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	Masinissa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Masinissa was born in 238 BC the 2nd son of Gaia, King of the Massyli of eastern Numidia, his early years was spent in Carthage (as a hostage against his father’s loyalty) where he was educated in Latin and Greek, and was regarded as an accomplished as well as a naturally clever man.
		Masinissa was now accepted as a loyal ally of Rome, and was confirmed by Scipio as the king of the Massyli.
		Masinissa and his sons possessed large estates throughout Numidia, to the extent that Roman authors attributed to him, quite falsely, the sedentarization of the Numidians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Masinissa (767 words)

	Numidia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Masinissa was initally an ally of Carthage, but he became a Roman ally in 206 B.C. and his Numidian forces, especially the cavalry, helped to secure Rome's victory over Carthage in the Second Punic War.
		Masinissa died in 148 B.C., in the early phases of the Third Punic War; his seizures of Carthaginian territory had provoked Carthage to violate its treaty with Rome.
		When Masinissa died the tripartite division of the kingdom among the elderly king's three sons Micipsa, Gulussa, and Mastarnable occurred.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/new_page_79.htm (2132 words)

	Numidia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 206 BC Rome wins over Carthage, and all of Numidia is put under the rule of Masinissa, as thanks for his support under the Punic Wars.
		Masinissa's chief aim was to build a strong and unified state from the semi-nomadic Numidian tribes.
		In 148 BC Masinissa dies, and Numidia is for a while divided into several kingdoms, each one squabbling for the control of the whole province.
	www.geocities.com /mauretaniae/Numidia.html (294 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Masinissa
		Masinissa or Massinissa, c.238-148 BC, king of Numidia.
		It was part of the Carthaginian empire until Masinissa, ruler of E Numidia, allied himself (c.206 BC) with Rome in the Punic Wars.
		Jugurtha, c.156-104 BC, king of Numidia, a grandson of Masinissa.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Masinissa (503 words)

	Association for Latin Teaching
		Masinissa was defeated by the more numerous Massaesylians fleeing to the mountains with a few followers.
		While Syphax was busy occupying his lands, Masinissa rallied some of his supporters and began to launch raids against Syphax and the Carthaginians, whose vehement complaints obliged Syphax to send his general Bucar to hunt down Masinissa.
		Masinissa and his two remaining companions in fact escaped a watery grave, but were reduced to hiding in a cave until his wound healed.
	www.arlt.co.uk /dhtml/livy/livy13notes.php (1515 words)

	Masinissa
		Under Masinissa many of the semi-nomadic tribes became peasant farmers.
		All through his life Masinissa extended his territory, and he was cooperating with Rome when towards the end of his life he provoked Carthage to go to war against him.
		This gave Rome an excuse to declare war against Carthage, and started the 3rd and last Punic War.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Masinissa.html (154 words)

	148 B.C. - events and references
		Masinissa returns some huge tusks which were stolen from a temple in Melita.
		The death of Masinissa; Scipio divides the kingdom of Numidia between Masinissa's sons.
		Hasdrubal, grandson of Masinissa, is murdered at Carthage.
	www.attalus.org /bc2/year148.html (357 words)

	Emazighen.com / Masinissa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Masinissa (also spelled Massinissa), ruler of the North African kingdom of Numidia, and an ally of Rome in the last years of the Second Punic War (218-201).
		Masinissa’s cavalry effectively won the Battle of Zama for Scipio.He showed unconditional loyalty to Rome, and his position in Africa was strengthened by a clause in the peace treaty of 201 between Rome and Carthage prohibiting the latter from going to war even in self-defense without Roman permission.
		Masinissa showed his displeasure when the Roman army arrived in Africa in 149, but he died early in 148 without a breach in the alliance.
	emazighen.com /article.php3?id_article=56 (505 words)

	Livy's History of Rome
		Masinissa was resting in a secret cave and treating his wound with herbs, and for some days kept himself alive on what his two troopers brought in from their forays.
		Masinissa found Vermina almost at his heels, but by continually doubling first to one side and then to the other he eluded his pursuit until at last he forced him to abandon the exhausting and hopeless chase.
		Masinissa, in accordance with his instructions, rode right up to the gates and, when the enemy appeared, retired as though afraid to meet him; this simulated fear made the enemy all the more confident, until he was tempted into a rash pursuit.
	mcadams.posc.mu.edu /txt/ah/Livy/Livy29.html (17206 words)

	Third Punic War
		Masinissa and his large Numidian army made a regular pattern of incursions against Carthage.
		Masinissa was allowed to keep his gains, and relations soured even further.
		Yet despite Rome always favoring Masinissa's cause, no effort was made to declare war themselves, leaving the policing of Carthaginian resurgence to their Numidian allies.
	www.unrv.com /empire/third-punic-war.php (1619 words)

	Detail Page
		As a result, Masinissa was given the lands formerly held by Syphax, including Zama, which allowed him to extend his rule over both the Massyli and Massaesyl nations.
		Masinissa is noted for having developed and maintained his political alliance with Rome, thus ensuring that his political goals and aspirations were met.
		Over Masinissa's objections, the commission decided to destroy Carthage, and the Romans subsequently burned the city to the ground and performed ritual ceremonies to curse the land.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0345 (403 words)

	Travel in Constantine - Algeria - Africa - History - WorldTravelGate.net®-
		Constantine, then known as Carta (and Cirta by the Romans, meaning "the town"), was originally the capital of Numidia, where the ancient kings, Syphax, Masinissa, Micipsa, Adherbal and others, lived and built many fine buildings of mud brick.
		She became engaged to Masinissa, but as he sided with the Romans at the siege of Carthage, she left him and married Syphax.
		Masinissa meanwhile abducted Sophonisba and made her his slave.
	www.africatravelling.net /algeria/constantine/constantine_history.htm (662 words)

	Africa and Rome
		The rest of the continental territory was left to the descendants of Masinissa, the native king.
		The native kingdoms, which under King Masinissa had taken on a life of their own, were especially left to themselves.
		Masinissa (202-148 BC) was succeeded by his three sons, two of whom died soon after him, leaving Micipsa, a loyal ally of Rome, as King of Numidia.
	www.usd.edu /~clehmann/pir/how_gain.htm (824 words)

	Masinissa
		Masinissa was a tribal leader, and first he fought on Carthaginian side in Spain, but from 206 he started to cooperate with the Romans, and assisted in the battle at Zama (near today's Maktar, Tunisia).
		All of this happened in accordance with Roman interest, because they wanted to give Carthage more problems with their neighbours.
		At his death, Numidia was divided into kingdoms ruled by his sons.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/masiniss.htm (147 words)

	Hamilcar_the_Samnite
		In 153 BC, seeing that Rome and her ally Numidia were preoccupied with the Celtiberian War, Hamilcar persuaded Carthalo -- who at the time was on a tour of duty as commander of Carthage's auxiliary forces -- to conduct raids on settlers sent by the Numidian king Masinissa to occupy disputed territory.
		Masinissa sent his sons Micipsa and Gulussa to demand that the Carthaginian exiles be allowed to return, but they were turned away at the gates.
		At the head of a group of his supporters, Hamilcar then attacked Gulussa's departing convoy, killing a number of attendants and thoroughly frightening the Numidian prince.
	www.geocities.com /thirdpunicwar/Hamilcar_the_Samnite.html (216 words)

	North Africa during the Classical Period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The high point of Berber civilization, unequaled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the second century BC.
		After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times.
		Masinissa's line survived until AD 24, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the Roman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Africa_during_the_Classical_Period (1277 words)

	RES GESTAE part 7 :Numidian Kingdom - Total War Center Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Masinissa began to turn his people from rovers to peasant farmers and those who fled the destruction of Carthage and settled the land helped this process.
		Where it says that "the people were semi-nomadic until the reign of Masinissa of the Massyli tribe," and that "he was initially on the side of Carthage, but went over to the Romans with decisive effect in 206 BCE," one gets the impression that Masinissa was the king of Numidia long before 206 BC.
		Masinissa became King of whole Numidia only after the 2nd Punic War in 202 BC, while Syphax, having reigned over Western Numidia for almost 20 years, was captured and taken to rome (died 201 in 'exile').
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=49912 (3150 words)

	Scipio Africanus
		He sent Gaius Laelius into Africa to seek an alliance with the Numidian chiefs Syphax and Masinissa, who were on the verge of revolt against their Carthaginian overlords.
		The Italian cavalry, under the command of Laelius, was positioned on the left wing of the infantry lines, and Scipio's Numidian cavalry, commanded by Masinissa, was stationed on the right wing.
		As the infantry lines closed for combat, Laelius' and Masinissa's cavalry suddenly appeared in the rear of Hannibal's army, and in the ensuing struggle, the remaining Carthaginian force was destroyed.
	history-world.org /scipio_africanus.htm (1612 words)

	Iridion: SR, January 2000
		In his plan he is supported by the old Numidian, Masinissa, who is really Satan, the spirit of evil.
		Iridion accepts the terms, and is awakened by Masinissa in 1835 [the year Iridion was written].
		Answer me in this last hour, Masinissa, thou who hast led me astray, thou who hast promised me so much, thou on whose bosom my head has rested in sleep when I was a child, thou who standest above me at this moment as though thou wert the ruler of the world.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/100/krasinski.html (1432 words)

	Sallust'
		In return for which services, after the Carthaginians were subdued, and after Syphax, whose power in Italy was great and extensive, was taken prisoner, the Roman people presented to Masinissa, as a free gift, all the cities and lands that they had captured.
		Masinissa's friendship for us, accordingly, remained faithful and inviolate; his reign and his life ended together.
		He also passed much of his time in hunting; he was first, or among the first, to wound the lion and other beasts; he performed very much, but spoke very little of himself.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/sallu2.htm (1735 words)

	Battle of Zama
		Hannibal, by this time had managed to gather as many as 40,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry to confront the smaller force of Scipio with 30,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry.
		Though at the time the march began, Masinissa had not yet reached Scipio and Carthaginian spies were allowed into the Roman camp so they would see the lack of cavalry on hand.
		Knowing that Masinissa would arrive shortly, the scale would tip back towards the Romans in terms of battlefield strength, and Hannibal didn't offer anything that the Romans hadn't already won.
	www.unrv.com /empire/battle-of-zama.php (1019 words)

	Jugurtha (c. 160-104 B.C.)
		Jugurtha was the illegitimate grandson of Masinissa (d.
		In vigour and resource he was a worthy grandson of Masinissa but lacked his political insight.
		Misled by signs of corruption in the Roman governing class, he failed to realize that there were limits beyond which Rome's satellite rulers could not go without provoking decisive intervention.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/jugurtha.html (402 words)

	The Third Punic War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		However, Masinissa, governor of Numidia and a strong ally of the Romans, was able to pick at Carthage until Carthage attacked Numidia in 150 BC, breaking the treaty that ended the Second War.
		Whenever Carthage complained to Rome about his actions, Rome sent a tribunal to them, and then decided in Masinissa's favor.
		Rome declared war on Carthage in 149 BC, and an army landed in Africa after a long blockade.
	www.dl.ket.org /latinlit/historia/republic/punic4.htm (254 words)

	NA.antiquity.html
		Syphax (Masaesyli) and Masinissa (son of Gaia, king of Massyli) played important roles in the second Punic War.
		Syphax eventually marries Sophonisba (daughter of a Punic general) and establishes an alliance with the Carthaginians, putting the two kingdoms formally at odds.
		Masinissa's son Micipsa left his kingdom to two sons and a nephew.
	www.csupomona.edu /~mibrahim/hst.329/NA.antiquity.html (1328 words)

	North African Kingdom of Numidia
		The inhabitants remained seminomadic, however, until the reign of Masinissa, the chief of the Massyli tribe living near Cirta (Constantine).
		During the Second Punic War he was initially an ally of Carthage, but he went over to the Roman side in 206 BC and was given further territory extending as far as the Mulucha (Moulouya) River.
		For nearly 50 years Masinissa retained the support of Rome as he tried to turn the Numidian pastoralists into peasant farmers.
	www.fortunecity.com /skyscraper/ballard/168 (539 words)

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