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Topic: Marx generator

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Voltage

	Marx Generators
		A Marx Generator is a clever way of charging a number of capacitors in parallel, then discharging them in series.
		In the classic capacitor discharge impulse generator, the shape of the pulse is controlled by external impedances (usually resistors) at the "output" of the pulse generator.
		For a Marx generator which is immersed in oil, or using enclosed spark gaps, resistor or capacitor networks can be used to propagate the trigger pulse to all the gaps, rather than relying on the overvoltaging of the upper gaps to fire them..
	home.earthlink.net /~jimlux/hv/marx.htm (949 words)

	Marx generator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Marx generator is a type of electrical circuit first described by Erwin Marx in 1924 whose purpose is to generate a high voltage pulse.
		A bank of 36 Marx generators is used by Sandia National Laboratories to generate X-rays in their Z Machine.
		Marx generator diagrams; Although the left capacitor has the greatest charge rate, the generator is typically allowed to charge for a long period of time, and all capacitors eventually reach the same charge voltage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marx_generator (1033 words)

	Marx Generators
		A Marx generator is a convenient way of obtain very high voltages at very high powers.
		The basic ideal behind the Marx generator is to charge the capacitors in parallel and discharge them in series.
		The traditional dogma of Marx generators on the net was that the gaps are all over-volted by the break down of a single gap.
	www.weirdscience.us /Personal/Projects/Physics/HV/Marx/Marx.htm (707 words)

	Explosive Ferroelectric Marx Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		Generally, it is possible to generate a shock wave in the working medium, which runs collinear with or perpendicular to the direction of spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric working body.
		For the impulse voltage generator considered here, a direction of the shock wave front, which is perpendicular to the direction of spontaneous polarization of the working body, is preferable, as follows from experimental results.
		The Marx generator must preliminarily accumulate energy in the capacitors of its sections, which are then connected in series through the spark gaps.
	www.laboratory.ru /feppg5/index.htm (458 words)

	Modular High Voltage Pulse Generators by Ion Physics
		The generators are housed in a compact, moveable, aluminum tank and constructed in standardized modular stages designed to provide lifetimes in excess of 100,000 shots.
		For a four-stage Mini Marx™ with four capacitors per stage and a 50 ohm load the pulse width is approximately 100nsec.
		Typical applications of these Mini Marx™ generators are as trigger generators for high voltage pulse power systems, as laser drivers, and for many other applications requiring a compact and reliable source of high voltage pulses.
	www.ionphysics.com /generators.html (341 words)

	Short pulse microwave source with a high prf and low power drain - Patent 5216695
		Note that in the Marx generator design the capacitors are charged in parallel, and that the dissipation limitations of the avalanche transistors (e.g., an RS 3500 or the equivalent) determine the maximum prf.
		2 are generally set to be equal to a quarter of a wavelength in length at the nominal center frequency of the pulse burst as are the element lengths (or wings) 5 and 7 which form the dipole.
		The tailing edge of its waveform Y triggers one-shot 18 which generates a 100 nanosecond duration pulse Z. The pulse width is determined by a resistor 44 between pin 7 and +5 volts and a capacitor 16 across pins 6 and 7 of one-shot 18.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5216695.html (3269 words)

	Marx Generator
		The Febetron 2020 pulser uses a Marx type high voltage generator, very similar to the circuit originally developed by E. Marx in 1924.
		This in turn causes the potential across the second stage gap to be twice the charging voltage, which must exceed the breakdown strength (as low as 3 kV/mm) of the Marx gas in use (typically Nitrogen) for a full discharge pulse to be produced.
		The main advantage of the Marx circuit configuration over a more direct approach to charging is that it overcomes the need for (expensive and bulky) very high voltage capacitors (2.5+ MV), while at the same time building in the function of a pulse forming network.
	hibp.ecse.rpi.edu /~leij/febetron/marx.html (390 words)

	Physique & industrie - Solid State Pulse Power Supplies - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The principle is to generate a long pulse with a classical switch (fast thyristors) and apply it at the input of a multistage magnetic compression circuit (as shown in the next figure).
		The idea of this pulse generator is to charge a Line slowly with a high voltage DC power supply, and to discharge it quickly in the Load, by means of a very fast switch made of power MOSFETs mounted in a series/parallel assembly.
		The idea of a Marx Generator is to charge the energy storage of each stages in parallel with a relatively low voltage (1kV to 6kV), and discharge them by means of active switches in series in the load.
	www.physiqueindustrie.com /pulse_power.htm (775 words)

	A Million Volts o' fun....
		This is the first stage of a two-tower bipolar marx generator which should produce voltages in the region of one million volts in its final form.
		Despite its simple appearence, there are many practical issues which make marx generators quite difficult to construct once you want to get serious voltages out of them (although at lower voltages they can be built quite easily - see the Quick and Dirty Marx Generator page).
		Marx 3 is now complete, with a second tower for bipolar operation, giving 1 million volt discharges between the two towers (-500KV to +500KV).
	www.electricstuff.co.uk /marxthree.html (2327 words)

	APELC :: Applied Physical Electronics, L.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		APELC :: Applied Physical Electronics, L.C. Developed in 1924 by Edwin Marx, the basic circuit of a Marx Generator utilizes capacitor charging in parallel and switching in series to achieve extremely brief, extremely high voltage impulses.
		At least one switch, one set of inductors or charging resistors, and one or more capacitors are required per "stage." If we refer to the charging voltage as V and the number of stages as N, then the "erected" potential is approximately NV.
		Although the general principles governing Marx Generator operation have changed little over the ensuing decades, advances in fabrication, materials, and proprietary geometries have led to radical improvement in rise times, jitter, peak efficiencies, and physical dimensions.
	www.apelc.com /generators.html (233 words)

	Jochen's High Voltage Page : Marx generator
		The Marx generator is a voltage multiplier working on a completely different principle than all other multipliers presented in here.
		The Marx generator, however, is a clever way of doing this switching automatically, via spark gaps.
		Marx generators are mainly used to simulate the effect of lightning on technical high voltage components.
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv/hv/src/marx/index.html (558 words)

	Marx Generator
		The waveform is shaped by an RC network at the output of the generator to conform to whichever IEEE or CIGRE standards for lightning or switching surge is being reproduced at the time.
		The performance of the generator had deteriorated over a number of years due to the failure of the high-voltage switches or "polytron gaps".The traditional method of firing impulse generators is to use a system known as a "trigatron".
		Frungel's book, "High Speed Pulse Technology," 1965, is a great reference and includes Marx generator design, along with some of the older physics texts that cover using a Marx generator as a HV source for a particle accelerator.
	www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com /highvoltage/marxgenerator/marxgenerator.htm (2590 words)

	Marx Generator
		The other board was drilled with twenty 1/4" holes which accept twenty 1" X 1/4" nylon machine screws which hold the threaded boss on the other side of the capacitor stacks.
		For each stage of the generator, two stacks of three capacitors are connected together, giving a stage capacitance of ~1200 picoFarads.
		10/28/01: Here is a picture of the generator mounted in a base made from two 3/4" thick 16" X 20" HDPE boards separated by four 14" lengths of 2.5" OD polycarbonate tubing all held together with 12"-13 threaded fiberglass rod, delrin swivel feet and plastic ball knobs.
	users.tm.net /lapointe/Marx_Construction.html (685 words)

	White Sands Missile Range
		The principal components of REBA are a Marx generator, a Blumlein transmission section, and an output tube.
		Stored low-voltage energy is converted to high-voltage energy by the Marx generator and then transferred to the Blumlein transmission line which serves as a fast-discharge, pulse-forming, low-inductance energy source for the output tube.
		The Marx generator basically consists of a bank of capacitors that are charged in parallel and discharged in series by means of spark-gap switches.
	www.wsmr.army.mil /capabilities/datts/testing/lab_fac/nuclear/relelebeaacc.html (244 words)

	Jochen's High Voltage Page : Project: 300kV marx generator
		The ladder-like construction is the actual generator, the caps are mounted horizontally on the grey PVC tube.
		The whole structure is then attached to the marx generator and wired to the caps.
		This may turn out to be a major problem, as the marx generator naturally produces a huge voltage step with a risetime probably in the microsecond range, and the subsequent discharge produces a similarly steep current pulse which might be kA or more.
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv/hv/pro/marx/index.html (866 words)

	Los Alamos: Physcis Division \| Committees & Representatives
		Not shown is the high-voltage trigger generator used to initiate the Marx pulse.
		The second failure mode is a no-fire situation, where the Marx fails to breakdown on command due to either a trigger failure or Marx failure, resulting in no radiation.
		The Cygnus Marx pressures were set to favor the prefire case because there are no timely warnings for a no-fire, while the prefire has a good probability of occurrence before the critical time where the shot can be “saved.” We observed zero no-fire events on either machine.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/p/rh_in_smith.shtml (2243 words)

	USC Pulsed Power Science
		Fast rise MARX generator -- Design and operation of a compact floating housekeeping system for pseudospark switches in high-voltage multi-switch applications is presented.
		Pseudospark switch operation in Marx generator applications depends on the precise adjustability of the trigger to main discharge delay.
		The plasma was generated in a cylindrical-hollow-electrode geometry with a 3 mm diameter central through hole.
	www.usc.edu /dept/ee/Gundersen/pulsedpower.htm (846 words)

	Series 200 - Hipotronics, Inc.
		The value of circuit inductance is equal to a value of 1 mH/meter with a test object equal to the height of the generator located one half the height of the generator away.
		One charging resistor is supplied per generator stage, and it is mounted diagonally on one side of the generator stack.
		The energy of the capacitors in the impulse generator is dissipated by the charging resistors and the first stage safety discharge resistor.
	www.hipotronics.com /hvtest/generator/hvtestbody11f.htm (2017 words)

	160 kV Marx Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		This Marx Generator is capable of generating 160 kV voltage pulses.
		The top picture is the marx generator producing a 2 in.
		(Of course marx generator spark gaps all overvolt once one breaks down, but jitter in breakdown time can cause the pulse to be wider).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~reginald/marx.html (439 words)

	UM Physics Demonstration
		History and operation: The Marx generator was conceived by E. Marx in 1924.
		Note also that the ground used on the generator is strictly a 'local' ground, and that it IS NOT in any way attached to the electrical ground from the wall outlet.
		Note that connecting the Marx Generator ground to the electrical wiring ground is a potential fire hazard as well as a deadly electrical hazard.
	www.physics.lsa.umich.edu /demolab/demo.asp?id=860 (497 words)

	Impulse Generators - Hipotronics, Inc.
		In addition, paralleling the generator can be done quickly and easily without disassembling any components.
		The result is the highest efficiency/ratio of output voltage to rated voltage of any comparable generator.
		On 5kJ/stage impulse generators, an additional 200kV capacitor is installed in parallel with the first two stages of the impulse generator.
	www.hipotronics.com /hvtest/generator/hvimbody02a.htm (384 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-12022005-131917
		The particular Compact Marx Generator design benefits from the large energy density of mica capacitors, 4 mica capacitors were utilized in parallel per stage, keeping the parasitic inductance per stage low.
		The Marx is fitted into a stainless steel tube with 30 cm diameter and a total length of 0.7 m.
		Marx operation at up to 21 kV charging voltage per stage, with repetition rates of up to 10 Hz in burst mode, primarily into resistive loads is discussed.
	etd.lib.ttu.edu /theses/available/etd-12022005-131917 (281 words)

	R. E. Beverly III and Associates - MV-1 Marx Generator
		Marx generators are useful short-pulse, high-voltage sources for materials research, EMP studies, flash X-ray production, and microwave generation.
		The output coupler may be connected to a load either in air or in vacuum, to a 17-Ohm transmission line (TL-17), or to a dummy load (DL-104).
		Magnum Marx generators are available soley on a custom-order basis and sales are offered only to end users within the USA, Canada, and NATO countries.
	www.reb3.com /mv1.html (303 words)

	Marx Impulse Generators
		The output of the Marx is under 100 kilo-amps but its current rise is faster than a natural lightning bolt.
		Marx generators are basically very simple in theory, a stack of capacitors is charged in a parallel configuration to a voltage "E" and then discharged in series with a voltage of "nE" where "n" in the number of capacitors charged.
		The system is triggered manually or by a +5 volt level that generates a high voltage pulse to a third trigger electrode of the bottom spark switch.
	www.amazing1.com /marx_generators.htm (938 words)

	Eureka Aerospace \| Non-Lethal Area Denial
		The power source consists of 16-stage Marx generator having erected voltage in excess of 640 kV, generating high energy (103 J each) pulses at PRF=100 Hz, yielding 10 kW average power.
		Marx generator is being fed by 270 Vdc capacitor bank, which in turn is energized by a 12V, 2kJ/sec car alternator.
		The choice of a dielectric medium inside the switch, which will be based on the magnitude of the maximum voltage on its electrodes, the size of the gap between electrodes together with antenna impedance, will be selected to achieve the most efficient power transfer from Marx generator to the radiating antenna.
	www.eurekaaerospace.com /hpems.php (913 words)

	High Voltage Applications
		Frequently this circuit is a Marx Generator or a pulse forming network.
		A Marx Generator is a network used to charge many capacitors in parallel and discharge them in series thereby increasing the output voltage.
		Commonly, a type A pulse forming network is used in conjunction with a Marx Generator to produce the high voltages.
	www.gaep.com /product-applications-defined.html (2945 words)

	Marx Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-17)
		The Marx Generator is a nifty way to charge up capacitors in parallel, and discharging them in series.
		I could push this generator to give over 3 to 4 inch arcs, but then the resistors start arcing and the leads on the capacitors sometimes arced - so I brought the arc distance back to 2.5 inches and it performed well without problems.
		Below is a picture of the updated marx generator in operation (FYI: it fired twice while the camera's shutter was open).
	www.electronixandmore.com /project/4.html (292 words)

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