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	Martin Abern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Martin Abern (Abramowitz) was born on December 2, 1898 in Romania.
		Abern served on the National and Political Committees of the SWP until the split of 1940, when he joined Shachtman to form the Workers Party.
		In the WP, Abern remained in the leadership until his death in 1949.
	marxists.anu.edu.au /history/etol/entries/abern.htm (381 words)

	Glossary of People: Ab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Abern attended the Fourth Congress of the Comm.
		During his membership in the CP from 1923 to 1928, Abern supported JP Cannon in the split of the Foster-Cannon faction.
		Abern became a leading member of the Cannon faction.
	www.marxists.org.uk /glossary/people/a/b.htm (376 words)

	Martin Abern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Martin Abern, born Martin Abramowitz (December 2nd 1898 ;?
		He refused to join the US Army during World War I and as a result was expelled fromthe University of Minnesota and imprisoned.
		After his release, Abern joined the SocialistParty of America and then the Communist Party in 1923.
	www.therfcc.org /martin-abern-221362.html (146 words)

	The Militant - November 3, 2003 -- 'Militant' supporters to mark paper's 75th anniversary
		Maurice Spector was added to this board a little later, his name appearing on the masthead of the December 15, 1928, issue.
		In the American Communist Party, James P. Cannon was a member of the Political Committee and the Central Executive Committee; Martin Abern and Arne Swabeck were members of the Central Executive Committee; Max Shachtman was an alternate.
		All of them were public figures—Martin Abern and Max Shachtman as leaders of the Communist youth movement, James P. Cannon and Arne Swabeck as organizers and leaders in workers’ struggles going back before World War I. Maurice Spector was an outstanding figure in the Canadian radical movement.
	www.themilitant.com /2003/6738/673850.html (1072 words)

	jp cannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He was convinced of the arguments, and attempted to form a Left Oppositionand within the W(C)P. This resulted in his expulsion.
		He then founded the Communist League of America with Max Shachtman and Martin Abern, and started publishing The Militant.
		It declared itself to be an external faction of the W(C)P. Following the collapse of the Comintern in the face of Nazism in Germany they concluded with Trotsky that the Comintern could not be reformed and embarked on a struggle to build a new International and new parties.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /JP_Cannon.html (534 words)

	Dog Days
		Abern and Glotzer, who claimed to disagree with Shachtman on the debates in Europe, aided and abetted Shachtman in deflecting the discussion, co-signing “Prospect and Retrospect” and submitting it on the eve of the June 1932 NC plenum.
		Shachtman and Abern were at the time capitulating to the prevailing “socialism in one country” opinion in the CP milieus to which the CLA oriented.
		At the time of the Red Army dispute, Shachtman and Abern labeled Cannon an opportunist because he delivered a speech to a trade-union conference in Southern Illinois—in which the PMA was heavily involved—as a representative of a group of left-wing workers in New York instead of as a member of the CLA.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/wv/archives/oldsite/2002/DOGDAYS.HTM (6642 words)

	Martin Abern -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Martin Abern -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		After his release, Abern joined the (Click link for more info and facts about Socialist Party of America) Socialist Party of America and then the (A political party that actively advocates a communist form of government; in Communist countries it is the sole political party of the state) Communist Party in 1923.
		He joined the (Click link for more info and facts about Communist League of America) Communist League of America, and then became a founding member of the (Click link for more info and facts about Socialist Workers Party) Socialist Workers Party in 1938.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Ma/Martin_Abern.htm (139 words)

	The Militant - 10/20/97 -- Defending Soviet Workers State In Face Of WWII
		This grouping, led by James Burnham, Max Shachtman, and Martin Abern, initiated a seven-month faction fight that led to a deep-going split in the party.
		On the contrary, there is universal satisfaction that the defection of a section of the party leadership revealed itself in time, before the war, and under conditions where it could be combated openly and in free discussion and beaten down.
		The virtual unanimity with which the proletarian cadres have rallied to the defense of the party and the Fourth International, the militancy and irreconcilability with which they have met the attack of Burnham, Abern and Shachtman is living proof of the vitality and indestructibility of our movement.
	www.themilitant.com /1997/6136/6136_30.html (1012 words)

	Martin Abern - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Martin Abern - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 04:30, 12 Apr 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Martin Abern contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Martin_Abern (177 words)

	Re: Trot'ism
		Along with Max Shachtman and Martin Abern, he went on to form the Communist League of America, the first American Trotskyist group.
		Max Shachtman, Martin Abern and James Burnham led one faction based primarily in New York.
		Burnham became the paradigm of the whole opposition, despite the fact that Shachtman and Abern's family backgrounds were identical to Cannon's.
	www.mail-archive.com /pen-l@galaxy.csuchico.edu/msg21594.html (3054 words)

	MARTIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Search the MARTIN Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the MARTIN Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named MARTIN at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/M/MARTIN.htm (81 words)

	Jack MacDonald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Accusations of "Lovestoneism" are further undermined by the fact that MacDonald went on to reconcile with Spector and joined the Toronto branch of the International Left Opposition (Trotskyist) Canada in 1932.
		MacDonald and Spector sided with Martin Abern and Max Shachtman in a dispute within the Communist League of America that threatened to split the Trotskyist movement in North America in the early 1930s.
		The split emerged in the late 1930s, this time over the question of the class nature of the Soviet Union with both MacDonald and Spector siding with Shachtman in his split from the International in 1940.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/jack_macdonald (305 words)

	Martin Abern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Martin Abern, born Martin Abramowitz (December 2, 1898 ;?
		The Lubitz TrotskyanaNetprovides a bio-bibliographical sketch on Martin Abern
		This page was last modified 16:51, 11 November 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Martin_Abern (165 words)

	Communist Party USA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Back in America, Cannon and his close associates in the ILD such as Max Shachtman and Martin Abern, dubbed the "three generals without an army", began to organize support for Trotsky's theses.
		However, as this attempt to develop a Left Opposition came to light, they and their supporters were expelled.
		The CPUSA itself was largely eclipsed by the New Left in the 1960s; while it supported the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, Jr.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/CP-USA (5523 words)

	Milton Fisk: Socialism From Below in the US (2. Trotskyist Movement in the 30s)
		At the 6th Congress he read, as part of the program material, Trotsky’s criticism of the draft program of the Comintern, which was stamped “read and return.” [1] Cannon did not return the critique, but brought it home to show to Max Shachtman and Martin Abern.
		By his critique of socialism-in-one-country as it applied to Europe and China, Trotsky, who was in exile in far off Asia, made clear to Cannon how the Comintern could have fostered, rather than prevented, factionalism in the CP-USA.
		Muste, Oehler, and Martin Abern were opposed to entry.
	www.marxists.de /trotism/fisk/ch2.htm (2085 words)

	Encyclopedia: Martin Abern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Communist League of America (Left Opposition) was founded by James P. Cannon, Max Shachtman and Martin Abern in 1928 after their expulsion from the Communist Party USA for Trotskyism.
		The Workers Party was a Trotskyist group in the United States.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Martin_Abern (660 words)

	James P. Cannon and the US socialist movement
		Shachtman and Cannon in particular were able to arrive at a working relationship which was to dominate the central leadership of the party until 1939 and which contributed a good deal to the stability and growth of the party.
		Abern on the other hand soon retreated into his oppositional clique politics, forming unprincipled blocs with every major opposition group for the next eight years or so.
		This faction rallied the bulk of the petty-bourgeois elements in the party and was in fact a reaction to the panic of the petty-bourgeoisie as a whole as the war approached.
	members.optushome.com.au /spainter/Wohlforth.html (13380 words)

	Socialist Viewpoint
		At this congress he accidentally obtained a copy of Trotsky’s criticism of the draft program of the Comintern and was won to the perspectives of the Left Opposition.
		Returning to the US, in October 1928 he was expelled from the CP for “Trotskyism,”; along with Max Shachtman and Martin Abern.
		Max Shachtman, James Burnham and Martin Abern split in April 1940, taking 40 percent of the organization with them to form the Workers Party.
	www.socialistviewpoint.org /dec_04/dec_04_08c.html (805 words)

	David Jacobs: The Man Who Saved Orwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These provide glimpses into the dramatic scenes unfolding in Barcelona in the wake of the May events, with Milton describing the Soviet-organized repression of anarchists and the POUM, including their non-Spanish adherents.
		He writes to Abern on May 19, 1937: "Every foreigner not a Stalinist is suspect and scores and scores have been arrested."
		Milton, who had to elude the dragnet of the GPU (Soviet intelligence) when he left Spain, went on to serve with the American army in World War II and stayed active in the Trotskyist movement for a time.
	www-hoover.stanford.edu /publications/digest/014/jacobs.html (1292 words)

	CPA growth during the Great Depression
		Although quite a few CPA leaders eventually ended up in the Trotskyist milieu, a Trotskyist group was not organised in Australia until several years after groups were formed or splits in CPs took place in Europe or North America.
		In the USA, a Trotskyist party was formed in 1928 after CP leaders James P Cannon, Martin Abern and Max Schactman were expelled.
		Cannon was a delegate to the Sixth Congress of the Comintern in 1928, and together with a Canadian delegate, Maurice Spector, accidentally received a copy of Trotsky's criticism of the draft program.
	www.angelfire.com /pr/red/cpa/cpa_growth.htm (2633 words)

	SSMM Michael and Martin newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		THE CATHOLIC PARISH OF SS MICHAEL and MARTIN, HOUNSLOW
		In 1885 the original church of SS Michael and Martin was built as a school-chapel.
		The construction of the present church was begin in 1928 and completed on March 19th 1929.
	www.ssmm.freeserve.co.uk (190 words)

	Socialist Viewpoint
		But before he could get very far, rumors began spreading about Cannon’s new views and it wasn’t long before he was exposed as a supporter of Trotsky.
		He and two other leaders of the party he had won over after his return from Moscow—Martin Abern and Max Shachtman—were hauled before a joint meeting of the Political Committee and the Control Commission of the Party.
		After the trial, which Cannon prolonged for several weeks, the three Trotskyist leaders of the Communist Party were expelled on October 27, 1928.
	www.socialistviewpoint.org /mar_04/mar_04_24.html (1430 words)

	Socialist History Project
		They resolved to initiate a campaign in support of Trotsky’s views when the returned to North America.
		On October 27, 1928, James Cannon, Max Shachtman, and Martin Abern were expelled from the Workers Party of America (the CPUSA's name at the time) for Trotskyism.
		On November 5, Spector refused to vote for resolution supporting the U.S. expulsions, and was immediately suspended from the Canadian party.
	www.socialisthistory.ca /Docs/TrotOrigin/Spector_28.htm (2179 words)

	Trotsky, Ukrainian nationalism and Kosovo
		These questions were addressed once again when Trotsky lined up with the James P. Cannon faction in the largest and most respected Trotskyist group in the world, the American Socialist Workers Party.
		Cannon had found himself on the opposite side of the fence in a debate on the character of the Soviet Union with a faction led by Max Shachtman, Martin Abern and James Burnham.
		In reality, the issues are identical to what they were during the fight with Shachtman, Burnham and Abern.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/trotsky.htm (2606 words)

	Workers' Liberty #57 - Introduction to Hal Draper on Bruno Rizzi. September 1999.
		The dispute in the SWP in 1939-40 was not fought out on the question of the class character of the USSR.
		Max Shachtman, Martin Abern and (I assume) most of their supporters shared Trotsky's designation of the USSR as a degenerated workers' state.
		Nor did they reject his position of "defence of the USSR against imperialist attack".
	archive.workersliberty.org /wlmags/wl57/draperintro.htm (1804 words)

	Foundation of the Internet (from Internet) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Includes communications policy and practice and information on campaigns relevant to children, the arts, politics, and community health care.
		E-text of the article Foundations of a Communist Youth League by Martin Abern, the American Marxist.
		National nonprofit charitable foundation devoted to education, advocacy, and research to benefit people who have suffered psychologically and emotionally traumatic injuries.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-218351 (873 words)

	DSP -- James P. Cannon
		Cannon, Max Shachtman and Martin Abern-all leading figures in the CP-were expelled in October.
		Adapting to the pressure of capitalist public opinion, a minority led by Burnham, Shachtman and Abern sought to ditch the party's fundamental position of defence of the Soviet Union-Stalin notwithstanding-against imperialism.
		The opposition actually had three positions on the fundamental question of the USSR: Burnham repudiated defence of the Soviet Union; Shachtman abstained on the issue; and Abern was an orthodox Trotskyist on the matter.
	www.dsp.org.au /dsp/cannon.htm (8210 words)

	David Jacobs: The Man Who Saved Orwell
		Harry Milton’s letters from Spain in May 1937 to the American Trotskyist Martin Abern give a dramatic firsthand account of events in Barcelona and their political aftermath.
		Milton’s words about the arrest of foreigners in Spain proved prophetic: Milton himself was soon caught up in the Stalinist dragnet as he sought to leave Spain.
		Arrested in Port Bau, and brought back to Barcelona, he described jail conditions in a letter to Abern in grim terms: “The conditions here in jail beggar description, a long damp stone room, about 100 persons in it.
	orwell.ru /a_life/Spanish_War/jacobs/e/e_harry.htm (1212 words)

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