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Topic: Mass deaths and atrocities of the twentieth century

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	Gendercide Watch - case studies
		The deportation became a death march, with extreme violence and deprivation leading to the death of most of the survivors of the initial gendercide -- as was intended.
		The mass rape and often the murder of Bengali women, along with children and the elderly, was accompanied by truly staggering atrocities against younger men, who likely constituted a large majority of the victims.
		Atrocities were committed by all sides and against all sectors of the population in Bosnia-Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995.
	www.gendercide.org /case.html (1948 words)

	Atrocity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An atrocity (from the Latin atrox, "atrocious", from Latin ater = "matte fl" (as distinct from niger = "shiny fl")) is a term used to describe crimes ranging from an act committed against a single person to one committed against a population or ethnic group.
		Even massacre, mass killing, is imposed on civilian populations of no military significance, simply as a warning.
		In modern settings not involving ethnic conflict, atrocities on individual leaders are rare, partially because they tend backfire or simply escalate, as in the case of Breaker Morant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atrocity (381 words)

	Mass
		Mass society Mass society is a mass education The theory of mass society, cited by Daniel Bell in the first essay in The...
		Mass surveillance Mass surveillance is the surveillance of all or a substantial fraction of, the entire population.
		Planck mass The Planck mass is the mass, denoted by m ≈ kg where: c is the speed of light is Dirac's constant G is...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/mass.html (1828 words)

	Twentieth Century Atlas - Top Ranked Atrocities
		Therefore, I've taken all the episodes of mass killing of the 20th Century and divided them by the population of the country that suffered the losses.
		I simply took the most likely death toll (military and civilian) among the natives of each country (such as all the South Vietnamese -- ARVN soldiers, civilians and Viet Cong -- who were killed in the Vietnam War), and divided it by the population of that country (prewar).
		The death toll for the full period of the Congo Free State from 1886-1908 was somewhere in the neighborhood of 7,500,000.
	users.rcn.com /mwhite28/atrox.htm (1097 words)

	Mass deaths and atrocities of the twentieth c... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mass_deaths_and_atrocities_of_the_twentieth_c... (69 words)

	The Myth of Man the Killer
		Until the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, the Rousseauian view of man and nature was a luxury confined to intellectuals and the idle rich.
		Pierson observes, tellingly, that atrocities "are generally initiated by overcontrolled personality types in second-in-command positions, not by undercontrolled personality types." Terrorism, too, depends on the habit of obedience; it is not Osama bin Laden who died in the 9/11 attack but his minions.
		The contagion of mass violence is spread by the very institutions which ground their legitimacy in the mission of suppressing it — even as they perpetrate most of it.
	www.catb.org /~esr/writings/killer-myth.html (2769 words)

	Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs)
		Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders’ most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems.
		In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy victim groups as such, as do most previous studies of genocide.
		Rather, he defines mass killing broadly as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants, using the criteria of 50,000 or more deaths within five years as a quantitative standard.
	www.cuppalove.com /Shopping/Details/0801439655.aspx (994 words)

	America's Culture of Terrorism: Violence, Capitalism, and the Written Word, by Jeffory A. Clymer. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mass media radically increased the potential for publicity, especially since the late-nineteenth-century press in Europe and the United States gave ample coverage to terrorists.
		In the late nineteenth century, the phrase "propaganda by the deed" served as the summation of terrorists' dichotomous split between denigrated language and exalted action.
		To the extent that it is possible, we also need to examine the conditions of life at the turn of the twentieth century that made shocking and massive violence appear to be an effective tactic, identify those against whom it was directed, and ask for what purposes it was used.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/clymer_americas.html (9668 words)

	\| Violence and the State in the Twentieth Century \| The American Historical Review, 107.4 \| The History Cooperative
		Of late, however, violence has moved center stage, and the twentieth century is increasingly characterized by scholars in terms of its historically unprecedented levels of bloodshed.
		More common throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries as empires collapsed and nationalism gained ground have been those intermediate-range policies of violence known since the 1990s as "ethnic cleansing"—policies characterized by a combination of massacre and expulsion, deliberate acts of terror and looting, social humiliation and mass rape.
		Outside Europe, the death agony of empire was more protracted and the struggle to hang on more violent: as resistance and protest escalated, imperial policemen in defensive mode developed counter-insurgency doctrines of their own.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/107.4/ah0402001158.html (9217 words)

	Century of the Dow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The mighty gold standard was overthrown in the twentieth century, the invisible hand of free markets forcing discipline upon governments was cast away so frail mortal men in governments and central banks were unrestrained from tinkering with and molesting the global economy.
		In a century where free markets should have triumphed and everyone on the planet given the shot at using their own unique gifts to build their own destinies, untold trillions of dollars were flat-out wasted fighting vain wars that accomplished little or nothing other than changing meaningless lines on maps.
		The twentieth century was indeed a century of paradoxes, a time when innovation and free markets did accomplish much but could have easily accomplished an order of magnitude more without the rise of the vampiric Welfare States and their overwhelming power to tax and destroy that they promiscuously wielded.
	www.zealllc.com /commentary/century.htm (5223 words)

	Mass crimes against humanity and genocide: up to the end of World War II
		Natives were murdered by warfare, forced death marches, forced relocation to barren lands, intentional and accidental spread of disease, poisoning, the promotion of suicide through the destruction of their cultural and religious heritage, etc. Even today, Canadian Natives have the highest suicide of any population group in the world.
		It was a regime of widespread forced labor, mass murder, mutilation and torture.
		The death toll peaked during the Stalin era, 1928 to 1953, when the Communist government systematically exterminated millions of its citizens.
	www.religioustolerance.org /genocide2.htm (2713 words)

	Death Toll Disasters-War-Accidents
		In the middle of the 19th century in the hospitals of Vienna, the major medical center of the world at that time, about one of every eight women died.
		Apparent cause of death was loss of pressurization in the space craft during reentry into the earth's atmosphere.
		At Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century: 30 Worst Atrocities of the 20th Century, Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century, Ninteenth Century Death Tolls, Highest percentages of national populations killed.
	www.geocities.com /dtmcbride/hist/disasters-war.html (5546 words)

	Exporting Terror: East Timor and the US (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A fully managed atrocity is one in which the pretext for the exploited atrocity is developed by the managers of the atrocity itself.
		The scale of atrocity is also immensely larger, leading in the case of East Timor to the death of perhaps one third of the population.
		The atrocities of the rape of Nanking were replicated just before the Japanese evacuation of Manila in 1945, when troops "impaled babies on bayonets, raped women, beheaded men and mutilated the corpses."111 In addition other cities and regions in China were sprayed with fleas carrying plague germs.
	www.copi.com /articles/etimorus.html (12867 words)

	Gendercide Watch: Stalin's Purges
		The millions of deaths in Stalin's "Gulag Archipelago" (the network of labour camps [gulags] scattered across the length and breath of Russia) are dealt with in the incarceration/death penalty case study.
		But on the other hand, the mass dispatch to labour camps of prisoners of war returned from Nazi hands in 1945 must have led to an extra, and non-military, death rate among the younger males.
		As is always the case with mass atrocities, the Purge provided an opportunity for many career-minded individuals, overwhelmingly men, to move up the ladder and experience a taste of absolute power.
	www.gendercide.org /case_stalin.html (3703 words)

	Twentieth Century Atlas - Worldwide Statistics of Casualties, Massacres, Disasters and Atrocities.
		If we continue this ratio all the way back, we get an even hundred million deaths by tobacco worldwide; however, as Peto puts it, "the epidemic is generally at an earlier stage," so the tobacco-related mortality rate in the third world was relatively low before 1980.
		NOTE: Because the first outbreaks of the disease were often spread via troop movements, the temptation is to add all the world's pandemic deaths to the death toll of World War I, thereby raising it from ca.
		Now, if we multiply the non-white death rate by the estimated non-white population of 10,951,000, we find that there were approximately 193,833 deaths among non-whites in 1920.
	users.rcn.com /mwhite28/warstat8.htm (1868 words)

	Twentieth Century Atlas - Historical Body Count p.2
		Of the 8 primitive societies that survived long enough to be analyzed by modern demographics, the median indicates that some 15.4% of all primitives, male and female alike, died by warfare.
		If we assume the absolute worst, a death toll as high as 60 million is at the very edge of possibility; however, the likeliest number of deaths would fall somewhere from 15 to 20 million.
		But all in all, I'd say that the 20th Century numbers seem to be in the right order of magnitude (probably too high, but the right number of digits) if we accept their definition of martyr.
	cgibin.rcn.com /mwhite28/warstatv.htm (3446 words)

	20TH CENTURY DEMOCIDE (Genocide and Mass Murder)
		It is these people that have committed the kilo and megamurders of our century and we must not lose their identity under the abstraction of "state," "regime," "government," or "communist." Table 1.4 lists those men most notorious and singularly responsible for the megamurders of this century.
		He ordered the death of millions, knowingly set in train events leading to the death of millions of others, and as the ultimate dictator, was responsible for the death of still millions more killed by his henchman.
		The death of a charismatic leader, the outrage of significant groups, the loss of foreign support by outgroups, the entry into war and the resulting freedom of the elite to use force under the guise of war-time necessity, and so on, can significantly alter the balance of power between groups.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/DBG.CHAP1.HTM (5228 words)

	Twentieth Century Atlas - Worldwide Statistics of Casualties, Massacres, Disasters and Atrocities.
		If we continue this ratio all the way back, we get an even hundred million deaths by tobacco worldwide; however, as Peto puts it, "the epidemic is generally at an earlier stage," so the tobacco-related mortality rate in the third world was relatively low before 1980.
		NOTE: Because the first outbreaks of the disease were often spread via troop movements, the temptation is to add all the world's pandemic deaths to the death toll of World War I, thereby raising it from ca.
		Now, if we multiply the non-white death rate by the estimated non-white population of 10,951,000, we find that there were approximately 193,833 deaths among non-whites in 1920.
	users.erols.com /mwhite28/warstat8.htm (1868 words)

	Holocaust and Hiroshima Imperialism and Mass Murder in the Twentieth Century - CMAQ (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, it is clear from any objective view of the wars of the Twentieth Century that both sides in both world wars committed atrocities that a century earlier would have been condemned as inhuman.
		All kinds of atrocities were perpetrated at the behest of imperialism (most infamously in the Belgian Congo where rubber workers who failed to deliver their quota to King Leopold's company had their hands cut off), as European powers (and belatedly the USA and Japan) conquered colonial territories.
		In recent times the lie that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction has had to be replaced by the post-hoc rationalisation and new lie that the invasion of Iraq was to effect "regime change" and bring democracy to the Iraqi people.
	www.cmaq.net /fr/node.php?id=22421 (3374 words)

	Just War Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the twentieth century it has undergone a revival mainly in response to the invention of nuclear weaponry and American involvement in the Vietnam war.
		However, since civilians can just as readily come to terms with their own deaths, their argument is not sufficient to defend the principle of discrimination.
		Targeting a military establishment in the middle of a city is permissible according to the doctrine of double effect, for the target is legitimate.
	www.iep.utm.edu /j/justwar.htm (3893 words)

	H-Net Review: Paul B. Miller on Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
		Here Valentino is uncomfortably explicit in suggesting the figure of "at least fifty thousand intentional deaths over the course of five or fewer years," though if his theory works, he argues, it should hold for lower numbers as well (pp.
		Valentino argues that the motivation for mass killing lies in situational factors and the initiative of a relatively small but powerful cohort rather than in broad public support and deeply ingrained ideological hatred.
		Now on trial in The Hague for war crimes, Orić was operating without the authority of the Bosnian leadership in Sarajevo and very much in response to the aggression of the Bosnian Serb army (which was receiving aid and directives not only from their civilian leadership in Pale, but from Belgrade itself).
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=131381128105048 (1999 words)

	Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm
		On average, most scholars consider half the deaths under Stalin to have occurred in the 1930s, so if we double the partial estimates, then the median (of 21 estimates now) is 25 million.
		Although the number of civilian deaths in the Soviet Union during the war is far from certain, the estimate of 7 million has gained wide acceptance, and it is repeated by Keegan, Hammond, Anchor, Encarta and Britannica.
		Since many of these deaths would have been caused by Nazi brutality or the simple bad luck of war, as well Stalinist repression, it seems exceedingly difficult to reconcile a total of 7 million civilian deaths with estimates of 16-19 million deaths from Stalinist brutality during the war years.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/547066/posts (3167 words)

	USSR--Genocide and Mass Murder
		Initially, the result was to be a chapter in a monograph on 20th century genocide and mass killing.
		But it soon became clear that the Soviets themselves are responsible for so many genocides, and that so many different kinds of mass killings had occurred, that to unravel and present the detailed events and institutions involved and the related statistics would require a monograph itself.
		To murder someone means to unlawfully and purposely kill him, or to be responsible for his death through reckless and depraved indifference to his life (as in Soviet deportations or the labor camps).
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/NOTE4.HTM (2112 words)

	30 Worst Atrocities of the 20th Century (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Her book, Silent Spring, created an anti-DDT frenzy among radical environmentalists, resulting in the banning of the pesticide, and the deaths of millions who died of malaria throughout the world.
		The death total and incident total seems less for the Christian nations.
		The degree to which socialism is actually carried out, regardless of the carrier belief which sustained it, predicts the death rate rather well.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/560855/posts (2251 words)

	A History of the Twentieth Century, with Illustrations - a novelette by Kim Stanley Robinson
		After that he sometimes became very talkative, telling the rest things about the twentieth century that they already knew, and they would nod and contribute some other bit of information, to be polite, then change the subject back to whatever they had been discussing before, gently and without snubbing him.
		Frank nodded at the explanatory sentence in the guidebook, reminded that the twentieth century had had no monopoly on atrocities.
		A great chief; the death of one year, birth of the next; the planets, moon and sun in their courses.
	www.infinityplus.co.uk /stories/history.htm (11434 words)

	Why I Am Still Standing Up For Islam " and Against Terrorism: Free Muslims Coalition
		It is well known that 11th century Shafi jurist al-Mawardi was imprisoned because he did not condone the plan of the Abbasid leader to break a truce with the Byzantines, without prior notice.
		By the ninth century the rulers of Islam were becoming reconciled to the fact of a more or less permanent frontier subject to only minor variations, and a more or less permanent non-Muslim state beyond that frontier, with which it was possible to have commercial, diplomatic, and at times even cultural relations.
		These were the people who suffered his worst atrocities, Two thousand were piled on top of one another and cemented alive into towers of clay and bricks in the city of Isfizar in 1383.
	www.freemuslims.org /document.php?id=47 (9743 words)

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