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	Mary Mallon Summary
		Mallon lunged at the visitors with a long kitchen fork and fled to a nearby shed, where she was arrested and taken to hospital in an ambulance, kicking, screaming, and biting, with Baker sitting on her chest.
		Mallon's denials that she was a carrier were based in part on the diagnosis of a reputable chemist; he found she was not harboring the germs.
		Mary's eventual death (in 1938) was due to pneumonia, not typhoid.
	www.bookrags.com /Mary_Mallon (3573 words)

	Mary Mallon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mary was a cook in a house in Mamaroneck, New York, for less than two weeks in the year 1900 when the residents came down with typhoid.
		Mallon's denials that she was a carrier were based in part on the diagnosis of a reputable chemist who Mallon had test herself; he found she was not harboring the germs.
		Mary's eventual death (in 1938) was due to pneumonia, not typhoid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mary_Mallon (843 words)

	Irish American Post
		Mallon was the first person in America to be identified as a "healthy carrier" of typhoid and was dubbed "Typhoid Mary" when the press revealed that she was responsible for causing several serious outbreaks of typhoid fever.
		Mary Mallon was born in Cookstown, Co. Tyrone, in 1869 and emigrated to America in 1883 at age 14.
		Mallon first came to the attention of the health authorities when she was identified as the probable cause of an outbreak of typhoid fever in the home of a wealthy banker in Oyster Bay, New York, in 1904.
	www.gaelicweb.com /irishampost/year2005/03march/featured/featured16.html (1283 words)

	Mary Mallon
		Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish immigrant who was a carrier of typhoid fever.
		George Soper, a sanitary engineer hired by the landlord of a house where Mary had worked for typhoid fever victims, after careful investigation identified Mary as a carrier, and approached her with the news that she was spreading typhoid.
		Public health authorities then confined Mary Mallon in quarantine for life, very harsh treatment, perhaps a violation of her civil rights.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ty/Typhoid_Mary.html (314 words)

	Mary Mallon's trail of typhoid. (includes related information) - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mary Mallon, known to history as "Typhoid Mary," was born sometime around 1870.
		Mallon was brought--literally kicking and screaming--to the Riverside Hospital for Communicable Diseases on North Brother Island, where, upon examination, she was found to be, in Soper's words, "a living culture tube" of typhoid bacteria.
		Though she had no symptoms, Mary Mallon was confined to Riverside Hospital for Communicable Diseases on North Brother Island, New York City, in 1915.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-7701655.html (861 words)

	SBS Television - What's on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mary Mallon was taken by force and against her will and was held without a trial.
		Leavitt claims that there was prejudice against Mallon not only for being Irish and a woman, but also for being a domestic servant, not having a family, not being considered a "bread earner," having a temper, and not believing in her carrier status.
		Mary Mallon is attributed with infecting 47 people with typhoid fever, three of whom died.
	www.sbs.com.au /whatson/index.php3?id=979 (459 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mary Mallon
		Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States to be identified as a healthy carrier of typhoid fever.
		Mallon was born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland in 1869 and emigrated between the United States alone in 1883.
		Mallon's denials that she was a carrier were based in part on the diagnosis of a reputable chemist who had found she was not harboring the bacteria (Some believe that she was in temporary remission when the chemist tested her).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mary_Mallon (1350 words)

	Module 1 Lesson 2: Legal Aspects of Bioterrorism - The Tragic Story of Mary Mallon
		Not at all happy with her situation, Mary Mallon lies in a hospital bed after being apprehended by the authorities in 1907 for being a carrier of typhoid fever.
		Mary Mallon's ordeal took place at a time when the new science of bacteriology was shaping public health policies in America for the first time, and her case continues to hold lessons amid today's heightened concerns about communicable diseases.
		Mary Mallon seemed a healthy woman when a health inspector knocked on her door in 1907, yet she was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks.
	www.themgcarshop.com /Bioterrorism/module1/LA2.htm (2656 words)

	Lower East Side Tenement Museum
		Nicknamed "Typhoid Mary" by public health officials and picked up by the media, this 40-year old, feisty woman was forcibly removed to North Brother Island for testing and seclusion.
		As the quarantine of "Typhoid Mary" became big news, letters from sympathizers poured in, and she was able to gain the support of a defense lawyer.
		Mallon remained in detention on North Brother Island for the rest of her life.
	www.tenement.org /encyclopedia/diseases_typhoid.htm (388 words)

	A Menace to the Community
		Mary Mallon had been determined to obtain her freedom from the early moments of her detention.
		With the health department defining Mallon as sick because she harbored pathogenic bacteria, O'Neill was left to insist that Mallon was not sick because she had no physical symptoms and therefore could not be a health menace to the community.
		Mallon claimed to have been connected to many such uninfected homes, one of them a friend's home in which she lived repeatedly when she was not employed.
	www.learner.org /channel/workshops/primarysources/disease/docs/leavitt.html (4625 words)

	Typhoid Mary (1919)
		Mary's position was like that of the lawyer who, on being told by the judge that the facts were all against his client, said that he proposed to deny the facts.
		On the one hand Mary was pictured as frying deadly typhoid bacilli the size of sausages ill preparation for the family meal, and on the other she was shown sitting lone and dejected on her island with a mongrel dog as her solitary companion.
		Mary Mallon came to light for the second time under circumstances which were the most dramatic of her entire career.
	www.assumption.edu /users/McClymer/his394/TyphoidMary (6042 words)

	LeavittPartII
		Mary Mallon has the distinction of being the first typhoid fever carrier to be identified and charted in North America.
		Mallon herself, even while denying the validity of the laboratory test to confirm the presence of a disease that she insisted she had never experienced, used the Ferguson Laboratories' negative findings to bolster her case in court.
		Although the physicians urging surgery on Mallon did not inform her of its poor record, in 1921 the department of health had followed five carriers who had agreed to the removal of their gallbladders, "all of them without success." 31 It seems that Mallon's skepticism was warranted.
	www.history.vt.edu /Jones/priv_hist3724/TyphoidMary/Leavitt2.html (2327 words)

	Typhoid Mary Information on Healthline
		Mary Mallon (1870?–1938), known as Typhoid Mary, was an itinerant domestic servant and cook,
		Mallon was incarcerated again in quarantine, where she remained until her death in 1938.
		Mallon's experience is a paradigm for some of the failings of public health, which can exert authority over people's lives in order to control some diseases but cannot necessarily correct the underlying social and economic conditions that are ultimately responsible for these diseases.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/typhoid-mary (356 words)

	Egan - pafg41 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Mary Egan [Parents] was born on 20 Jan 1892 in ________, Australia.
		Maxine Maris was born in 0019 in Unknown.
		Mary Alice Johnson [Parents] was born on 12 Nov 1911 in Bourke, New South Wales, Australia.
	www.clanegan.org /Lineage/pafg41.htm (282 words)

	Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mallon was arrested twice, and isolated on North Brother Island for twenty-six years of her life.
		Unlike Mallon, however, these individuals were not stigmatized in terms of their "ethnicity, sex, or personal appearance, [and] the news media remained nonjudgemental and unemotional about [their] culpability..." (153).
		She finds similarities between Mallon’s story and present-day reactions to HIV infection, pointing out how "the infection’s initial association with gay men and Haitian refugees allowed the marginalization of homosexuality and race to shape an emerging disease-associated stigma and exacerbate what seemed to many an unfair distribution of blame" (247).
	www.aidslaw.ca /Maincontent/otherdocs/Newsletter/Winter9798/45STONEE.html (490 words)

	Lecture on 'Typhoid Mary' shows the harm in labeling
		Until the end of her life, Mallon strongly denied ever having contracting typhoid fever, a systemic bacterial disease characterized by fever, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms and spread through the urine and feces of its carriers--mostly by unwashed hands.
		But Mallon, who had been identified by public health officials as one of the first "healthy" carriers of typhoid fever, probably had had little more than brief flulike symptoms when she contracted the disease.
		The less-than-objective characterizations by George Soper, the New York public health official who first approached Mallon and was rebuffed by his angry subject as she wielded a carving fork, led to a public perception of Mallon that was inaccurate, Leavitt said.
	www.emory.edu /EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1999/February/erfebruary.15/2_15_99typhoidmary.html (607 words)

	Brigham Young University - Idaho Scroll - MOTHERS' WEEKEND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Upon telling Mallon that he suspected she was a carrier of the dreaded typhoid and requesting stool, urine and blood samples, the outraged woman ran after him with a carving knife.
		Mary Mallon was born Sept. 23, 1869, in Cookstown, Ireland.
		Mallon was immediately returned to North Brother Island for the last 23 years of her life, where she began to help in the hospital.
	www.byui.edu /Scroll/031902/mothers/special18.html (343 words)

	Mary Mallon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The list of facts below is based on the incidient of Mary Mallon being incarcerated for twenty three years because it was thought that she was a carrier of the typhoid bacteria and responsible for spreading the disease.
		Mary was sent back to the isolation cottage, where she stayed until her death in 1938.
		Mary continually insisted she never had typhoid fever and was not responsible for the outbreaks.
	www.beloit.edu /~biology/HHMIsumwork98/groupprojects/food/Mary_Mallon.html (330 words)

	NOVA \| The Most Dangerous Woman in America \| Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? \| PBS
		To be sure, Mary Mallon was not entirely blameless when she knowingly returned to cooking in 1915, but the blame must be more broadly shared.
		Mallon was not a free agent in 1914, when she returned to cooking.
		Mary Mallon (wearing glasses) photographed with bacteriologist Emma Sherman on North Brother Island in 1931 or 1932, over 15 years after she had been quarantined there permanently.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/typhoid/mary.html (1208 words)

	Dinner With Typhoid Mary
		In the summer of 1906, Mallon, who was born in 1869 in County Tyrone and emigrated to the United States in 1883, was working as a cook for a wealthy New York banker, Charles Henry Warren, and his family.
		This cook was Mary Mallon, and Soper became convinced she was a healthy carrier of the disease.
		Described as intelligent but capable of ``almost pathological anger'' by the head of Riverside Hospital, Mallon despised the moniker and protested all her life that she was healthy and could not be a disease carrier: She apparently could not accept that unseen and unfelt ``bugs'' could infect others.
	www.mcrit.com /comsoc/Typhoid_Mary/DinnerWithTyphoidMary.htm (1142 words)

	The Role of Public Health and Healthcare Organizations in Emergency Preparedness
		Since Mary was the first "healthy carrier" of typhoid fever in the United States, she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease - so she tried to fight back.
		Mary was on the lookout and peered out, a long kitchen fork in her hand like a rapier.
		The judge ruled in favor of the health officials and Mallon, now popularly known as "Typhoid Mary," "is remanded to the custody of the Board of Health of the City of New York."10 Mallon went back to the isolated cottage on North Brother Island with little hope of being released.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/ccochran/HCA202_2005/Lectures/History_slides_files/slide0007.htm (2407 words)

	News Item - Date Last Updated: 10/19/2006
		Born in 1869 in Ireland, Mary Mallon immigrated as a teen to New York City, where she worked her way to the top of the domestic service ladder to become a cook for elite families, often living with her employers.
		Mallon’s story “strongly depicts major ethical dilemmas surrounding protecting individual liberty and the public’s health that are still relevant today,” says Leavitt, the Ruth Bleier WARF Professor of Medical History at University of Wisconsin Medical School.
		Records indicate that when Soper approached Mallon for the ﬁrst time at the Park Avenue home where she was then working, he “supposed she would be glad to know the truth” that she was passing typhoid to others through her cooking, and he anticipated that she would cooperate by providing stool, urine and blood specimens.
	www.med.wisc.edu /news/item.php?id=1058 (2610 words)

	Great Moments in Science - Typhoid Mary, Mary Quite Contrary
		This could be why, in the early 1900s, Mary Mallon refused to believe that she was a carrier.
		Mary Mallon was found working in the kitchen as a cook, under the name of Mary Brown.
		And even though she was written up as a culinary Grim Reaper, and given the catchy nickname of "Typhoid Mary", she was responsible for fewer than 50 cases of typhoid, and of those, only 3 died.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/moments/s1205437.htm (888 words)

	FDA Consumer: Mary Mallon's trail of typhoid - includes related information
		Mary Mallon, known to history as "Typhoid Mary," was born sometime around 1870.
		Mallon was brought--literally kicking and screaming--to the Riverside Hospital for Communicable Diseases on North Brother Island, where, upon examination, she was found to be, in Soper's words, "a living culture tube" of typhoid bacteria.
		Though she had no symptoms, Mary Mallon was confined to Riverside Hospital for Communicable Diseases on North Brother Island, New York City, in 1915.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1370/is_n5_v23/ai_7701655 (914 words)

	Mary Mallon - TheBestLinks.com - The Bronx, Bacteria, Long Island, November 11, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mary Mallon, (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938) also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish immigrant who was a carrier of typhoid fever.
		Public health authorities then confined Mary Mallon in quarantine for life; this was a harsh solution, and perhaps a violation of her civil rights.
		Mary Mallon was quarantined for life on North Brother Island.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Mary_Mallon.html (618 words)

	The Big Apple: Typhoid Mary
		She is the author of Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health (Beacon Press, 1996), on which the NOVA program “The Most Dangerous Woman in America” was based and from which this article was adapted with kind permission of the author and publisher.
		Mary Mallon, the first carrier of typhoid bacilli identified in America and consequently known as Typhoid Mary, died yesterday in Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island.
		With the exception of a five-year period from 1910 to 1915, this isolated spot in the East River had been her home since 1907 when she was committed after it had been discovered that she was a veritable peripatetic breeding ground for the bacilli.
	www.barrypopik.com /article/809/typhoid-mary (449 words)

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