Marx's theory of human nature

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	EdDoc(Alienation).rtf
		Feuerbach\'92s thinking has been described as humanist in that his theory of alienation is based on a theory of human nature as species-being, as innate to the human species.} \par \pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\cf0\sl240\slmult1{\\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\nooverflow\rtlch\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\langfe255\hich\fs24\lang1033\loch\fs24\lang1033 \par \pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\cf0\sl240\slmult1{\\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\nooverflow\rtlch\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\langfe255\hich\fs24\lang1033\loch\fs24\lang1033 {\rtlch \ltrch\loch\f1\fs24\lang1033\i0\b0 Marx gave his fullest treatment of alienation in {\i The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts}, 1844.
		Marx argued that under capitalist social relations workers were prevented f rom leading \'93truly human\'94 lives and that only a socialist/communist revolution could secure a \'93truly human\'94 existence for them.
		It is in this context that Marx introduces the notion of estranged labour and alienation.} \par \pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\cf0\sl240\slmult1{\\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\nooverflow\rtlch\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\langfe255\hich\fs24\lang1033\loch\fs24\lang1033 \par \pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\cf0\sl240\slmult1{\\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\nooverflow\rtlch\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\langfe255\hich\fs24\lang1033\loch\fs24\lang1033 {\rtlch \ltrch\loch\f1\fs24\lang1033\i0\b0 In the passage on \'93Estranged Labour\'94 in the first manuscript, Marx outlines four different aspects of the alienation of workers under capitalism.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/education/EdDoc(Alienation).rtf (2097 words)

	BIBLIOGRAPHY - Darwin's Metaphore: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture
		Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind, or the Principle of the Association of Ideas, with Essays Relating to the Subject of It (1795), 2nd ed.
		The Connexion of Natural and Divine Truth: or, The Study of the Inductive Philosophy considered as Subservient to Theology.
		Bock, Kenneth E. "Theories of Progress and Evolution." In W J. Cahnman and A. Boskoff, eds., Sociology and History: Theory and Research, pp.
	human-nature.com /dm/bib.html (7660 words)

	English Books > Politics/Current Affairs > Communism & Socialism
		Marx and the Missing Link - Human Nature
		Marxs Revenge: The Resurgence Of Capitalism And The Death Of Statist Socialism
		Marx And The Postmodernism Debates: An Agenda For Critical Theory
	book.netstoreusa.com /index/bkbpr500M.shtml (1561 words)

	Society Redefined : Social Theory : Marx - Human Nature
		I have never really studied Marx so I have no idea of what his views on Human Nature are!
		You could aruge I suppose he didn;t hae a concept of human anture and saw humans as constructed through the varous epochs he describes feudal etc. However this points to the teleological spect of his work which thereofre indicates tht he reckoned that a telos could be found and thereofre the realistiaon of human nature.
		At the very least, it gives a debate to centre your essay on (scientific vs humanist marxism)- and of course you can always make yourself look clever (as I'm sure you are
	www.sociopranos.com /forums/thread-view.asp?threadid=444&posts=4 (1571 words)

	CHARLES DARWIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
		In the intervening decades, the idea of a genetically based core of human nature on which individuals and groups might differ was consistently derogated.
		Freud's Oedipal theories and Watson's behavioral molding of individuals were compatible with Marx's assumptions of the malleability of entire social groups through government intervention.
		Political correctness must be discarded if evolutionary theory is to achieve its full promise to become the unifying framework for the human sciences.
	www.charlesdarwinresearch.org (1785 words)

	DIALECTICAL MARXISM: The Writings of Bertell Ollman
		What served to explain a particular theory, though, was not enough to account for how he arrived at this theory nor to help people study other aspects of society in the manner of Marx.
		However, in what became Alienation my chief aim in reconstructing Marx's dialectic was to understand what he said about human nature and alienation.
		All of Marx's theories have been shaped by his dialectical outlook and its accompanying categories, and it is only by grasping dialectics that these theories can be properly understood, evaluated, and put to use.
	www.nyu.edu /projects/ollman/docs/dd_ch00.php (1785 words)

	The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History
		This was not a theory about "human nature" or "human psychology" [1], but about how the mode of economic production (how goods and services are produced) determines all the other political, social, cultural, and moral structures of a society (thought some Marxists are uncomfortable with this in an absolute sense).
		Marx (1818-1883) did not have a theory of morality; he had a theory of history.
		Oddly enough, it is the intellectual snobbery and elitism of many of the literati that politically correct egalitarianism appeals to; their partiality to literary Marxism is based not on its economic theory but on its hostility to business and the middle class.
	www.friesian.com /marx.htm (1883 words)

	The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History
		This was not a theory about "human nature" or "human psychology" [1], but about how the mode of economic production (how goods and services are produced) determines all the other political, social, cultural, and moral structures of a society (thought some Marxists are uncomfortable with this in an absolute sense).
		Marx (1818-1883) did not have a theory of morality; he had a theory of history.
		Marx thought that as capitalism had replaced feudalism with a new mode of production, which was more productive and efficient, the same thing would happen to produce a replacement for capitalism.
	www.friesian.com /marx.htm (1883 words)

	Handelshøjskolens Bibliotek & IT-Service - Institutional Repository
		Relational social theory can be found in the works of Hegel, Marx, Simmel, Mannheim, Mead, Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, Althusser, Foucault and Bourdieu.
		In order to develop his figurational and relational social theory Elias makes two claims: 1) the only theoretically sustainable point of departure for a social theory is to study human beings, human society (and maybe also other animals but we leave this aside for the moment!) in a relational perspective!
		The first unit of analysis is the double relational binding of human beings in social groups.
	ep.lib.cbs.dk /paper/ISBN/8791690129 (415 words)

	Karl Marx (1818-1883)
		Whatever his utopian traits, Marx thought of himself as a social scientist, and his writings illuminate important aspects in the history of human societies, from pre-Christian times to the nature of capitalist society in nineteenth-century England, where his friend and collaborator Frederick Engels managed a factory and recorded documentary evidence on working class life.
		From his student days Marx was interested in philosophy (his doctoral dissertation concerned itself with aspects of Greek philosophical systems) and, after reading extensively in anthropology and economics, he arrived at a formulation of his own "philosophical anthropology"-- the science of human beings in society.
		Evolution is a key term in Marxist theory and like Darwinism and Utopianism it partakes in the legacy of scientific and social thought of the nineteenth century.
	www.victorianweb.org /philosophy/phil2.html (614 words)

	Review: Paul Burkett's "Marx and Nature" and John Bellamy Foster "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift"
		Burkett writes, "The notion that Marx's labor theory of value might provide an important ecological perspective might seem strange, given the popular view that this theory excludes or downgrades nature's importance as a condition of and limiting factor in human production."
		By removing constraints on the natural and social character of humanity, capitalism in theory offers potentially richer and more environmentally conducive values.
		This seems puzzling since the labor theory of value most often comes into play within an entirely different context--to refute the claim that prices and profit are a function of supply and demand, or rewards for entrepreneurial initiative.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/ecology/burkett.htm (2873 words)

	busqueda.jsp?idTeoria=2
		Nevertheless, this letter is a convincing summary of Fromm’s concept of man and society and will be welcomed by all who are interested in Fromm’s understanding of human nature as well as his social theory and his reception of Marx.
		"even the main forms of 'post- structuralist' theory have, in their attacks on dominant methodological tendencies, only produced new theoretical monologyes, not displaced them with a perspective in which [a] truly dialogic principle and its necessary conditions are a prime concern" (pp.149-150, my emphasis).
		Other research questions concern the concept of "narrative coping" and the comparison of partner's narratives on problems of illness and disability, especially on scrutinizing aspects of identity and alterity (self and other) in the texts.
	www.portalpsicologia.org /busqueda.jsp?idTeoria=2 (2873 words)

	Chapter 28
		The classical liberals also came to believe that whether or not there is some objectively true form of the good life, human beings are nevertheless in a state of radical and irresolvable disagreement as to its nature.
		The form of liberalism associated with the modern captitalist welfare state is known as "modern liberalism," or "welfare-state liberalism." And the form of liberalism associated with Karl Marx and his modern-day followers is sometimes called "egalitarian liberalism." Modern liberalism is the subject of Chapters 39-40, and egalitarian liberalism is the subject of Chapters 36-38.) [v
		This means, according to the classical liberals, that each has the right to decide how his or her talents and abilities will be exercised; and each has the right to what is produced by the exercise of those talents and abilities (less the amount justly due in taxes, which we discuss in the next chapter).
	www.schoolofabraham.com /Herrickhandout.htm (8823 words)

	Jack Schwartzman / Henry George's Theory of Value
		Most critics of Marx, in attacking his theory of value, have long contended that the value of any given marketable commodity is not measured by the time it took to produce it but by the buyer's current evaluation of the commodity's worth.
		The first one, called "value in use," is that of utility, as when one speaks of the value of air or water to the human being.
		The basic term in economics (called "political economy" in Henry George's time) is "wealth," but "utter confusion" exists concerning what wealth is. Since most economists agree, however, that all wealth has value, it becomes necessary to learn the nature of value in order to know the meaning of wealth.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /schwartzman_george_on_value.html (8823 words)

	Alienation
		The Marxist theory of alienation implies and contains a theory of disalienation, part of revolutionary theory-praxis, by means of which the material and intellectual conditions are created for the gradual disappearance of all forms of alienation.
		Thus alienation and capitalism can be unmade by man, man proudly walking in upright gait, with human worth, and not forever bowing, sprawled at the feet of Mammon, kissing the filth and blood.
		Hegel explained that man is alienated because labour is alienated, and he gave two explanations for this general alienation of human labour:
	www.homestead.com /pandemonium3/files/alien.html (3618 words)

	Blank Slate
		Marx did not explicitly embrace the blank slate, but he was adamant that human nature has no enduring properties: "All history is nothing but a continuous transformation of human nature," he wrote.
		On one side is a militant denial of human nature, a conviction that the mind of a child is a blank slate that is subsequently inscribed by parents and society.
		None of this is meant to impugn the blank slate as an evil doctrine, any more than a belief in human nature is an evil doctrine.
	home.att.net /~p.entrekin/article1.htm (4155 words)

	Illuminations: Kellner
		His critique is generally moralistic and lacks the concepts of alienation and human nature with which Marx carries out his analysis of the alienation of labor in the _Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844_ (see Marx in CW4).
		Engels' humanism is also striking and indeed a sharp focus of both the early Marx and Engels is their critique of capitalist modernity for what it did to human beings, for its demoralizing, dehumanizing, and oppressive aspects.
		The mode of historical, systematic analysis of modern societies developed by Marx and Engels provides the model for classical social theory and the enduring contributions of the Marxian theory consist in its mode of historical and social analysis and its insights into the structures, conflicts, and potentials of modern societies.
	www.uta.edu /huma/illuminations/kell21.htm (4997 words)

	Marxism, by David L. Prychitko: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Marx wove economics and philosophy together to construct a grand theory of human history and social change.
		The labor theory of value is a major pillar of traditional Marxian economics, which is evident in Marx's masterpiece, Capital (1867).
		Also, thought Marx, the anarchic, unplanned nature of a complex market economy is prone to economic crises as supplies and demands become mismatched, causing huge swings in business activity and, ultimately, severe economic depressions.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/Marxism.html (1901 words)

	Marx's ``Theses on Feuerbach'' A Summary
		What Feuerbach fails to recognize, in Marx's view, is that religious sentiment and human essence or human nature are themselves social products (§7), and that society is ``essentially practical,'' which is to say, society consists primarily in the intercourse of people on a practical basis.
		In Feuerbach's conception, society can only be understood as a collection of individuals (§9), whereas, once practical activity is properly accounted for, society can be understood as ``associated humanity,'' which is more closely connected in their shared engagement in practical activity for human ends (§10).
		Marx's ``Theses on Feuerbach'' is an attack on the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach, and more generally on materialist philosophy prior to Marx.
	thm.askee.net /articles/thesesonfeuerbach (497 words)

	Marx's ``Theses on Feuerbach'' A Summary
		What Feuerbach fails to recognize, in Marx's view, is that religious sentiment and human essence or human nature are themselves social products (§7), and that society is ``essentially practical,'' which is to say, society consists primarily in the intercourse of people on a practical basis.
		In Feuerbach's conception, society can only be understood as a collection of individuals (§9), whereas, once practical activity is properly accounted for, society can be understood as ``associated humanity,'' which is more closely connected in their shared engagement in practical activity for human ends (§10).
		Feuerbach moves from religious conceptions, ``the essence'' of religion, to human essence.
	thm.askee.net /articles/thesesonfeuerbach (497 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Perfectionism
		This book gives an account of perfectionism, first in the narrower sense, analyzing its central concepts and defending a theory of human nature in which rationality plays a central role.
		Defined more narrowly, perfectionism identifies the human good by reference to human nature: if knowledge and achievement are good, it is because they realize aspects of human nature.
		It aims both to regain for perfectionism a central place in contemporary moral debate and to shed light on the writings of classical perfectionists such as Aristotle, Aquinas, Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, and T.H. Green.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0195080149 (497 words)

	Why do we say that Hegel is an idealist
		Objective idealism sees the objective world as a product or expression of some entity of an ideal nature, but not the individual's own subjective consciousness rather an entity specifically greater than the human individual, be it named God, Gaia, The Supreme Being, Progress, Nature or some other product of human imagination.
		When Marx set about building a scientific theory of socialism he looked in the direction of the relations of production, not politics, law, morality or religion.
		When Hegel turns his attention to the description of actual history and nature, his idealism proves to be a real handicap, but in the Logic, despite, or rather because of the ideal nature of the subject matter, idealism has virtually no impact on the enormous value of his insights.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/hegel/help/mean08.htm (497 words)

	The Negativity of Anarchism - David Weick
		Anarchism rather than Marxism may be capable of sustaining a conception of genuine social dialectic, for Marx's theory of superstructure and the primacy of impersonal economic forces inhibits, if it does not entirely rule out, an apprehension of continuous interplay among the many arenas of politics and liberation.
		Anarchism then is the social and political philosophy that proposes the eradicating of all divisions between (political) haves and havenots, the dissolving rather than the redistributing of power; and the abolishing of identities of ruler and subject, leader and led, learned and ignorant, superior and inferior, master and servant, human and inhuman.
		Anarchism can be understood as the generic social and political Idea that expresses negation of all power, sovereignty, domination, and hierarchical division, and a will to their dissolution; and expresses rejection of all the dichotomizing concepts that on ground of Nature, Reason, History, God or other, divide people into those dominant and those justly subordinated.
	www.quadrant4.org /anarchism.html (497 words)

	chapter2
		To some French Marxists, the idea of alienation did not yield the absolute knowledge of idealism or the probable knowledge of positivism; rather it revealed the nature of the world in such a way that -men and women could make the world and themselves more human.
		French Marxists dutifully imitated Stalin's formulation of diamat.[14] Revolutionary theory was schematized into two parts: dialectical materialism, a phrase never used by Marx, and historical materialism.
		With the appearance in French of the 1844 Manuscripts, as well as The Holy Family and the German Ideology, the nature of Marxism appeared entirely changed.
	www.humanities.uci.edu /mposter/EM/chapter2.html (7671 words)

	Roll_The_Bones: Beyond "Beyond Fate"
		The relevant evidence and arguments are contained in Alfred Schmidt's outstanding study, 'The Concept Of Nature In The Theory Of Marx'.
		Darwin did not apply human categories to nature â“ his study of nature stimulated a thoroughgoing renovation of what nature is and what it means to be human.
		Spencerâs concept of "fitness" is antithetical to that of Darwin in that he believed that individuals could pass their personality traits onto their descendants.
	cultureraven.typepad.com /roll_the_bones/2004/12/a_continuation_.html (7671 words)

	Marx Myths and Legends. Peter G. Stillman
		In the place of the myth of economic determinism, Marx’s theory presents the interpretation of a complex, dynamic totality by a careful dialectic, an interpretation that shows that active human beings can by revolution transform the world, tear down alien structures and powers, and build on the potentials of modern industry.
		During his lifetime, in Lenin’s writings, in Stalin’s diamat and the mirroring Western caricature, and in some scholarly books in the last quarter of the twentieth century, Marx and Marxism have been portrayed as presenting a theory in which economic factors determine non-economic spheres of life such as politics, religion, and ideology.
		Economic determinists can argue four possible forms of “determinism” from passages in the “Preface.” One determinism refers to the level of the individual: the human will is determined -- i.e., its contents and actions are causally formed by the circumstances in which the person lives.
	marxmyths.org /peter-stillman/article.htm (4653 words)

	Philosophy of Love [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Often statements or arguments concerning love, its nature and role in human life for example, connect to one or all the central theories of philosophy, and is often compared with, or examined in the context of, the philosophies of sex and gender.
		On this theory, love is a product of patriarchy, and acts analogously to Marx's view of religion (the opiate of the people) that love is the opiate of women.
		Agape finds echoes in the ethics of Kant and Kierkegaard, who assert the moral importance of giving impartial respect or love to another person qua human being in the abstract.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/love.htm (3225 words)

	Introductory Comments
		Critical sociology (e.g., Marx) — status quo seen as contradictory, subject to change; critique of unrealized potential of existing social arrangements; sharpens awareness of possibilities of change; illuminates the historically constructed nature of existing society.
		Theory construction flows from analysis of (1) the partly rational decision making of intentional human subjects; which, in turn, depends on (2) the culturally specific social meanings through which humans understand the world and (3) the objective structural constraints that limit or channel their action.
		Conformist sociology (e.g., Durkheim) — harmonious conception of the status quo; obscures social antagonisms.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~vburris/soc310/310intro.htm (3225 words)

	Youth for International Socialism
		To Marx, Feuerbach's historic and "epoch-making" significance lay in his having resolutely broken with Hegel's idealism and in his proclamation of materialism, which already "in the 18th century, particularly French materialism, was not only a struggle against the existing political institutions and against...
		It regarded the "human essence" in the abstract, not as the "complex of all" (concretely and historically determined) "social relations", and therefore morely "interpreted" the world, whereas it was a question of "changing" it, i.e., it did not understand the importance of "revolutionary practical activity".
		Those who asserted the primary of spirit to Nature and, therefore, in the last instance, assumed world creation in some form or other...
	www.newyouth.com /archives/theory/faq/what_is_phil_mat.asp (513 words)

	PHIL 231 Handout Mx3: The Materialist C
		central idea: Materialist Conception of History is a theory of history in which practical human activity, rather than thought plays a crucial (determining?) role.
		Materialist Conception of History = humans are subject to forces outside their understanding and control; but these forces are human productive powers.
		Humans can't be free if they are subject to forces that determine their ideas, thoughts, and their essential nature.
	www.calpoly.edu /~jlynch/MARX3.html (513 words)

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