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Topic: Mass operations of the NKVD

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National operations of the NKVD

Polish operation of the NKVD

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	NKVD Terror - Soviet Secret Police Mass Murder and Mayhem
		NKVD Terror describes the numerous layers and intensities of terror used by the NKVD to
		penal camps and units, mass deportations, and a variety of frauds and deceptions.
		NKVD mass murders are the most heinous of their crimes.
	www.quikmaneuvers.com /nkvd_terror.html (272 words)

	ooBdoo
		However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by functions inherited directly from the Imperial MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the new proletarian workforce was largely inexperienced.
		Although the NKVD performed the important function of state security, the name of the organization today is associated primarily with activities considered criminal: political repressions and assassinations, military crimes, violations of the rights of Soviet and foreign citizens, and violation of the law.
		Cooperation of NKVD and Gestapo: In March 1940 representatives of NKVD and Gestapo meet for one week in Zakopane, for the coordination of the pacification of resistance in Poland.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=NKVD (2000 words)

	Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the Enemy Nation
		Officers were interned in NKVD camps, where they were offered a choice between remaining there or joining the Polish army of Zygmunt Berling, formed under the aegis of the Soviet Union.
		NKVD units and SMERSH operational groups had their own prisons and camps where they detained Polish partisans as well as Volksdeutsche and German prisoners.
		In the border regions of Poland, NKVD units from Belorussia and Ukraine lent a hand in the operations.
	www.warsawuprising.com /paper/nkvd.htm (1158 words)

	Katyn Massacre
		The decision of the Special Committee of the NKVD about the reference and imprisonment into correctional-working camps of each person should be accompanied by the instruction of the reason of the application of these measures, area of imprisonment and term of imprisonment.
		Furthermore, the Special Commission of the NKVD issued orders to the Starobelsk prisoners of war camp, where the Polish officers were previously held, to destroy the documentation regarding their prisoner of war status.
		All the other prisoners, the guards, the office personnel, the telephone operators, the genitors, the cooks and storekeepers of the complex had to be send home for 2 months and operations of the UNKVD had to be shut down for that period.
	www.geocities.com /spetsnaz_ak/katyn_massacre-2.html (11916 words)

	Mass operations of the NKVD - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mass operations of the NKVD were carried out during the Great Purge and targeted specific categories of people.
		The operations of this type in this period targeted "foreign" ethnicities, unlike nationally-targeted repressions in the time frame of World War II.
		Since these times, ordinary Soviet citizens were firmly impressed with the feeling of the danger to have any kind of relations with foreign countries and citizens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mass_operations_of_the_NKVD (182 words)

	[No title]
		The effects of the NKVD activities in Poland from September 1939 to June 1941 proved to be disastrous and appalling.
		Many mass murders were committed also during evacuation of the prisons in June and July 1941 with the band of the NKVD troops withdrawing in the face of the pushing forward German army.
		The first official information on the detentions and deportations made by the NKVD was given to the Polish conspiratory authorities as late as half a year afterwards during a conference called in Belgrade by the Commander-in-Chief of the Military Struggle Union (29.05.-02.06.1940).
	www.coldwarhistory.us /Cold_War/Katyn_Massacre/Miednoje__Katyn.htm (2961 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Legal residencies operated out of the local embassy under the cover of diplomatic immunity, and legal residents were thus free from prosecution if discovered to be spying.
		The OGPU continued to expand its operations at home and abroad; however, the growing paranoia of Stalin, which would foreshadow the later period of the purges, strongly influenced the performance and direction of the intelligence agency.
		Eventually, with the emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev and his policy of glasnost, persecution of dissidents was given relaxed priority in the KGB, as Gorbachev himself began to implement some of the policy changes first demanded by the dissidents.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=KGB (5115 words)

	[No title]
		or the deportation to mass death of 50,000 to 60,000 Estonians in 1949.
		Part was mass murder, as of the wholesale extermination of perhaps 6,500,000 "kulaks" (in effect, the better off peasants and those resisting collectivization) from 1930 to 1937,
		In an unannounced visit to the Rostov NKVD office, Genrikh Lyushkov, a high-ranking state security officer, charged the gathered officials with laxness in pursuing enemies and immediately fingered three of their own number as enemies; the intimidated district chief quickly prepared the charges and had his own accused men shot." (Dziak, 1988, p.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/USSR.CHAP.1.HTM (6218 words)

	Re-invasion
		There was a mass destruction of houses and public buildings among them the first floor of the local courthouse and the PKP (railway) station.
		The ceremony was preceeded by a Mass in the town square with the participation of government representatives, local government officials, political parties, school children and town residents.
		The second example of NKVD activities in the Bialystok region begins in July of 1945, two months after the end of the war in Europe and almost one year after the area had been cleared of the Germans.
	felsztyn.tripod.com /id21.html (10666 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Mass, Mobility, And The Red Army's Road To Operational Art 1918-1936
		The problem of studying operational art was left to a newly established "chair" at the Military Academy, named "Conduct of the operation." This chair, which was founded in 1924, immediately took on the problem of studying the conduct of operations during World War I and the Civil War.
		The Amien Operation was noteworthy for both the achievement of surprise and the mass employment of armor and aviation to achieve a breakthrough.
		Tanks were to be used in mass, and mechanized formations, composed of tank, motorized infantry, and self-propelled guns were expected to strike deep into the enemy's rear, using their mobility to outflank and encircle enemy forces.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/redopart.htm (13425 words)

	The K.G.B.
		The NKVD carried out the massive purges of 1934 and 1937-38, in which millions were arrested and ended their lives in forced-labour camps.
		By the mid-1960s the KGB had become firmly established as the party's security watchdog, and its value as an instrument of social and political control was reflected in the appointment of its head, Yury Andropov, to the Politburo (1973) and his succession to the helm of the nation (1982-84).
		Its far-flung operations were consolidated into two major departments, one concerned with domestic-security functions and the other with foreign intelligence and counterintelligence.
	www.angelfire.com /az2/zkgb/aboutkgb.html (1152 words)

	Bios: User Submitted: Stalin
		The mass purge was the purge, that having decimated the CPSU then had a momentum of its own, tearing through the Army, the masses, and the elites, finally stopping at the NKVD, fuelled by the suspicious and paranoid mind of Stalin in an effort to root out ‘enemies of the people’.
		Although the Mass Purge damaged the economy, the Gulags were useful to it because it enabled projects to be completed at a low cost in terms of wages.
		The Mass Purge, leading to the labour camps, was only because of the purge of Stalin’s rivals in the Party, and not the reason why he launched it in the first place.
	library.thinkquest.org /17120/gather/us/1000116.html (6458 words)

	The Economy of the OGPU, NKVD and MVD of the USSR, 1930-1953
		The Gulag economy was typified by large-scale projects whose construction and operation required massive use of unskilled workers, as a rule, in regions that were hard to reach and had an extremely unfavorable climate and a lack of basic infrastructure.
		Enterprises under NKVD authority were disorganized by the arrests of their directors (see, for example, the chapter by Ertz), by mass executions and by the sharp increase in the mortality rate and the physical exhaustion of camp inmates.
		The NKVD and the MVD became one of the largest economic ministries between the 1930s and the 1950s because of the absolute priority of politics over economics.
	www.uh.edu /~vlazarev/4389/Gulag-khlev.htm (6079 words)

	Museum of Communism FAQ
		While later sections will continue to focus on Communist mass murder and slave labor, the magnitude of the worst atrocities is also a fairly good indicator of the severity of lesser rights violations.
		The two biggest true colonies of the NKVD empire were the great stretch of northwestern Russia beyond the Kotlas, comprising roughly what is shown on the map as the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the even vaster area of the Far East centered on the gold fields of Kolyma.
		Even the NKVD itself was purged, so that the secret policeman of today might be the inmate of tomorrow.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/comfaq.htm (13899 words)

	Wendy Goldman \| Stalinist Terror and Democracy: The 1937 Union Campaign \| The American Historical Review, 110.5 \| The ...
		"Order 00447" for "mass operations" in July 1937 set target numbers for the imprisonment or execution of criminals, clergy, former kulaks, and other "hostile elements." It was followed by "Order 00485," which led to the mass roundup of Polish nationals, and "Order 00486," which mandated the arrests of wives of men convicted of counterrevolutionary crimes.
		The discovery of the "mass operations" encouraged some historians to conceptualize the terror more narrowly as "a series of centrally directed punitive actions." In attributing the terror almost solely to Stalin and his close supporters, they discounted the influences of local officials, social tensions, and institutional conflicts in spreading repression.
		The murder led to mass arrests of former oppositionists and the abrogation of civil liberties.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/110.5/goldman.html (11497 words)

	Mass grave at Zhovkva monastery: the mystery continues (09/29/02)
		The bones, for the most part, had few obvious indications of a possible cause of death; only 11 had what appeared to be bullet holes in the skull, while another six appeared to have been struck in the head with sharp objects.
		Among the mass arrests were a good many people who had been forcefully evicted from their homes and moved westward, either to eastern Poland or the Transcarpathian region of western Ukraine in what was known as Akcja Wisla (or Operation Vistula).
		He said that only in a few cases were people murdered by Soviet NKVD or state militia officers found with gold caps and fillings missing, and these were generally isolated incidents of simple theft.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2002/390204.shtml (1790 words)

	1.JmA - NKVD troops in the front line
		Therefore 6 NKVD Rifle divisions and 3 NKVD Motorised Rifle divisions were raised, consisting of 5-6 regiments with 3 battalions in each regiment, with the engagement of 92,000 NKVD troops (Railway Guarding troops, Escort troops) and 2,000 of Border-Guards.
		However it should be remembered that since 1943 the NKVD troops returned to their original role of home security troops, whose primary objective was to secure Soviet power both in newly liberated areas and in the rear, so the participation of NKVD units in combat since 1943 should be rather treated as an exception.
		The last accord of NKVD fighting forces expansion was witnessed during the August Storm of 1945, when the 3d NKVD Rifle divison followed the rolling Soviet tanks into Manchuria, to neutralise the japanese resistance and Russian emigrant circles of former ataman Semenov.
	www.1jma.dk /articles/1jmaarticlesNKVD.htm (3356 words)

	"Khrushchev's Secret Speech -- Full Annotated Text"
		It was for this reason that the Party led an inexorable ideological fight, explaining to all [its] members and to the non-Party masses the harm and the danger of the anti-Leninist proposals of the Trotskyite opposition and the rightist opportunists.
		This Stalinist formulation that the "NKVD is four years behind" in applying mass repression and that there is a necessity for "catching up" with the neglected work directly pushed the NKVD workers on the path of mass arrests and executions.
		Mass repressions had a negative influence on the moral-political condition of the Party, created a situation of uncertainty, contributed to the spreading of unhealthy suspicion, and sowed distrust among Communists.
	www.uwm.edu /Course/448-343/index12.html (17913 words)

	Issues: Perspectives (May 1999): Documenting the Death Toll
		In late summer the Politburo approved NKVD drafts for the mass repression of "anti-Soviet and kulak elements" in the native population, and of Germans, Poles, and "Harbins." Sentencing quotas were drawn up for each region in order to convict "category one" (death by shooting) and "category two" (five to eight years in the Gulag) suspects.
		Three different kinds of NKVD documentation exist on victims of the 1930s terror: a dossier containing informers' reports and characterizations supplied by party organizations and employers, an investigation file assembled by the interrogators, and a personal file pertaining to the person's prison record.
		The dossiers are considered NKVD internal documents and are not available to the victim's family or persons of their trust, whereas the other kinds of files are.
	www.historians.org /perspectives/issues/1999/9905/9905arc2.cfm (3367 words)

	Intelligence Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The United States operates with a multi-level intelligence community where interoperability and collaboration are important and intelligence from different collection sources can move rapidly from one collection discipline to another.
		It was a war that made extensive use of intelligence operations, most importantly the first use of satellite hookups to guide fighters to their targets, and the use of deceptive SIGINT by the Israelis to deceive the Soviets that the U.S. was ready to step in if the Russians intervened.
		The MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) was the name given to the NKVD in 1946 after some of its foreign intelligence operations were spun off into Smersh (a "Death to Spies" agency), the MGB (Ministry of State Security – military counterespionage), and K1 (economic intelligence).
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/427/427lect02.htm (13158 words)

	[No title]
		Another punishment of choice in locales where widespread sabotage was suspected was mass deportation of the population to slave labor camps.
		There were mass deportations of those identified as "anti-Soviet" families and "doubtful elements." The spring of 1936 saw the deportation of 15,000 families (50,000 people) to collective farms in Kazakhstan.
		Upon entering Poland, the Soviets arrested en masse all Polish soldiers and citizens deemed likely to resist the annexation of their country; by 1945, some two million Poles would be imprisoned or deported to the Gulags.
	www.discoverthenetworks.org /individualProfile.asp?indid=2042 (8709 words)

	Communist Secret Police: NKVD
		Later that year the new head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, arrested Lev Kamenev, Gregory Zinoviev, Ivan Smirnov, and thirteen others and accused them of being involved with Leon Trotsky in a plot to murder Joseph Stalin and other party leaders.
		The first three heads of the NKVD were all executed: Genrikh Yagoda (1934-36), Nikolai Yezhov (1936-39) and Lavrenti Beria (1939-53).
		In the period of the Yezhov terror - the mass arrests came in waves of varying intensity - there must sometimes have been no more room in the jails, and to those of us still free it looked as though the highest wave had passed and the terror was abating.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSnkvd.htm (2730 words)

	Katyn massacre - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - The Katyn massacre, also known as the Katyn Forest massacre (Polish: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 1943 discovery of mass graves at Katyn Forest by Germany, after its armed forces had occupied the site in 1941, precipitated a rupture of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the Polish government-in-exile in London.
		The NKVD took custody of Polish prisoners from the Red Army, and proceeded to organize a network of reception centers and transit camps and arrange rail transport to prisoner-of-war camps in the western USSR.
		Detailed information on the executions in the Kalinin NKVD prison was given during the hearing by Dmitrii S. Tokarev, former head of the Board of the District NKVD in Kalinin.
	www.sanpablocaus.com /details/Katyn_massacre (6857 words)

	POLITICAL POLICE IN THE SOVIET UNION \| Abstracts
		The attempt at unification, however, encouraged the mixing of regular and political policing tactics in the early and mid-1930s, eventually blurring boundaries between regular and political crime.
		The role of the NKVD within the scope of the Operational Order 00447 of the people's commissar N. hov of the 30th of July 1937.
		The paper will examine the mass operations of 1937 and 1938 as both a social process of purging so-called socially dangerous elements and as a process of bureaucratic infighting.
	www.casdn.neu.edu /~nkvd/abstracts.html (1650 words)

	JCWS 5:2 \| "The Prelude to Nationwide Surveillance in East Germany: Stasi Operations and Threat Perceptions, 1945-1953" ...
		Moreover, the predominance of operations related to Western organizations and overt internal opponents, combined with the poorly developed surveillance apparatus, suggests that the MfS did not "fail" its superiors in the Socialist Unity Party (SED) by not foreseeing the unrest that led to the 17 June uprising, as most of the current literature suggests.
		In Operation Twilight, for example, the MfS instructed its officers to investigate the splinter organization ABL to determine its contacts with the West and "other bureaus," an indication of a belief that the ABL operated jointly with genuine espionage agencies.
		In addition to this campaign against internal opponents, the MfS began operations in West Germany, which was initially to be the sole jurisdiction of Department II of the MfS.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~hpcws/bruce.htm (12846 words)

	Allied Players
		The NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) was the result of a reorganization of the OGPU, an internal security service tracing its roots back to the "CHEKA" (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage) created in December 1917.
		The NKVD were similar to the German secret police services of the 1930s, and like the SS (under whom the German Secret State Police (Gestapo) fell) had its own military branch.
		By war's end, the NKVD totalled some 53 divisions and 28 brigades, in addition to the Border Troops, or roughly ten percent of the rifle units of the Red Army as a whole.
	www.deutschesoldaten.com /history/playerseast2.htm (8910 words)

	Soviet Repression
		As the conventional Purges unfolded in the summer of 1937 among the elite strata of Stalinist society--Party officials, administrators, managers, professionals, military officers, the intelligentsia--the NKVD received the green light for a simultaneous "cleansing" of the ordinary citizens on its lists.
		It began to carry out preemptive roundups it euphemistically called "mass operations." These operations were pursued to excess.
		We may never know precisely how many fell victim to the mass operations and how many were caught in one or another of the other Purge initiatives that battered Stalinist society in the late 1930s.
	www.uwm.edu /Course/448-343/index4.html (1655 words)

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