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Topic: Masalit

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	The Masalit of Chad and Sudan -- A Cultural Profile
		The Masalit are often very poor, living in mud huts and surviving by subsistence farming.
		The Masalit, however, as well as their other African neighbour tribes, retain many of their traditional practices, in spite of concerted efforts by the Arab-dominated Sudan government to Arabize the peoples.
		The Masalit are nominally Muslim but as well as their Friday prayers in the village mosque, they continue to direct prayers to their traditional gods of land and sky.
	strategyleader.org /profiles/masalit.html (1826 words)

	Masalit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Masalit (masara in Masalit; Arabicماساليت) are a people of Darfur in western Sudan and Wadai in eastern Chad.
		They speak Masalit, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Maba group.
		Between 1884 and 1921 they established a state called Dar Masalit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Masalit (92 words)

	Masalit
		The Masalit are a 250,000 strong non-Arab people group living in the most remote and unknown areas of the North African countries of Sudan and Chad.
		The Masalit developed a reputation for being fiercely independent—they had their own language and customs, produced everything they needed to survive and were capable of defending their own borders.
		The groom must pay a bridewealth consisting of cows and goats and a variable amount of cash, and must live with his bride on her mother’s compound for at least the first year of marriage, working in his mother-in-law’s fields.
	www.sudan101.com /masalit.htm (559 words)

	Sudan: Darfur Destroyed: SUMMARY
		The Masalit, Fur, and other sedentary African farmers in Darfur have a history of clashes over land with pastoralists from Arab tribes, primarily the camel- and cattle-herding Beni Hussein from the Kabkabiya area of North Darfur and the Beni Halba of South Darfur.
		During the 1998 clashes, more than sixty Masalit villages were burned, one Arab village was burned, approximately sixty-nine Masalit and eleven Arabs were killed, and more than 5,000 Masalit were displaced, most fleeing either into Geneina town or to Chad.
		Many Masalit intellectuals and notables were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured in the towns as government-supported Arab militias began to attack Masalit villages; a number of Arab chiefs and civilians were also killed in these clashes.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2004/sudan0504/4.htm (966 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Darfur Black Muslims in Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Conflicts between the Arabs and the tribes of the Masalit and Zaghawa began to break out in Darfur in the mid 1990s (the first between the Arabs and Zaghawa in 1994, and the Masalit in 1996).
		It is important to note that the attacks have targeted civilian communities that share the same ethnicity as t rebel groups, but not necessarily involved in rebellion.
		The attacks by the Janjaweed have consisted of mass killings, looting, burning villages, and the raping of women of Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit tribes.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=62504 (1418 words)

	MEI: Sudan's new killing fields
		Until 15 February the village was home to hundreds of Masalit, non-Arab Muslims who are the majority of the population in this part of Darfur.
		In recent decades, however, a combination of extended periods of drought, the dismantling of traditional administrative structures and a policy of Arabization by central government have conspired to turn economic tensions into ethnic war.
		In the Masalit area of Darfur, at least, the rebels of the SLA are an unusual mix of men, certainly when compared with most African rebel movements.
	meionline.com /features/231.shtml (1433 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MSA
		Northern Sudan, Dar Fur Province, Dar Masalit and Nyala District, scattered colonies in Dar Fongoro and to the south and east, and Gedaref region; Geneina, Mistere, and Habila Kajangise.
		The dialect in Dar Masalit in Dar Fur differs from that spoken in Nyala District.
		The majority use Arabic as second language; however, people in the central area and women know only limited Arabic.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=MSA (130 words)

	The Masalit of North Central Africa
		The Masalit (and a group of the same people known as the Massalat) are a non-Arab ethnic group with a population of about 250,000.
		The Masalit of Sudan are concentrated in the Dar Masalit ("home of Masalit") district of the northern Darfur Province.
		In addition to farming, the Masalit raise cattle, sheep, and goats, which are helpful in fertilizing their fields, as well as providing milk for the villagers.
	www.prayway.com /unreached/clusters/8074.html (980 words)

	TechMission: Sudanese Online Community - Sudan - Lost Boys - Movie - Refugees - News - Music - Diaspora - Southern ...
		The main ethnic groups are the Fur (after whom the region is named), speaking a Nilo-Saharan language, and the Arab Baggara.
		Masalit, west of Wadi Azum and around Geneina; also spoken across the border, and in a small isolated area south of Nyala (belonging to the Maban language group of Nilo-Saharan);
		By the summer of 2004, 50,000 to 80,000 people had been killed and at least a million had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis in the region.
	www.techmission.org /sudan/dafur.php (2426 words)

	Sudan: Darfur Destroyed: SUMMARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The majority of the victims in the Masalit attacks documented by Human Rights Watch have been men. This would seem to be because villages in the path of mobilized government and Janjaweed forces have been alerted by friends, relatives, and tribal kinfolk, who have sent runners to give warning.
		Occupation and Resettlement of Masalit Villages by Janjaweed
		Janjaweed manning checkpoints detain, rape and kill Masalit and Fur civilians and tax vehicles moving along roads, discouraging many from attempting to travel between towns – or from towns to the bush. They impose “taxation” on cars moving between towns, and threaten death or imprisonment if payment is not met.
	hrw.org /reports/2004/sudan0504/5.htm (6648 words)

	SUDAN: IRIN News Briefs [19990607]
		The tribal leaders of African Masalit farmers and nomadic Arab cattle traders in Western Darfur State on Saturday signed "a comprehensive agreement" to settle a feud over water, grazing and land rights which claimed almost 300 lives earlier this year, according to media reports.
		The state of West Darfur is to pay almost US $60,000 to the Masalit and US $2,400 to the Arab tribes in diyah (blood money) and compensation for their respective deaths and damages in January and February.
		Masalit insistence on adequate compensation, and Arab refusal to accept collective responsibility, had earlier threatened to undermine the peace conference, the BBC reported.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/irin6799.html (1485 words)

	Analysis: Sudan, Sudan: Crying out for safety
		However, in recent decades, increasing desertification, the migration of Arabs to Darfur from eastern Chad, the increased arms flow to the region, an Arab supremacist ideology, and disruptive central government policies have imperilled the region's stability.
		The SLA said it was protesting at government failures to protect villagers from the Janjawid and at the underdevelopment and marginalization of the region.
		The vast majority of the original residents of large areas of West Darfur, the Masalit, were targeted by the Janjawid attacks at the beginning of the conflict in 2003 and 2004.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/AMMF-6UAH5Z?OpenDocument (6336 words)

	Press Releases: Sudan, Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic cleansing by government and militia forces in Western Sudan
		The government of Sudan is responsible for "ethnic cleansing" and crimes against humanity in Darfur, one of the world's poorest and most inaccessible regions, on Sudan's western border with Chad.
		The government and its Janjaweed allies have killed thousands of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa-- often in cold blood, raped women, and destroyed villages, food stocks and other supplies essential to the civilian population.
		They also sought government action to end the abuses of their rivals, Arab pastoralists who were driven onto African farmlands by drought and desertification -- and who had a nomadic tradition of armed militias.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/9e303aa8113383c649256e8d000797dc (1401 words)

	Sudan at the Crossroads: Transforming Generations of
		Darfur is also home to various indigenous ethnic groups, some with kins in Chad and beyond such as the Daju, Tunjur, Masalit, Zaghawa, Bornu, Tama, Salamat, etc. Other groups have kins in central Sudan, as with the Arab groups of Darfur.
		Their presence was not limited to one area, but they settled in lands of various ethnic groups, e.g.: Fur, Arabs, Masalit, Birged, and in many urban centers of Darfur and beyond.
		The government was also deliberately silent and biased in the war between the Masalit and the Arabs, who mostly came from Chad.
	www.darfurinfo.org /abechnava.html (3643 words)

	Amnesty International USA: Make a Donation and Join Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Fur and the Masalit ethnic groups, who dominate the African population in Darfur, have a long history of clashes over land with Arab camel- and cattle-herding tribes.
		A 1994 administrative reorganization by the government of President Omar El Bashir equipped members of the Arab tribes with new power, and was perceived by the African Masalit, Fur and Zaghawa as an attempt to debilitate their traditional leadership role and authority in the region.
		The decision lead to the resurgence of fighting, culminating in the 1996-1998 Masalit-Arab conflict, where the torching of Masalit villages instigated the flow of 100, 000 refugees into Chad.
	www.amnestyusa.org /countries/sudan/backgrounder.html (1020 words)

	iViews.com - Sudan: Darfur Destroyed
		Government forces oversaw and directly participated in massacres, summary executions of civilians-including women and children-burnings of towns and villages, and the forcible depopulation of wide swathes of land long inhabited by the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa.
		The government and its Janjaweed allies have killed thousands of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa-often in cold blood-raped women, and destroyed villages, food stocks and other supplies essential to the civilian population.
		They also sought government action to end the abuses of their rivals, Arab pastoralists who were driven onto African farmlands by drought and desertification-and who had a nomadic tradition of armed militias.
	www.iviews.com /Articles/articles.asp?ref=HR0407-2397 (1004 words)

	masalit
		Los Masalit son principalmente agricultores que cultivan sobre todo mijo, sorgo, cacahuetes, sésamo, okra y viversas clases de frutales.
		Los Masalit obtienen ingresos adicionales vendiendo animales y curtiendo pieles, cosiendo, transportando género y fabricando cerveza de mijo.
		Los matrimonios Masalit generalmente tienen lugar entre las parejas jóvenes cuidando ya han cumplido los 20 años.
	www.ikuska.com /Africa/Etnologia/Pueblos/masalit/index.htm (574 words)

	tinuviel8994: What I've been working on for the past bunch of while...
		The rebel organizations, the SLA (Sudanese Liberation Army) and the JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) are mainly composed of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa tribesmen.
		The SLA is a secularist organization, allegedly backed by Eritrea; its stated goal is the creation of a “united, democratic Sudan.” The JEM, on the other hand, is an Islamist organization; it has been linked to both Chadian backers and an ousted faction of the Government of Sudan led by Hassan al-Turabi.
		The period of 1996 through 1998 saw the development of a Masalit guerrilla movement, which was then ruthlessly suppressed by the Khartoum government.
	tinuviel8994.livejournal.com /275608.html (2091 words)

	NETWAS - Darfur Conflict and Water Management Issues
		It is a remote and marginalized area inhabited by various tribes—the Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit being the larger ones.
		Both the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) platforms reflect the grievances of the populations they were drawn from and the need for political representation, development and security.
		Most of the SLA fighters are drawn from Fur and Masalit, while JEM is dominated by the Zaghawa tribe.
	netwas.org /newsletter/articles/2005/09/2 (613 words)

	Sudan
		In Masalit areas, villagers have sometimes been "deceived" by the Janjawid, who had told village leaders that there was no risk, and then attacked them.
		N., a 30-year-old woman from the village of Disa in the Masalit area of western Darfur, told Amnesty International delegates how she was abducted and subjected to gang rape after an attack by government forces and the Janjawid on her village.
		M., a Masalit chief of the village of Disa, reported that during attacks in June 2003 by the Janjawid and in July and August by the military, 63 persons were killed, including his daughter.
	www.genocidewatch.org /SudanDarfurRapeAsAWeaponofWarAmnestyInternationalSeptember2004.htm (14067 words)

	Guardian \| Campaigners warn of Sudan disaster
		The report, entitled Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan, accuses the authorities of "massacres, summary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages, and the forcible depopulation of wide swaths of land" inhabited by the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups.
		The organisation's findings are based on a 25-day fact-finding mission to west Darfur by its researchers, who documented abuses in rural areas that were previously populated by Masalit and Fur communities.
		Its report says that, since August, wide swaths of the Masalit and Fur's traditional homelands, among the most fertile in the region, have been burned and depopulated.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4919192-103681,00.html (935 words)

	mostly AFRICA: Sudan/Darfur: survey of reports re: involvement of govt of Sudan
		The only difference between Janjaweed and army uniforms, Masalit say, is a badge depicting an armed horseman that the Janjaweed sport on their breast pocket.
		They are also paid monthly stipends or salaries, according to Masalit interviewed separately, at different times and in different places.
		There are many Masalit in the army." To face a rebellion of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa, the government looked beyond the army to a nomadic fighting force that seemed ready-made for its purposes.
	mostlyafrica.blogspot.com /2004/07/sudandarfur-survey-of-reports-re.html (1112 words)

	F.A.R. (Fellowship for African Relief) - Darfur - Seeds and Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Western Darfur is predominantly inhabited by the Masalit ethnic group.
		Before the fighting in Darfur began the Masalit relied on subsistence agriculture and were self sufficient.
		Due to the insecurity in the region many Masalit are now staying idle and their capacities to provide for themselves are negatively affected.
	www.farsudan.org /project_03.html (584 words)

	Masalit - Wikipédia
		Os Masalit (masara em Masalit; árabe ماساليت) são um povo de Darfur, no oeste do Sudão e de Wadai, no leste do Chade.
		Eles falam Masalit, uma língua Nilo-Saaariana do grupo Maba.
		Entre 1884 e 1921, eles estabeleceram um estado chamado Dar Masalit.
	pt.wikipedia.org /wiki/Masalit (105 words)

	Andrea Behrends: Chad, Sudan, refugees, conflict
		This project on integration strategies of refugees in Dar Masalit has acquired new relevance through the recent escalation of violent conflict in Darfur, Western Sudan.
		They also point to the national and international level, to the influence of different governments, how they manifested themselves on the international border and, thereby, changed the region.
		Dar Masalit (“Land of the Masalit”), the border region between Chad and the Sudan where the research took place, is of particular importance in this context.
	www.eth.mpg.de /people/behrends/project.html (757 words)

	Telegraph \| Comment \| End the wicked politics of divide and rule in Darfur
		This region was once known as the "Dar Masalit" - the land of the Masalit tribe.
		Clashes over land and water have often erupted and Sudan's regime likes to argue that today's fighting is nothing but a continuation of this dispute.
		The Masalit and the Fur were seen as the principal enemies.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2004/08/24/do2401.xml&sSheet=/opinion/2004/08/24/ixopinion.html (1013 words)

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