallucinogenic drugs.
		His hypothesis was that a psychedelic drug could induce something similar to a mystical experience, when taken in a religious atmosphere by a group of subjects who were spiritually inclined.
		Young went back in the chapel and within minutes was plunged into what he now calls "the major vision of the drug for me." It began with more visual fireworks.
	www.bluehoney.org /GoodFri.htm (2616 words)

	Accomodating Religious Drug Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Subdivision (1) recognizes that religious experience is so broad, and at the same time individualistic, that it exceeds the limits of a legalistic definition.
		The Road Man is usually an elder with extensive experience with the effects of peyote and a deep understanding of the ritual aspects of the ceremony.
		The nine categories were: (1) The experience of undifferentiated unity, (2) Intuitively felt insights beyond the realm of the rational mind, (3) Transcendence of space and time, (4) Sense of sacredness, (5) Deeply-felt positive mood, (6) Paradoxicallity, (7) Alleged ineffability, (8) Transiency, (9) Positive changes in attitude and/or behavior.
	www.specmind.com /accomodating.htm (7268 words)

	Drugs & God: The Magic Mushroom Study - 2006 \| Yoism
		A third of the participants said the experience with psilocybin was the single most significant experience of their lives, and an additional 38% rated it among their top five such experiences -- akin to, say, the birth of a first child or the death of a parent.
		Two-thirds judged it to be among their top five life experiences, equal to the birth of a first child or death of a parent.
		That experience included such things as a sense of pure awareness and a merging with ultimate reality, a transcendence of time and space, a feeling of sacredness or awe, and deeply felt positive mood like joy, peace and love.
	www.yoism.org /?q=node/219 (3275 words)

	CSP - The Good Friday Marsh Chapel Experiment
		He had come to that room in the basement of Marsh Chapel, on the campus of Boston University, to take part in what would become one of the most famous - and one of the last - large scale experiments in the effects of hallucinogenic drugs.
		His hypothesis was that a psychedelic drug could induce something similar to a mystical experience, when taken in a religious atmosphere by a group of subjects who were spiritually inclined.
		The second experience came as he stood on a California beach, watching a storm build out at sea and feeling a deep sense of connection with the Earth.
	www.csp.org /practices/entheogens/docs/young-good_friday.html (2633 words)

	On the Neuropsychology of Religious Experiences
		The fact that he did not have a religious experience emphasizes the importance of the mindset that a subject enters a drug facilitated altered state of consciousness with in determining whether or not he or she has a religious experience.
		The last type of viewpoint is that a persons drug experience, as it is informed by insight from already established religious traditions, is a beneficial tool for increasing the significance of and growth potential in a religious experience.
		The therapist would benefit in having a clearer understanding of the neuropsychological processes involved in the religious experience in that he or she would be able to treat pathologies associated with the religious experience appropriately (i.e.
	bhidalgo.tripod.com /litreview.htm (9620 words)

	Timothy Leary, LSD, & the Sacred Sacraments \| Yoism
		Thus, despite having an experience that was "unanimously described as having had elements of a genuinely mystical nature and characteriz[ing] it as one of the highpoints of their spiritual life.
		Given the abundance of data documenting positive experiences and the relative rarity of tragic outcomes—especially when compared with drugs that are readily dispensed and, often, even forced on people—the relegation of this phenomenon to "just a drug experience" is a rather strange reaction coming from the same folks that are bringing you Prozac World.
		The legal drugs that we are told "are good for us" (for example, the so-called "antidepressants" and "antipsychotics")—despite the fact that they are terribly dangerous and destroy far more lives than LSD ever could—do help people "to adjust," i.e., to accommodate their selves to the status quo.
	www.yoism.org /?q=node/52 (3518 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Robert Grosseteste
		The most intimate of his friends was Adam Marsh, the first Franciscan to lecture at Oxford, a man of great learning and an ardent reformer.
		The Bishop of Lincoln held a high position in the State, but his relations with the civil authorities were unusually difficult, as he had to carry out the duties of his office during such a period of misgovernment as the reign of Henry III.
		Personally, he was usually on friendly terms with the king and his family; but he was often in opposition to the royal policy, both in ecclesiastical and civil matters, and threatened on one occasion to lay the king's chapel under an interdict.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07037a.htm (2807 words)

	Psilocybin - dKosopedia
		At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often catalyzing intense spiritual experiences.
		For example, in the Marsh Chapel Experiment, which was run by a graduate student at Harvard Divinity School under the supervision of Timothy Leary, almost all of the graduate degree divinity student volunteers who received psilocybin reported profound religious experiences.
		Thus, the possibility of such experiences may be mitigated by being cognizant of one's set and setting.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Psilocybin (1639 words)

	Higher being - Salon
		1962 Good Friday Experiment at Marsh Chapel on the campus of Boston University, which Smith has a chapter on in his book, Riedlinger and two other divinity school students went to the same chapel on Good Friday on acid.
		Riedlinger gave a talk on the experience at a conference organized by the Council on Spiritual Practices about "psychoactive sacraments" and he's written an essay that the council will publish later this year in book form with the other talks from the conference.
		While mainstream religious leaders rail against the scourge of drugs in their communities as all but a sign of the devil, these spiritual optimists imagine a world where drugs are accepted as a tool for ethical religious ends.
	dir.salon.com /story/health/feature/2000/08/04/spirituality/?pn=3 (1058 words)

	Union County Tourism - For Groups
		The view point off Foothill Road provides a wonderful view of the marsh and valley and is a great place for a guide to discuss the marsh's role in restoring the wetlands and its inhabitants, and the watershed.
		Ascension Chapel is the highlight of Cove, a tiny town nestled at the base of Mount Fanny.
		Arrange a visit OSU Agriculture Experiment Station, where research is helping farmers and ranchers learn new and better ways of producing food and managing their lands.
	www.visitlagrande.com /groups.html (2308 words)

	Birdwatching - by ERWIN
		The ultimate Texel experience, however, is reserved for those who visit Muy, where there is a colony of Spoonbills together with Marsh and Montagu's Harriers.
		Over the years these marshes have been converted to rough grazing and saltpans, though in the north and the south the sea maintains access and two intertidal lagoons have developed.
		The Hortobagy is an aera of steppe broken by marshes, pastures, woodlands and ponds.
	my.opera.com /Wulpen/blog/?startidx=70 (2364 words)

	The Neurochemistry of Psychdelic Experiences \| Science & Consciousness Review
		In a 1961 experiment known as the “Miracle of Marsh Chapel,” An LSD trip does not resemble endogenous psychoses Boston Divinity Students were given psilocybin or placebo in a double-blind design; most subjects in the psilocybin group (and none in the placebo group) reported profound religious experiences with lasting beneficial consequences (Doblin, 1991).
		Scientific and clinical work with psychedelics was interrupted when the drugs were outlawed in the U.S. in 1965 as a response to their growing non-medical use, but in recent years, renewed scientific interest in consciousness has led to a small revival of psychedelic drug research.
		People who claim to have had a mystical experience under the influence of a psychedelic give reports that are often similar to the accounts of non-drug using religious mystics from the major religious traditions (Pahnke & Richards, 1966).
	www.sci-con.org /2003/06/the-neurochemistry-of-psychdelic-experiences (1468 words)

	the synoptic view of Huston Smith
		Maybe they all phrased it differently; maybe their myths and legends where all different and contradictory and even self-contradictory, but they all agreed on one issue: there is more to life than we see with our eyes and hear with our ears.
		But this world view was given up in the rush of optimism that succeeded the first scientific successes of controlled experiment in the 16 and 17th century.
		In 1962, Smith participated in the Marsh Chapel psilocybin experiment led by Walter Pahnke.
	home.wxs.nl /~brouw724/HustonSmith.html (3140 words)

	blog.myspace.com/screamingrubarbs
		Some proponents also object to the term, arguing that the trend within their own subcultures and in the scientific literature towards the use of term "entheogen" as a synonym for "hallucinogen" devalues the positive uses of drugs in contexts that are secular but nevertheless, in their view, legitimate.
		The claim that such experiences are less valid than religious experience without the use of any chemical catalysts faces the problem that the descriptions of religious experiences by those using entheogens are indistinguishable from many reports of religious experiences without drugs.
		It is conceivable that the ecstatic experiences of some Christian hermits and mystics in the centuries following Jesus may have involved (perhaps unwittingly) the use of entheogens, in addition to fasting, etc, but this is, naturally, mere spectulation.
	blog.myspace.com /41617725 (7853 words)

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