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Topic: Marshal of Poland

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	1919, Jan. 17. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The TREATY OF VERSAILLES established the Polish frontier in the west, Poland receiving a corridor along the Vistula to the sea (the city of Danzig to be a free city under supervision of the League of Nations but economically connected with Poland) and large parts of West Prussia and Posen.
		A plebiscite was to determine the frontier in Upper Silesia.
		Poland was obliged to accept a minority treaty guaranteeing full rights and numerous religious, educational, linguistic, and other privileges to the minority peoples.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2114.html (337 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Marshal
		Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society.
		Marshal of Poland (Marszaand#322;ek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army.
		Marshall was married twice; to Vivian "Buster" Burey from 1929 until her death from cancer in February 1955 and to Cecilia "Cissy" Suyat from December 1955 until his death in 1993.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Marshal (5750 words)

	ooBdoo
		Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society.
		In the universe of Star Wars, the rank of Marshal is conjectured to be connected to the TIE fighter forces, being ranks held by senior TIE fighter commanders, equivalent to Imperial Navy Admirals.
		Marshal is also a military rank frequently found in the universe of Doctor Who where, more often that not, it is held by various villains who seek galactic domination through military force.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Marshal (1133 words)

	Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout
		Marshal Davout is considered to be one of the best of Napoleon's marshals, if not the best.
		Marshal Davout helped to assemble the army for the invasion of Russia, and when the invasion began took command of I Corps.
		A huge argument erupted between Marshal Murat and Davout in front of Napoleon, since Davout considered Murat to be wasting the cavalry and attempting to waste his men.
	www.napoleonic-officers.net /web/officers/D/davout.html (2295 words)

	Marshal
		marshal was the highest minister of the king.
		marshal of the land (marshalok zemskyi) was the highest official of the grand duke's court.
		marshals were lower government officials who also had some judicial responsibilities.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/M/A/Marshal.htm (130 words)

	Poland
		Josef Pilsudski became the new leader of Poland and during the Russian Civil War his army made considerable gains and the Soviet-Polish Treaty of Riga (1921) left Poland in control of substantial areas of Lithuania, Belorussia and the Ukraine.
		Poland was the obvious choice as it was in the east and included areas of land taken from Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
		Our obligations to Poland will of course be honoured; not only because our pledged word has been given, but also because it is now universally understood that something of much greater significance is at stake than the determination of one frontier or even the freedom of one people, however brave.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSpoland.htm (5802 words)

	Marshal of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army.
		In modern times the rank is the equivalent to a Field Marshal or General of the Army (OF-10) in other NATO armies.
		However, lately a rank of four-star Generał was introduced, and, on August 15, 2002, was granted to Czesław Piątas, the Chief of General Staff of the Polish Army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marshal_of_Poland (219 words)

	International Chronicle
		The Marshal told the press after the meeting that one of the subjects raised was the possibility of Ireland's assistance in the restructuring of the Polish agriculture, which was promised in November last year by Irish Vice Premier Dick Spring.
		The Sejm Marshal added that while passing its laws, the Sejm wished to take advantage of the experience of the EU countries, which is why its representatives have developed relations with members of European inter-parliamentary organisations.
		Marshal Zych voiced his appreciation of Belgium's support for the idea of enlargement of the European Union and stressed the unchangeability of Poland's foreign policy priorities.
	kronika.sejm.gov.pl /kronika/ic-119.htm (1035 words)

	Poland - Encyclopedia FunTrivia
		Poland was the only Eastern European country in which there almost no collectivization of agriculture during the Communist years.
		The cultural height of the medieval Kingdom of Poland was during the reign of this monarch.
		Poland was compensated for its territorial losses by gaining 150 miles of what had been Germany.
	www.funtrivia.com /en/History/Poland-7363.html (2668 words)

	Warsaw \| City Guide \| Warsaw \| Poland
		In the spring of 1928, the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig made a journey through Poland: "In Warsaw there was nothing to indicate that twice, three and four times victorious and vanquished armies had marched through the city.
		This is the dynamo of the country, and for today's young Poles, the past is the past, and Warsaw is where the future is being shaped.
		The Lazienki park area, with its palaces and gardens, is a favourite with Poles and foreigners alike, as is Wilanow, often called Poland's Versailles.
	www.warsaw-life.com /guide/tour.php (507 words)

	Poland — FactMonster.com
		Poland was formally reconstituted in Nov. 1918, with Marshal Josef Pilsudski as chief of state.
		All of Poland was occupied by Germany after the Nazi attack on the USSR in June 1941.
		Poland was a staunch supporter of the United States and Britain during the Iraq war and sent 200 troops to Iraq (60 were combat soldiers).
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107891.html (1384 words)

	[No title]
		He was depicted as an incompetent who had failed to prepare properly for war and who had then led Poland to military disaster.
		The Soviets, who themselves invaded Poland in September 1939, hated him for his role in their own humiliation at Polish hands in 1920.
		In Poland there has been something of a reassessment of his reputation.
	members.lycos.co.uk /wfle/index.html (341 words)

	STATISTICS OF POLAND'S GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER: ADDENDA
		POLAND DURING WORLD WAR II On September 1, 1939, German forces invaded Poland from the East, and as the Soviets had promised in a secretly signed agreement with Germany, on September 17 they invaded Poland from the West.
		As the early disorganized expulsions from Poland and other countries disgorged Germans into the American and British occupation zones of Germany, the Western Allies became increasingly concerned about the inhumane nature of the expulsions and the impact on their zones of this influx of expellees.
		Moreover, communist Poles in the Soviet Union and elsewhere in Eastern Europe were encouraged to emigrate to liberated Poland, while through a campaign of terror, PCNL communists and Soviet forces gradually purged anti-communists and Polish nationalists from positions of authority in the government, independent political parties, universities, and media.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM (6228 words)

	Józef Pi³sudski (1867-1935)
		In 1904 he left for Japan, which was at war with Russia at the time, where he conducted negotiations with the Mikada government for the creation of a Polish legion with the Japanese army to fight the Russians.
		Between 1919 and 1921 he fought a successful war against the Bolsheviks in the East, and as a result of a peace treaty in Riga, Poland was able to sustain eastern Galicia.
		Marshal Pi³sudski's death on 12 May 1935 took the entire nation by surprise.
	poland.gov.pl /Jozef,Pilsudski,(1867-1935),1972.html (1350 words)

	Architects of the Restored Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Moving to Austrian Poland (1905) he founded a paramilitary organisation, “Zwiazek Walki Czynnej” (“Union for Armed Struggle”) with the aim of creating the nucleus of a future Polish army and carrying out guerrilla action and raising funds through a series of robberies (the most successful being the mail-train raid at Bezdany, 1908).
		Despite all her problems Poland was able to rebuild her economy; by 1939 she was the 8th largest steel producer in the world and had developed her mining, textiles and chemical industries.
		Poland had been awarded limited access to the sea by the Peace of Versailles (the “Polish Corridor”) but her chief port, Gdansk (Danzig) was made a free city (put under Polish protection) and so, in 1924, a new port, Gdynia, was built which, by 1938, became the busiest port in the Baltic.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/RestoredRepublic.html (2691 words)

	Timeline Poland
		Poland was given Pomerelia and West Prussia, and the knights retained East Prussia, with a new capital at Königsberg (Kaliningrad).
		Poland was partitioned along the rivers Narev, Vistula and San.
		Poland’s partition line was moved eastwards from the Vistula line to the line of the Bug.
	timelines.ws /countries/POLAND.HTML (14107 words)

	Whims of Fate [The Voice of Russia]
		It was awarded to generals and marshals for successfully conducting combat operations involving one or more army groups and resulting in a radical change of the situation in favor of the Soviet Armed Forces.
		On March 30 Marshals Konstantin Rokossovsky and Ivan Konev were awarded the much touted distinction respectively for the liberation of Poland and the crossing of the Oder River.
		On June 4 a Victory Order was handed to Marshal Semyon Timoshenko Stalin’s pre-war Defense Minister, and to the chief of Soviet Army’s military staff, General of the Army Alexei Antonov, the only holder of the Victory Order who didn’t happen to be a Marshal of the Soviet Union.
	www.vor.ru /English/whims/whims_026.html (716 words)

	Jozef (Joseph) Pilsudski
		He was immediately accepted as head of state and commander in chief of the Polish army; as such, he supervised the disarming of the remaining occupation armies of the Central Powers, and all Polish military commanders placed themselves under his command.
		As his aim was the restoration of the territories belonging to Poland at the time of the partition in 1772, Pilsudski came into conflict with the new Czechoslovak and Lithuanian states and with the Bolshevik regime in the newly established Soviet Union.
		Thereafter, until his death, he was the virtual dictator of Poland; he was uninterruptedly the minister of war and commander in chief of the army, and twice during this time, from 1926 to 1928 and again in 1930, he was premier of Poland.
	members.aol.com /IvoryBro66/pilsudski.html (401 words)

	Right Wing Wins Polish Elections
		WARSAW, October 24—The recent parliamentary and presidential elections in Poland took place in the immediate aftermath of the obscene celebrations of the 25th anniversary of clerical-nationalist, anti-communist Solidarność, the spearhead of imperialist-backed capitalist counterrevolution in the former Soviet bloc.
		The 15 years since the triumph of counterrevolution in Poland in 1989-90 have been marked by the impoverishment of the mass of the working population and the rise of Catholic reaction.
		Poland will now be ruled by a parliamentary coalition of the Civic Platform (PO) of Donald Tusk and the Law and Justice Party (PiS) of the twin brothers Lech and Jaroslaw Kaczynski.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/wv/857/poland.html (3060 words)

	Autographs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949) Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896 - 1968).
		Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice Него of the Soviet Union, Defence Minister of USSR in 1967 - 1976, Commander-in-Chief of United Military Forces of states participant in "Warsaw Pact" in 1960 - 1967, prominent, military leader in WW2 Anatloly GRECHKO (1903-1976)..
		Marshal of the Soviet Union, Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Chech Socialist Republic Kirill MOSKALENKO (1902 - 1985).
	www.bank-notes.netfirms.com /Russia/Collectibles/Aut.htm (787 words)

	Pope John Paul II \| Jan Pawel in Krakow, Poland
		There was Napoleon's dashing marshal, Jozef Poniatowski, who drowned in the River Elbe, and World War II Commander General Sikorski, who died in a mysterious plane crash in 1943.
		And then there are the legions of artists from Chopin to Wyspianski who all fell before their time.
		He had just ascended the throne of St. Peter's, and his visit to Poland in 1979 had provided the catalyst for the heroic Solidarity protest movement.
	www.cracow-life.com /poland/pope-john-paul-krakow (640 words)

	Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate 1918 to 1939Latest Backpacking News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		By incorporating large parts of Belorussia and the Ukraine within the new borders Poland acquired territory it could not defend home to an essentially hostile population - as Polish soldiers retreating to safety in Romania in September 1939 were to discover to their cost.
		Poland failed to realise that the manner in which its foreign policy was conducted under Pilsudski and Beck was abrasive and overly agressive and lead to serious tactical errors and miscalculations.
		For example, Poland mistook the German response to the Polish inspired Wichter incident in Danzig in 1932 as a triumphant example of Poland's new found strength - it did not occur to the goverment that the Germany might simply be biding its time.
	www.travelingo.org /books/0781806739 (1025 words)

	Grand Marshal Apartment Warsaw \| Poland - Warsaw Life
		The spacious Grand Marshal Apartment makes for a perfect choice for anyone interested in exploring the stunning Lazienki District with its parkland and palaces — surely one of the city's premier attractions.
		Even Warsaw's most fervent critics can't say a bad word about this particular area of town, which was a favourite retreat of Polish kings in times past.
		Also within walking distance of the Grand Marshal is Warsaw's kinetic City Centre and not much further away you’ll find the delights of the Old Town, which are easily assessible via the metro.
	www.warsaw-life.com /sleep/hotels_details/362-Grand_Marshal_Apartment (115 words)

	Prometheism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A brief history of Poland's Promethean endeavor was set down on February 12, 1940, by Edmund Charaszkiewicz, a Polish military intelligence officer whose responsibilities from 1927 until the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939 had included the coordination of Poland's Promethean program.
		Poland's strength and importance among the constituent parts of the Russian state embolden us to set ourselves the political goal of breaking up the Russian state into its main constituents and emancipating the countries that have been forcibly incorporated into that empire.
		In the first period (1918-1921), Poland established her new eastern boundaries in wars with Soviet Russia and Ukraine; her borders with Germany, in the Poznań and Silesian uprisings, and in plebiscite operations in Warmia and Mazury; and her southern borders in a brief war with Czechoslovakia over disputed areas of Cieszyn Silesia, Spisz and Orawa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prometheism (3845 words)

	Informat.io on Marshal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The spelling of the name ("Marshall") is often confused with the spelling of the title ("Marshal").
		In feudal times, at many courts one or more of the major dignitaries were styled marshal or a compound such as court marshal or grand marshal; their functions varied, also in time, but frequently included formally announcing guests at audiences, balls, diners etcetera.
		Such prestigious office was often made hereditary in the high nobility, e.g.
	www.informat.io /?title=Marshal (972 words)

	Polish Federation - Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		ABOUT US The Association of Polish Arms Tradition, named after Józef Piłsudski - the Marshal of Poland, is an organization associating people who identify themselves with traditions of struggle in arms for freedom and independence of Poland and tend to disseminate these traditions in the consciousness of the Polish society.
		The Association was established in 1989 on the initiative of the Polish Army officers' cadre and didactic/research personnel of the Warsaw University.
		The Association is the initiator of the anniversary celebrations connected with the Soviet armed aggression onto Poland on September 17th 1939.
	republika.pl /federez/English/Members/arms.htm (657 words)

	Joseph Pilsudski Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Joseph Pilsudski was born on Dec. 5, 1867, at Zulow in the Vilna district of Russian Poland, the second son of a family of the lower gentry.
		Needing foreign aid for Poland's liberation, Pilsudski went to Japan in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, but he met resistance there from Roman Dmowski, who had convinced the Japanese that Pilsudski's projects were not feasible.
		Poland's first Parliament in 1919 confirmed Pilsudski as chief of state, with Ignace Jan Paderewski as prime minister.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/joseph-pilsudski (652 words)

	Pulaski
		Casimir (Kazimierz) Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745 in Mazowia, Poland and baptized at St. Nicholas Church in Warka.
		In 1769, he was elected Marshal of Poland's freedom forces at the age of 24 and became a national hero in 1771, when he defeated overwhelming Russian forces at Czestochowa, the site of the monastery of Our Lady of Czestochowa.
		Due to the steadily-increasing Russian pressures and the vacillations of the last king of Poland, Stanislaw August Poniatowski, the confederacy disintegrated and Pulaski, unjustly charged with the crime of regicide, was forced into exile in 1773.
	www.polamjournal.com /Library/Biographies/Pulaski/pulaski.html (896 words)

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