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	Literary criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.
		Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals.
		The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into a literary neoclassicism which proclaimed literature to be central to culture and entrusted the poet or author with the preservation of a long literary tradition.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Literary_criticism (756 words)

	Marxist literary criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism.
		The simplest goals of Marxist literary criticism can include an assessment of the political "tendency" of a literary work, determining whether its social content or its literary form are "progressive"; however, this is by no means the only or the necessary goal.
		From Walter Benjamin to Fredric Jameson, Marxist literary critics have also been concerned with applying lessons drawn from the realm of aesthetics to the realm of politics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marxist_literary_interpretation (182 words)

	Literary theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism.
		One of the fundamental questions of literary theory is "What is literature?", though many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that the term "literature" is undefinable or that it can potentially refer to any use of language.
		As of 2004, the controversy over the use of theory in literary studies has all but died out, and discussions on the topic within literary and cultural studies tend now to be considerably milder and less acrimonious.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Literary_theory (1656 words)

	Marxism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although there are still many Marxist revolutionary social movements and political parties around the world, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellite states, relatively few countries have governments which describe themselves as Marxist.
		From a Marxist perspective, the actually-existing basic classes in today's advanced economies are the capitalist class, the new middle classes who engage in both labour and managerial responsibilities, self-employed proprietors, the working class and a lower "lumpenised" stratum.
		It is common to speak of Marxian rather than Marxist theory when referring to political study that draws from the work of Marx for the analysis and understanding of existing (usually capitalist) economies, but rejects the more speculative predictions that Marx and many of his followers made about post-capitalist societies..
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marxism (4042 words)

	CSC Conferences & Symposia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Literary criticism could have taken the opportunity then and there to "historicize" itself, shedding its image as the marginal, effeminate, elitist cultivation of the nonexistent and assuming a more robust profile as history's instruction manual, the key to the treasure of the real.
		Interpretation seems to be associated with the bourgeois ego, with strictly individual categories of thought and action, and consequently with ideologically-generated delusions of autonomy.
		Interpretable texts are, we necessarily presume, produced by a mind (which means, of course, a body, emotions, affects, drives) that exceeds its own intentions; that is, a mind in some ways unaware of itself.
	cohesion.rice.edu /humanities/csc/conferences.cfm?doc_id=361 (6200 words)

	Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels
		Marxist criticism means to strike at the heart of the familiar habit of regarding "art" and "literature" as separate, or given, human cultural spheres or domains, since they are understood within internally self-transforming networks of social relations that certainly include the economy or politics.
		Marxist cultural theory, accordingly, is able to account for the social character of literature as well as consciousness, form, taste, literary history, and tradition.
		Literary critics and theorists of today are increasingly able to appreciate that Marx and Engels were able to handle literary topics well, not in spite of, but as a result of, their attention to these "other" concerns.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/karl_marx_and_friedrich_engels.html (3136 words)

	Literary criticism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of (Creative writing of recognized artistic value) literature.
		Modern literary criticism is often informed by (additional info and facts about literary theory) literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals.
		In the British and American literary establishment the (Literary criticism based on close analysis of the text) New Criticism was more or less dominant until the late (The decade from 1960 to 1969) 1960s.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/literary_criticism.htm (698 words)

	Marxist literary interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The principles of Marxism applied to Literature and Literary interpretation.
		A Marxist literary interpretation is largely concerned the roles that social class and economics play in a work of literature.
		Marxist Literary Thought in China: The Influence of Ch'U Ch'Iu-Pai
	www.freeglossary.com /Marxist_literary_interpretation (386 words)

	Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Following this assumption, she presumes that literary theory is capable of deciphering this reality; however, by presuming such, she places it on the same shelf as other "ideologies" which claim to explain reality and is therefore in need of sifting itself.
		Her subsequent chapters on Marxist Literary Theory, Feminist Theory and Deconstruction are equally well-balanced, well-informed and applicable to the high school English classroom.
		Literary theory should be taught in high school because it is a current and prevalent field of knowledge concerning literature and not because it is somehow true a priori.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /TESL-EJ/ej18/r4.html (989 words)

	marxist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Marxist film theory - Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of film theory.
		Marxist school of economics - The Marxist School of Economics are the economists who adhere to and have developed Karl Marx's economic theories.
		Marxist literary interpretation - The principles of Marxism applied to Literature and Literary interpretation.
	www.serebella.com /search/topic-marxist.html (277 words)

	On the Teaching of Literary Theory
		To study literary theory for the purpose of extracting from it a useful interpretive strategy, then, is to turn aside from the adventure of questioning and trace one’s steps back to an earlier stage of unquestioned norms.
		The taxonomical survey recognizes that literary theory is a substantial historical achievement that ought to be apportioned a share of every serious student’s literary education.
		Literary theory is a demand for proof and further defense.
	www-english.tamu.edu /pers/fac/myers/teaching_theory.html (4174 words)

	JAC Online: 16.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		He is a co-founder of the Marxist Literary Group and frequently lectures at its summer institutes.
		It is said that he contradicts himself with this project, for he has also argued that all systems of interpretation, relying as they must upon a code or key by which they translate experience, are themselves products of experience (the source of the key) and not transcendent as they may claim to be.
		And since the task is impossible, the human interpreter eventually runs up against the resistance of the material being interpreted—the interpreter simply can't cope with it all, and thus realizes that it is out there, independent of his or her theory and in some part inaccessible to it.
	jac.gsu.edu /jac/16.3/Commentary/1.htm (6538 words)

	A Postmodern Critique of the Modern Projects of Fredric Jameson and Patricia Bizzell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		What the postmodern left exposes in the modern left—that is, in both liberal democratic and orthodox Marxist thinking—is their universalizing foundations, the totalizing or unifying theories underlying their "emancipatory" programs, a kind of thinking as reductive and exclusive as the thinking embodied in the capitalistic or conservative politics they nominally oppose.
		In his rewriting of postmodernism into his Marxist metanarrative, Jameson identifies it as the cultural logic or result of a third stageof capitalism, a multinational consumer capitalism in which culture, completely commodified (colonized by capital), is incapable of providing the distance needed for the global political critique and action Marxism advocates.
		Literary criticism, cultural studies, poststructuralism, feminist studies, comparative studies, and media studies have by now amassed overwhelming evidence of the extent to which the myths of the ideal rational person and the "universality" of propositions have been oppressive to those who are not European, White, male, middle class, Christian, able-bodied, thin, and heterosexual.
	jac.gsu.edu /jac/13.2/Articles/3.htm (4485 words)

	Collaborative Historiography . . .(ACLS Occasional Paper No. 35)
		In examining the past of a literary culture from these multiple perspectives, this team of literary historians could well be faced with considerations of data and paradigms that have received scant attention in literary history before, whether in its national or comparative form.
		In literary culture, there can be constant themes, means of emplotment, repetition of ideas and images that, in the aggregate, make the segregation of literature into desultory fragments (and its separation from "life") not only a falsification of the past but an impoverishment of the present.
		A not uncommon reductive illusion of literary history is the long-standing belief that the "classics" of literature are the works of genius that somehow exist beyond time and rise above lived life to the point of separating authors from their community.
	www.acls.org /op35.htm (3698 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Though the projects of individual critics differ, there is general agreement that interpretation of literature involves critique of patriarchy.
		It also entails the study of a literary tradition of women writers.
		HERMENEUTICS OF TRUST: Interpretive approaches that lend credence to authorial or rhetorical intentionality, that concern themselves with laying bare the verbal sense in all of its dynamics.
	www.assumption.edu /users/ady/HHGateway/Gateway/femlitcrit.html (363 words)

	English 495: Marxist Cultural Theory
		The marxist critique of ideology has played an important role in literary studies since the decline of "new criticism" from its position as the hegemonic framework for literary criticism in the U.S. and U.K. beginning in the early 1970's.
		Calling for a radical rethinking of literary studies-- "the self-abolition of poetics and its transformation into a general rhetoric" (235) Frow redefines formalism as a sort of refined, highly specific branch of discourse theory capable of analyzing the particular complexity of literary texts.
		Such interpretations ignore or smooth over elements of the texts which challenge or contest the dominant ideas or ideology assumed to be embodied in the historical context; these are elements which call into question the work's unity, and, therefore, according to classical aesthetics, its aesthetic value.
	www.english.ilstu.edu /strickland/495/ideology.html (4663 words)

	Forgacs
		Despite their diversity, all Marxist theories of literature have a simple premise in common: that literature can only be properly understood within a larger framework of social reality.
		Marxists hold that any theory which treats literature in isolation (for instance as pure structure, or as a product of a writer's individual mental processes) and keeps it in isolation, divorcing it from society and history, will be deficient in its ability to explain what literature really is. [.
		He describes literary production in a later work as a "staging" of ideology, which suggests that ideology is produced and transformed by the writing of fiction in the same sort of way that the script of a play is transformed on stage.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/forg.htm (2968 words)

	'Marxism and the Bible' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For its part, Marxist literary criticism has remained -- rightly, in many cases -- suspicious of anything to do with religion, of which biblical criticism is inevitably understood as a subset.
		One of a collection of European Marxists noted for longevity, exiled in the US during the Nazi era and then opting to live in West Germany after the building of the Berlin Wall, Bloch is in some respects an easy person to study.
		For my larger project, Bloch hints at the possibility that Marxist literary criticism is unthinkable without the Bible, that the inter-relation is inescapable; a dialectic of Marxism and the Bible, of Marxist literary theory and biblical criticism.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/joscci/boer.html (4697 words)

	Marxist aesthetic theory - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Marxist aesthetic theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The thought relating to the arts in Marxist countries.
		Early Marxists saw art as a means of communicating socialist ideals to the masses, covering subjects relevant to their everyday lives (‘proletarian art’).
		Walter Benjamin was interested in the way that technological developments made art accessible to the masses, challenging the elitist nature of art.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Marxist%20aesthetic%20theory (214 words)

	Marxist literary interpretation Article, Marxistliteraryinterpretation Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The simplest goals of Marxist literary criticism can include an assessment of the political "tendency" of a literary work,determining whether its social content or its literary form are "progressive"; however, this is by no means the only or thenecessary goal.
		From Walter Benjamin to Fredric Jameson, Marxistliterary critics have also been concerned with applying lessons drawn from the realm of aesthetics to the realm of politics.
		marxist literary interpretatino, politics, marixst literary interpretation, work, marxist literary interprettaion, jameson, marxist literary interpreattion, realm, marxits literary interpretation, whether, marxistliterary interpretation, determining, marxist literar yinterpretation, social, marxist liteary interpretation, goals, marxist lietrary interpretation, asse...
	www.anoca.org /criticism/politics/marxist_literary_interpretation.html (220 words)

	Academic Foundation
		A usual weakness in early Marxist attempts to develop literary theory and principles of criticism was that these were put forward as abstract formulations under the pressure of immediate political needs and cultural requirements of the working class or as weapons and slogans to be used in bringing about a revolution in society.
		Their confrontation with the cultural challenges of the day reflected their deep urge to understand the existing literary trends and know how far they were shaped by the peculiar historical circumstances in which the literary works embodying those trends were being produced.
		It would be erroneous to view these critics as academic Marxists whose tools of analysis and interpretation were forged in the hallowed precincts of University departments on the basis of a facile reading of the philosophical and political discussions of Marx, Engels and Lenin.
	academicfoundation.com /n_detail/Marxism.asp (705 words)

	The Valve - A Literary Organ \| Statistically Improbable Phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		And that sort of interpretation is specifically not a candidate for being ubiquitous, for a very good reason: our capacity for interpreting history and monitoring its changes may well be itself susceptible to change and interpretation.
		Or else the interpretation of music is on the side of the composer (as well as the performer), “interpreting the world” in order to change it.
		They are both more and less than literary criticism: more in that they take all of culture as their domain, less in that by widening the scope of “criticism” so broadly they don’t really notice individual writers and works much at all.
	thevalve.org /go/valve/article/same_senseless_ramblings_slightly_big... (12534 words)

	[No title]
		Of the numberless Marxist literary critics currently plying their craft at American universities, few enjoy the following of Frederic Jameson, the unregenerate Marxist and longtime professor of comparative literature at Duke.
		Therein, Jameson took the forthrightly "extreme position" that the task of a literary critic is to impose a narrow political framework on a given work.
		One theme runs through Jameson's courses, most of them on literary history, namely that literary works, far from standalone achievements, must be regarded as vehicles of disparate postmodern theories.
	www.discoverthenetwork.org /individualProfile.asp?indid=1068 (918 words)

	The Chronicle: 7/30/2004: Keeping It Real
		Indeed, the relative indifference to American realist fiction on the part of literary scholars is all the more puzzling given the continuing (and sometimes fierce) discussions of the genre among writers and critics outside academe.
		By the 1970s, Marxist literary scholars who would not have been caught dead quoting a bourgeois liberal like Trilling began criticizing realism in terms that were remarkably similar to his.
		However ambivalent literary scholars may be about realism in general, specific realist authors have lodged themselves so deeply in the culture as to have virtually defined it.
	chronicle.com /free/v50/i47/47a01101.htm (2025 words)

	Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
		A literary movement that started in the late 1920s and 1930s and originated in reaction to traditional criticism that new critics saw as largely concerned with matters extraneous to the text, e.g., with the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relationship to literary history.
		In Marxist ideology, what we often classify as a world view (such as the Victorian age) is actually the articulations of the dominant class.
		Hermeneutics sees interpretation as a circular process whereby valid interpretation can be achieved by a sustained, mutually qualifying interplay between our progressive sense of the whole and our retrospective understanding of its component parts.
	www.kristisiegel.com /theory.htm (5967 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Barthes, Roland
		Barthes\'s later years at the EPHE are distinguished by a series of brilliant articles and books which see him moving beyond a strictly semiological and structuralist approach towards a position which was to become known as post-structuralist.
		Barthes\'s late work, indeed, is distinguished by concerns over the bodily effect of literature and other art forms, the anti-social, hedonistic pleasures offered to the reader by literary texts, music and photography, and ultimately the violence (repression of such pleasures and bodily responses) contained within language itself.
		Barthes was appointed to the Chair of Literary semiology at the Collège de France in 1976.
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=282 (1253 words)

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